메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 144, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 752-761

Treatment of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by limiting thrombospondin-1/CD47 signaling

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; CD47 ANTIGEN; LIVER ENZYME; THROMBOSPONDIN 1;

EID: 53949099844     PISSN: 00396060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.07.009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (64)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 20344379953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemia and reperfusion injury in liver transplantation
    • Kupiec-Weglinski J.W., and Busuttil R.W. Ischemia and reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 37 (2005) 1653-1656
    • (2005) Transplant Proc , vol.37 , pp. 1653-1656
    • Kupiec-Weglinski, J.W.1    Busuttil, R.W.2
  • 2
    • 0242438895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the human liver during hepatic resection
    • Kim Y.I. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the human liver during hepatic resection. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 10 (2003) 195-199
    • (2003) J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg , vol.10 , pp. 195-199
    • Kim, Y.I.1
  • 3
    • 0242522462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current progress in the understanding of and therapeutic strategies for ischemia and reperfusion injury of the liver
    • Arii S., Teramoto K., and Kawamura T. Current progress in the understanding of and therapeutic strategies for ischemia and reperfusion injury of the liver. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 10 (2003) 189-194
    • (2003) J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg , vol.10 , pp. 189-194
    • Arii, S.1    Teramoto, K.2    Kawamura, T.3
  • 5
    • 37549065155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide mediates cardiac protection of tissue kallikrein by reducing inflammation and ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
    • Yin H., Chao L., and Chao J. Nitric oxide mediates cardiac protection of tissue kallikrein by reducing inflammation and ventricular remodeling after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Life Sci 82 (2008) 156-165
    • (2008) Life Sci , vol.82 , pp. 156-165
    • Yin, H.1    Chao, L.2    Chao, J.3
  • 6
    • 34547841668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide inhalation improves microvascular flow and decreases infarction size after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
    • Liu X., Huang Y., Pokreisz P., et al. Nitric oxide inhalation improves microvascular flow and decreases infarction size after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007) 808-817
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.50 , pp. 808-817
    • Liu, X.1    Huang, Y.2    Pokreisz, P.3
  • 7
    • 34447333364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide during ischemia attenuates oxidant stress and cell death during ischemia and reperfusion in cardiomyocytes
    • Iwase H., Robin E., Guzy R.D., et al. Nitric oxide during ischemia attenuates oxidant stress and cell death during ischemia and reperfusion in cardiomyocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 43 (2007) 590-599
    • (2007) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.43 , pp. 590-599
    • Iwase, H.1    Robin, E.2    Guzy, R.D.3
  • 8
    • 0028846474 scopus 로고
    • Effect of L-arginine cardioplegia on recovery of neonatal lamb hearts after 2 hours of cold ischemia
    • Hiramatsu T., Forbess J.M., Miura T., and Mayer Jr. J.E. Effect of L-arginine cardioplegia on recovery of neonatal lamb hearts after 2 hours of cold ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 60 (1995) 1187-1192
    • (1995) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.60 , pp. 1187-1192
    • Hiramatsu, T.1    Forbess, J.M.2    Miura, T.3    Mayer Jr., J.E.4
  • 9
    • 38549101065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by prolonged delivery of nitric oxide to the circulating blood in mice
    • Katsumi H., Nishikawa M., Yamashita F., and Hashida M. Prevention of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by prolonged delivery of nitric oxide to the circulating blood in mice. Transplantation 85 (2008) 264-269
    • (2008) Transplantation , vol.85 , pp. 264-269
    • Katsumi, H.1    Nishikawa, M.2    Yamashita, F.3    Hashida, M.4
  • 10
    • 34547991502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of L-arginine-methyl ester and Sonic hedgehog in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rats
    • Tuncer M.C., Ozturk H., Buyukbayram H., and Ozturk H. Interaction of L-arginine-methyl ester and Sonic hedgehog in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rats. World J Gastroenterol 13 (2007) 3841-3846
    • (2007) World J Gastroenterol , vol.13 , pp. 3841-3846
    • Tuncer, M.C.1    Ozturk, H.2    Buyukbayram, H.3    Ozturk, H.4
  • 11
    • 34248344973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prophylactic effect of L-arginine in acute ischaemic colitis in a rat model of ischaemia/reperfusion injury
    • Fotiadis C., Adamis S., Misiakos E.P., et al. The prophylactic effect of L-arginine in acute ischaemic colitis in a rat model of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Acta Chir Belg 107 (2007) 192-200
    • (2007) Acta Chir Belg , vol.107 , pp. 192-200
    • Fotiadis, C.1    Adamis, S.2    Misiakos, E.P.3
  • 12
    • 4544332213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide attenuates ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the diabetic liver
    • Rogers III H., Zibari G.B., Roberts J., et al. Nitric oxide attenuates ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the diabetic liver. Clin Transplant 18 Suppl 12 (2004) 7-11
    • (2004) Clin Transplant , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. 12 , pp. 7-11
    • Rogers III, H.1    Zibari, G.B.2    Roberts, J.3
  • 14
    • 24944572974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 inhibits endothelial cell responses to nitric oxide in a cGMP-dependent manner
    • Isenberg J.S., Ridnour L.A., Perruccio E.M., et al. Thrombospondin-1 inhibits endothelial cell responses to nitric oxide in a cGMP-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (2005) 13141-13146
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.102 , pp. 13141-13146
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Ridnour, L.A.2    Perruccio, E.M.3
  • 15
    • 33751582239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 antagonizes nitric oxide-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell responses
    • Isenberg J.S., Wink D.A., and Roberts D.D. Thrombospondin-1 antagonizes nitric oxide-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell responses. Cardiovasc Res 71 (2006) 785-793
    • (2006) Cardiovasc Res , vol.71 , pp. 785-793
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Wink, D.A.2    Roberts, D.D.3
  • 16
    • 38349132563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 stimulates platelet aggregation by blocking the antithrombotic activity of nitric oxide/cGMP signaling
    • Isenberg J.S., Romeo M.J., Yu C., et al. Thrombospondin-1 stimulates platelet aggregation by blocking the antithrombotic activity of nitric oxide/cGMP signaling. Blood 111 (2008) 613-623
    • (2008) Blood , vol.111 , pp. 613-623
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Romeo, M.J.2    Yu, C.3
  • 17
    • 33748747969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD47 is necessary for inhibition of nitric oxide-stimulated vascular cell responses by thrombospondin-1
    • Isenberg J.S., Ridnour L.A., Dimitry J., et al. CD47 is necessary for inhibition of nitric oxide-stimulated vascular cell responses by thrombospondin-1. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 26069-26080
    • (2006) J Biol Chem , vol.281 , pp. 26069-26080
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Ridnour, L.A.2    Dimitry, J.3
  • 18
    • 33847372168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 limits ischemic tissue survival by inhibiting nitric oxide-mediated vascular smooth muscle relaxation
    • Isenberg J.S., Hyodo F., Matsumoto K., et al. Thrombospondin-1 limits ischemic tissue survival by inhibiting nitric oxide-mediated vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Blood 109 (2007) 1945-1952
    • (2007) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 1945-1952
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Hyodo, F.2    Matsumoto, K.3
  • 19
    • 33947732103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing survival of ischemic tissue by targeting CD47
    • Isenberg J.S., Romeo M.J., Abu-Asab M., et al. Increasing survival of ischemic tissue by targeting CD47. Circ Res 100 (2007) 712-720
    • (2007) Circ Res , vol.100 , pp. 712-720
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Romeo, M.J.2    Abu-Asab, M.3
  • 20
    • 36348989009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocking thrombospondin-1/CD47 signaling alleviates deleterious effects of aging on tissue responses to ischemia
    • Isenberg J.S., Hyodo F., Pappan L.K., et al. Blocking thrombospondin-1/CD47 signaling alleviates deleterious effects of aging on tissue responses to ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 (2007) 2582-2588
    • (2007) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.27 , pp. 2582-2588
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Hyodo, F.2    Pappan, L.K.3
  • 21
    • 34248561969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Necrosis and apoptosis: sequence of liver damage following reperfusion after 60 min ischemia in rats
    • Eum H.A., Cha Y.N., and Lee S.M. Necrosis and apoptosis: sequence of liver damage following reperfusion after 60 min ischemia in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358 (2007) 500-505
    • (2007) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.358 , pp. 500-505
    • Eum, H.A.1    Cha, Y.N.2    Lee, S.M.3
  • 22
    • 0030796064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the serum persistence of an IgG fragment by random mutagenesis
    • Ghetie V., Popov S., Borvak J., et al. Increasing the serum persistence of an IgG fragment by random mutagenesis. Nat Biotechnol 15 (1997) 637-640
    • (1997) Nat Biotechnol , vol.15 , pp. 637-640
    • Ghetie, V.1    Popov, S.2    Borvak, J.3
  • 23
    • 37549059962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of thrombospondin-1-CD47 interactions prevents necrosis of full thickness skin grafts
    • Isenberg J.S., Pappan L.K., Romeo M.J., et al. Blockade of thrombospondin-1-CD47 interactions prevents necrosis of full thickness skin grafts. Ann Surg 247 (2008) 180-190
    • (2008) Ann Surg , vol.247 , pp. 180-190
    • Isenberg, J.S.1    Pappan, L.K.2    Romeo, M.J.3
  • 24
    • 0038454530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of a CD47-dependent pathway in platelet adhesion on inflamed vascular endothelium under flow
    • Lagadec P., Dejoux O., Ticchioni M., et al. Involvement of a CD47-dependent pathway in platelet adhesion on inflamed vascular endothelium under flow. Blood 101 (2003) 4836-4843
    • (2003) Blood , vol.101 , pp. 4836-4843
    • Lagadec, P.1    Dejoux, O.2    Ticchioni, M.3
  • 25
    • 0038661148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, caspase-3 activation, and renal dysfunction by melatonin after ischemia/reperfusion
    • Kunduzova O.R., Escourrou G., Seguelas M.H., et al. Prevention of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, caspase-3 activation, and renal dysfunction by melatonin after ischemia/reperfusion. FASEB J 17 (2003) 872-874
    • (2003) FASEB J , vol.17 , pp. 872-874
    • Kunduzova, O.R.1    Escourrou, G.2    Seguelas, M.H.3
  • 26
    • 0141594593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis versus oncotic necrosis in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury
    • Jaeschke H., and Lemasters J.J. Apoptosis versus oncotic necrosis in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gastroenterology 125 (2003) 1246-1257
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.125 , pp. 1246-1257
    • Jaeschke, H.1    Lemasters, J.J.2
  • 27
    • 33846531305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay between pro-death and pro-survival signaling pathways in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: apoptosis meets autophagy
    • Hamacher-Brady A., Brady N.R., and Gottlieb R.A. The interplay between pro-death and pro-survival signaling pathways in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: apoptosis meets autophagy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 20 (2006) 445-462
    • (2006) Cardiovasc Drugs Ther , vol.20 , pp. 445-462
    • Hamacher-Brady, A.1    Brady, N.R.2    Gottlieb, R.A.3
  • 28
    • 34250341829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose modulates handling of apoptotic cells by mesangial cells: involvement of TGF-beta1
    • Khera T.K., Martin J., Riley S.G., et al. Glucose modulates handling of apoptotic cells by mesangial cells: involvement of TGF-beta1. Lab Invest 87 (2007) 690-701
    • (2007) Lab Invest , vol.87 , pp. 690-701
    • Khera, T.K.1    Martin, J.2    Riley, S.G.3
  • 29
    • 33748870036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 C-terminal-derived peptide protects thyroid cells from ceramide-induced apoptosis through the adenylyl cyclase pathway
    • Rath G.M., Schneider C., Dedieu S., et al. Thrombospondin-1 C-terminal-derived peptide protects thyroid cells from ceramide-induced apoptosis through the adenylyl cyclase pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38 (2006) 2219-2228
    • (2006) Int J Biochem Cell Biol , vol.38 , pp. 2219-2228
    • Rath, G.M.1    Schneider, C.2    Dedieu, S.3
  • 30
    • 34247608723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between CD47 and thrombospondin reduce inflammation
    • Lamy L., Foussat A., Brown E.J., et al. Interactions between CD47 and thrombospondin reduce inflammation. J Immunol 178 (2007) 5930-5939
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.178 , pp. 5930-5939
    • Lamy, L.1    Foussat, A.2    Brown, E.J.3
  • 31
    • 1842685135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemia/reperfusion induces the recruitment of leukocytes from whole blood under flow conditions
    • Cassie S., Masterson M.F., Polukoshko A., et al. Ischemia/reperfusion induces the recruitment of leukocytes from whole blood under flow conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 36 (2004) 1102-1111
    • (2004) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.36 , pp. 1102-1111
    • Cassie, S.1    Masterson, M.F.2    Polukoshko, A.3
  • 32
    • 0029909981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased resistance to bacterial infection and granulocyte defects in IAP-deficient mice
    • Lindberg F.P., Bullard D.C., Caver T.E., et al. Decreased resistance to bacterial infection and granulocyte defects in IAP-deficient mice. Science 274 (1996) 795-798
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 795-798
    • Lindberg, F.P.1    Bullard, D.C.2    Caver, T.E.3
  • 33
    • 0035127913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrin-associated protein (CD47/IAP) contributes to T cell arrest on inflammatory vascular endothelium under flow
    • Ticchioni M., Raimondi V., Lamy L., et al. Integrin-associated protein (CD47/IAP) contributes to T cell arrest on inflammatory vascular endothelium under flow. FASEB J 15 (2001) 341-350
    • (2001) FASEB J , vol.15 , pp. 341-350
    • Ticchioni, M.1    Raimondi, V.2    Lamy, L.3
  • 34
    • 0037192934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions of thrombospondins with alpha4beta1 integrin and CD47 differentially modulate T cell behavior
    • Li Z., Calzada M.J., Sipes J.M., et al. Interactions of thrombospondins with alpha4beta1 integrin and CD47 differentially modulate T cell behavior. J Cell Biol 157 (2002) 509-519
    • (2002) J Cell Biol , vol.157 , pp. 509-519
    • Li, Z.1    Calzada, M.J.2    Sipes, J.M.3
  • 35
    • 0028073226 scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin promotes chemotaxis and haptotaxis of human peripheral blood monocytes
    • Mansfield P.J., and Suchard S.J. Thrombospondin promotes chemotaxis and haptotaxis of human peripheral blood monocytes. J Immunol 153 (1994) 4219-4229
    • (1994) J Immunol , vol.153 , pp. 4219-4229
    • Mansfield, P.J.1    Suchard, S.J.2
  • 36
    • 21744434375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 up-regulates expression of cell adhesion molecules and promotes monocyte binding to endothelium
    • Narizhneva N.V., Razorenova O.V., Podrez E.A., et al. Thrombospondin-1 up-regulates expression of cell adhesion molecules and promotes monocyte binding to endothelium. FASEB J 19 (2005) 1158-1160
    • (2005) FASEB J , vol.19 , pp. 1158-1160
    • Narizhneva, N.V.1    Razorenova, O.V.2    Podrez, E.A.3
  • 37
    • 0029005293 scopus 로고
    • Transendothelial migration of neutrophils involves integrin-associated protein (CD47)
    • Cooper D., Lindberg F.P., Gamble J.R., et al. Transendothelial migration of neutrophils involves integrin-associated protein (CD47). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 (1995) 3978-3982
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.92 , pp. 3978-3982
    • Cooper, D.1    Lindberg, F.P.2    Gamble, J.R.3
  • 38
    • 0035955676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of CD47 in neutrophil transmigration. Increased rate of migration correlates with increased cell surface expression of CD47
    • Liu Y., Merlin D., Burst S.L., et al. The role of CD47 in neutrophil transmigration. Increased rate of migration correlates with increased cell surface expression of CD47. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 40156-40166
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 40156-40166
    • Liu, Y.1    Merlin, D.2    Burst, S.L.3
  • 39
    • 0031808059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epithelial permeability induced by neutrophil transmigration is potentiated by hypoxia: role of intracellular cAMP
    • Friedman G.B., Taylor C.T., Parkos C.A., and Colgan S.P. Epithelial permeability induced by neutrophil transmigration is potentiated by hypoxia: role of intracellular cAMP. J Cell Physiol 176 (1998) 76-84
    • (1998) J Cell Physiol , vol.176 , pp. 76-84
    • Friedman, G.B.1    Taylor, C.T.2    Parkos, C.A.3    Colgan, S.P.4
  • 40
    • 33748505660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin/CD47 interaction: a pathway to generate regulatory T cells from human CD4+ CD25- T cells in response to inflammation
    • Grimbert P., Bouguermouh S., Baba N., et al. Thrombospondin/CD47 interaction: a pathway to generate regulatory T cells from human CD4+ CD25- T cells in response to inflammation. J Immunol 177 (2006) 3534-3541
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.177 , pp. 3534-3541
    • Grimbert, P.1    Bouguermouh, S.2    Baba, N.3
  • 41
    • 20244377653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential regulation of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion
    • Lin T.N., Kim G.M., Chen J.J., et al. Differential regulation of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Stroke 34 (2003) 177-186
    • (2003) Stroke , vol.34 , pp. 177-186
    • Lin, T.N.1    Kim, G.M.2    Chen, J.J.3
  • 42
    • 27144484944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombospondin-1 is induced in rat myocardial infarction and its induction is accelerated by ischemia/reperfusion
    • Sezaki S., Hirohata S., Iwabu A., et al. Thrombospondin-1 is induced in rat myocardial infarction and its induction is accelerated by ischemia/reperfusion. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230 (2005) 621-630
    • (2005) Exp Biol Med (Maywood) , vol.230 , pp. 621-630
    • Sezaki, S.1    Hirohata, S.2    Iwabu, A.3
  • 43
    • 31044432914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) as a novel mediator of cell injury in kidney ischemia
    • Thakar C.V., Zahedi K., Revelo M.P., et al. Identification of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) as a novel mediator of cell injury in kidney ischemia. J Clin Invest 115 (2005) 3451-3459
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 3451-3459
    • Thakar, C.V.1    Zahedi, K.2    Revelo, M.P.3
  • 44
    • 20444429446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of pro- and antiangiogenic factors in mouse strain-dependent hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization
    • Chan C.K., Pham L.N., Zhou J., et al. Differential expression of pro- and antiangiogenic factors in mouse strain-dependent hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Lab Invest 85 (2005) 721-733
    • (2005) Lab Invest , vol.85 , pp. 721-733
    • Chan, C.K.1    Pham, L.N.2    Zhou, J.3
  • 45
    • 37149006718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoxia-induced increase in the production of extracellular matrix proteins in systemic sclerosis
    • Distler J.H., Jungel A., Pileckyte M., et al. Hypoxia-induced increase in the production of extracellular matrix proteins in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 56 (2007) 4203-4215
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 4203-4215
    • Distler, J.H.1    Jungel, A.2    Pileckyte, M.3
  • 46
    • 24944556468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide regulates angiogenesis through a functional switch involving thrombospondin-1
    • Ridnour L.A., Isenberg J.S., Espey M.G., et al. Nitric oxide regulates angiogenesis through a functional switch involving thrombospondin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (2005) 13147-13152
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.102 , pp. 13147-13152
    • Ridnour, L.A.1    Isenberg, J.S.2    Espey, M.G.3
  • 47
    • 0034109215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of latent TGF-beta by thrombospondin-1: mechanisms and physiology
    • Murphy-Ullrich J.E., and Poczatek M. Activation of latent TGF-beta by thrombospondin-1: mechanisms and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11 (2000) 59-69
    • (2000) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev , vol.11 , pp. 59-69
    • Murphy-Ullrich, J.E.1    Poczatek, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.