Aspen in the Lake States: A research review

NCASI Technical Bulletin

Volumn , Issue 955, 2008, Pages 1-46

  Domke, Grant M ^a   Ek, Alan R ^a   Kilgore, Michael A ^a   David, Andrew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Aspen; Ecology; Economics; Forest management; Lake States; Populus; Resource trends; Silviculture

Indexed keywords

ASPEN; ECOLOGY; ECONOMICS; FOREST MANAGEMENT; LAKE STATES; POPULUS; RESOURCE TRENDS; SILVICULTURE;

CARBON FIBERS; COMPETITION; FORESTRY; INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS; LAKES; MANAGERS; RAW MATERIALS; TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER;

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT;

ECONOMICS; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTS; INFORMATION SYSTEMS; LAKES; POLLUTION CONTROL; POPULUS; TECHNOLOGY;

POPULUS;

EID: 53849099997     PISSN: 08860882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Alban, D.H. 1982. Effects of nutrient accumulation by aspen, spruce, and pine on soil properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46: 853-861.
2. Alban, D.H. and D. A. Perala. 1990. Impact of aspen timber harvesting on soils. In Sustained productivity of forest soils, ed. S.P. Gessel, D.S. Lacate, G.F. Weetman, R.F. Powers, 377-391. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry.
3. Alban, D.H., D.A. Perala, M.F. Jurgensen, M.E. Ostry, and J.R. Probst. 1991. Aspen ecosystem properties in the Upper Great Lakes. Research Paper NC-300. St Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station.
4. Almendinger, J.C. 1997. Minnesota bearing tree database. Biological Report Number 56. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
5. Andrejak, G.E. and B.V. Barnes. 1969. A seedling population of aspens in southeastern Michigan. Michigan Journal of Botany 8:189-202.
6. Arikian, M.J., K.J. Puetmann, A.L. Davis, G.E. Host, and J.C. Zasada. 1998. Harvesting impacts on soil properties and tree regeneration in pure and mixed aspen stands. In Proceedings, Improving forest productivity for timber... A key to sustainability, ed. A.R. Ek and B. ZumBahlen, 329-331. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
7. Balatinecz, J.J. and D.E. Kretschmann. 2001. Properties and utilization of poplar wood. In Poplar culture in North America, ed. D.I. Dickmann, J.G. Isebrands, J.E. Eckenwalder, and J. Richardson, 277-291. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
8. Banfield, A.W.F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
9. Barnes, B.V. 1961. Hybrid aspens in the lower peninsula of Michigan. Rhodora 63:311-324.
10. _. 1966. The clonal growth habit of American aspens. Ecology 47: 439-447.
11. Bates, P.C., C.R. Blinn, and A.A. Aim. 1993. Harvesting impacts on quaking aspen regeneration in northern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 2403-2412.
12. Bates, P.C., E. Sucoff, and C.R. Blinn. 1998. Short-term flooding effects on root suckers of quaking aspen. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 15:169-173.
13. Bella, I.E. and R.C. Yang. 1991. Should we thin young aspen stands. In Aspen management for the 21st century: Proceedings of a symposium held November 20-21, 1990, in Edmonton, Alberta in conjunction with the 12th annual meeting of the Poplar Council of Canada, ed. S. Navratil and P.B. Chapman, 135-142. Edmonton, AB: Forestry Canada, Poplar Council of Canada.
14. Belleau, A., S. Brais, and D. Paré. 2006. Soil nutrient dynamics after harvesting and slash treatments in boreal aspen stands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70: 1189-1199.
15. Borges J.G. and H.M. Hoganson. 1999. Assessing the impact of management unit design and adjacency constraints on forestwide spatial conditions and timber revenues. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 1764-1774.
16. Bormann, F.H., G.E. Likens, D.W. Fisher, and R.S. Pierce. 1968. Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science 159: 882-884.
17. Brinkman, K.A. and E.L. Roe. 1975. Quaking aspen: Silvics and management in the Lake States. Agriculture Handbook 486. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
18. Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
19. Byelich, J.D, J.L. Cook, and R.I. Blouch. 1972. Management for deer. In Aspen: Symposium proceedings, 120-125. General Technical Report NC-I. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station.
20. Carey, A.B., and M.L. Johnson. 1995. Small mammals in managed, naturally young, and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5: 336-352.
21. Cleland, D.T., L.A. Leefers, and D.I. Dickman. 2003. Ecology and management of aspen: A Lake States perspective. In Sustaining aspen in western landscapes: Symposium proceedings, ed. W.D. Shepperd, D. Binkley, D.L. Bartos, T.J. Stohlgren and L.G. Eskew, 81-100. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-P-18. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
22. Comer, P.J, D.A. Albert, H.A. Wells, B.L. Hart, J.B. Raab, D.L. Price, D.M. Kashian, R.A. Corner, and D.W. Schuen. 1995. Michigan's native landscape, as interpreted from the General Land Office Surveys 1816-1856. Lansing, MI: Michigan Natural Features Inventory.
23. David, A. J. 2003. Aspen/Larch Genetics Cooperative 2003 annual report. Report #14. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
24. David, A.J., J.C. Zasada, D.W. Gilmore, and S.M. Landhausser. 2001. Current trends in the management of aspen and missed aspen forest for sustainable production. The Forestry Chronicle 77: 525-532.
25. DeByle, N.B. and R.P. Winokur (eds.). 1985. Aspen ecology and management in the western United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
26. Domke, G., A. Ek, M. Kilgore, B. Palik, S. Katovich, and S. Finley. 2006. Web based forest management guides for the north central region. In Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. CD-ROM. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.
27. Einspahr, D.W. and L.L. Winton. 1977. Genetics of quaking aspen. USDA Forest Service Research Paper WO-25. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
28. Einspahr, D.W. and G.W. Wykoff. 1990. North American aspen: Timber supply, utilization, and research. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7: 168-171.
29. Ek, A. R. and J.D. Brodie. 1975. A preliminary analysis of short-rotation aspen management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 245-258.
30. Elkinton, J.S, W.M. Healy, J.F. Buonaccorsi, G.H, Boettner, A.M. Hazzard, H.R. Smith, and A.M. Liebhold. 1996. Interactions among gypsy moths, white-footed mice, and acorns. Ecology 77: 2332-2342.
31. Every, A.D. and D. Wiens. 1971. Triploidy in Utah aspen. Madrono 21:138-147.
32. Farmer Jr, R.E. 1962. Aspen root sucker formation and apical dominance. Forest Science 8: 403-410.
33. Finley, R.W. 1976. Original vegetation cover of Wisconsin. Map (1:500,000) compiled from U.S. General Land Office notes. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Extension.
34. Frey, B.F., V.J Lieffers, E.H. Hogg, and S.M. Landhausser. 2004. Predicting landscape patterns of aspen dieback: mechanisms and knowledge gaps. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 1379-1390.
35. Frey, B.R., V.J. Lieffers, S.M. Landhausser, P.G. Comeau, and K.J. Greenway. 2003. An analysis of sucker regeneration of trembling aspen. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1169-1179.
36. Friedman, S.K. and P.B. Reich. 2005. Regional legacies of logging: Departure form presettlement forest conditions in northern Minnesota. Ecological Applications 15: 726-744.
37. Froehlich, H.A. 1977. The physical effects of timber harvesting on forest soils. In Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, October 2-6, Albuquerque, NM, 229-237. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD.
38. Graham, G.M. and D.R. Betters. 1985. A simulation model for economic analysis of timber/forage production alternatives in Rocky Mountain aspen stands. Forest Ecology and Management 10: 313-321.
39. Graham, S.A., R.P. Harrison Jr., and C.E. Westell Jr. 1963. Aspens: Phoenix trees of the Great Lakes Region. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. 272 p.
40. Greacen, E.L. and R. Sands. 1980. Compaction of forest soils. A review. Australian Journal of Soil Resources 18: 163-189.
41. Grier, C.C., K.M. Lee, N.M. Nadkarni, G.O. Klock, and P.J. Edgerton. 1989. Productivity of forests of the United States and its relation to soil and site factors and management practices: A review. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-222. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
42. Grigal, D.F. 2000. Effects of extensive forest management on soil productivity. Forest Ecology and Management 138: 167-185.
43. Gullion, G.W. 1977. Maintenance of the aspen ecosystem as a primary wildlife habitat. In Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on Game Biologists, ed. T.J. Peterle, 256-265. Washington DC: Wildlife Society.
44. _. 1984. Managing northern forests forwildlife. Coraopolis, PA: The Ruffed Grouse Society.
45. _. 1987. Aspen management for ruffed grouse. In Integrating forest management for wildlife and fish: 1987 Society of American Foresters national convention, 9-13. General Technical Report NC-122. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
46. _. 1990. Management of aspen for grouse and other wildlife - An update. In Aspen symposium '89, Proceedings Symposium, ed. RD. Adams, 133-143. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-140. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
47. Haines, D.A. and R.W. Sando. 1969. Climatic conditions preceding historically great fires in the North Central Region. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-34. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
48. Hamilton Jr., W.J. 1941. The food of small forest mammals in Eastern United States. Journal of Mammalogy 22: 250-263.
49. Heeney, C.J, J.A. Kemperman, and G. Brown. 1980. A silvicultural guide to the aspen working group in Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Division of Forestry, Forest Research Branch.
50. Hoganson, H.M. and D.W. Rose. 1984. A simulation approach for optimal timber management scheduling. Forest Science 30: 220-238.
51. Holcomb, C.J. and R.D. Jones. 1938. The Antrim area: A study of farm woodland conditions on a cutover area of Lower Michigan. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, University Farm.
52. Hoover, R.L. and D.L. Wills. 1987. Managing forested lands for wildlife. Denver, CO: Colorado Division of Wildlife and USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.
53. Hove, G.P. 1990. A biological and financial stand development analysis of aspen, red pine, and jack pine management in Beltrami Country, Minnesota. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota, College of Natural Resources.
54. Husain, S.A. 1996. Forest protection expenditures in Minnesota's Aspen Birch unit. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
55. Institute of Paper Chemistry 1988. Production and intensive management of genetically improved aspen. Project 3537. Report Three. February 25, 1988. Appleton, WI: The Institute of Paper Chemistry.
56. Johnsson, H. 1940. Cytological studies of diploid and triploid Populus tremula and of crosses between them. Hereditas Lund 26: 321-352.
57. _. 1953. Ungdomsutveckling och ett försök till farmtidsprognos. Svenska Skogsvårdsforeningens Tidsskrift 51: 73-96 (In Swedish).
58. Jones, B.S., Berguson, W.E. and J.J. Vogel. 1990. Aspen thinning as a viable cultural tool. In Aspen Symposium '89 Proceedings, July 25-27, Duluth, MN, ed. R.D. Adams, 205-210.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-140. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN.
59. Kemperman, J.A. 1977. Aspen clones: development, variability and identification. OMNR Division of Forestry Ontario Forest Research Note 12. OMNR Division of Forestry, Forest Research Branch, Maple, ON. 11 p.
60. Kilgore, M.A. and D.G. MacKay. 2007. Trends in Minnesota's forest land real estate market: potential implications for forestland uses. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24: 37-42.
61. Krzic, M., Page, H., Newman, R.F. and K. Broersma. 2004. Aspen regeneration, forage production, and soil compaction on harvested and grazed boreal aspen stands. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 5: 3 0-3 8.
62. Kubiske, M.E., Quinn, V.S., Marquardt, P.E. and D.F. Karnosky. 2007. Effects of elevated atmospheric C02 and/or 03 on intra- and interspecific competive ability of aspen. Plant Biology 9: 342-355.
63. Lamb, F.M. 1967. Aspen wood characteristics, properties and uses: A review of literature. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-13. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 15 p.
64. Lindroth, R.L. 2001. Adaptions of quaking aspen for defense against damage by herbivores and related environmental agents. In Sustaining aspen in western landscapes: Symposium proceedings, ed. W.D. Shepperd, D. Binkley, D.L. Bartos, T.J. Stohlgren and L.G. Eskew, 81-100. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-P-18. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
65. Lindsey, J. P. and R.L. Gilbertson. 1978. Basidiomycetes that decay aspen in North America. J. Cramer, Lehre, West Germany.
66. Little Jr., E. L. 1971. Atlas of United States trees: Vol. 1. Conifers and important hardwoods. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1146. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 9 p. + 202 maps.
67. Little Jr., E.L, Brinkman, K.A. and A.L. McComb. 1957. Two natural Iowa hybrid poplars. Forest Science 3: 253-262.
68. Madritch M.D. and M.D. Hunter. 2002. Phenotypic diversity influences ecosystem functioning in an oak sandhills community. Ecology 83: 2084-90.
69. Madritch, M., Donaldson, J.R., and R.I. Lindroth. 2006. Genetic identity of Populus trembuloides litter influences decomposition and nutrient release in a mixed forest stand. Ecosystems 9: 528-537.
70. Manion, P. D. 1991. Tree disease concepts. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
71. Maini, J.S. 1967. Variation in the vegetation propagation of Populus in natural populations. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 48: 75-76.
72. _. 1968. Silvics and ecology of Populus in Canada. In Growth and utilization of poplar in Canada, ed. J.S. Maini and J.H. Cayford, 20-69. CDFRD Forestry Branch Department Publication 1205. CDFRD, Forestry Branch, Ottawa, ON.
73. Maini, J.S. and K.W. Horton. 1964. Influence of temperature and moisture on initiation and initial development of Populus trembuloides suckers. CDFRD Forest Research Branch Report. CDFRD, Forest Research Branch, Ottawa, ON. 64-0-11.
74. Merrill, S.B., Cuthbert, F.J. and G. Oehlert. 1998. Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts. Conservation Biology 12: 190-199.
75. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR). 2006. Public stumpage price review 2006: Volume of timber sold and average price received by public agencies in Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry.
76. Mitten, J.B. and M.C. Grant. 1996. Genetic variation and the natural history of quaking aspen. Bioscience 46: 25-31.
77. Morris, D.M. 1997. The role of long-term site productivity in maintaining healthy ecosystems: A prerequisite of ecosystem management. The Forestry Chronicle 73: 731-740.
78. Moses, R.A. and S. Boutin. 2001. The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small mammal populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31: 483-495.
79. Nordeen, P.A. 1968. Economic evaluation of precommercial thinning in good-site aspen. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota, School of Forestry. St. Paul, MN. 19 p.
80. Ostry, M.E., Anderson, N.A. Rugg, D.J. and J.T. Ward. 2004. Long-term response of precommercially thinned aspen clones to Hypoxylon canker. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-341. USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN. 12 p.
81. Ostry, M.E., Wilson L.F., McNabb, H.S. and L.M. Moore. 1989. A guide to insect, disease, and animal pests of poplars. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 677. USDA Forest Service, Washington DC. 118 p.
82. Pennock, D.J. and C. van Kessel. 1997. Clear-cut forest harvest impacts on soil quality indicators in the mixedwood forest of Saskatchewan, Canada. Geoderma 75: 13-32.
83. Perala, D.A. 1977. Manager's handbook for aspen in the North Central States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-324. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 30 p.
84. _. Thinning strategies for aspen: a prediction model. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-161. USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 19 p.
85. _. 1983. Shearing restores full productivity to sparse aspen stands. USDA Forest Service Research Note NC-296. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
86. _. 1990. Populus trembuloides Michx. Quaking aspen. In Silvics of North America. Volume 2, Hardwoods, ed. R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala. 555-569. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 654. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service.
87. Perala, D.A. and J. Russell. 1983. Aspen. In Silvicultural systems of the major forest types of the United States, ed. R.M. Burns, 113-115. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 445. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service,
88. Peterson, E.B. and N.M. Peterson. 1992. Ecology, management, and use of aspen and balsam poplar in the prairie provinces, Canada. Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Center, Edmonton, Alberta. Spec. Rep. 1. 252 p.
89. Petit, D.R., K.E. Petit, T.C. Grubb, Jr., and L.J. Reichardt. 1985. Habitat and snag selection by woodpeckers in a clearcut: An analysis using artificial snags. Wilson Bulletin 97: 525-533.
90. Peto, F.H. 1938. Cytology of poplar species and natural hybrids. Canadian Journal of Research 16:445-455.
91. Piva, R.J. 2006. Pulpwood production in the North-Central Region, 2004. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin NC-265. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station.
92. Potter-Witter, K. and C.W. Ramm. 1992. Aspen supply, use, and demand in Michigan. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9: 10-14.
93. Powers, R.F., D.A. Scott, F.G. Sanchez, R.A. Voldseth, D. Page-Dumroese, J.D. Elioff, and D.M. Stone. 2005. The North American long-term soil productivity experiment: Findings from the first decade of research. Forest Ecology and Management 220: 31-50.
94. Puettmann, K. J. and A.R. Ek. 1999. Status and trends of silvicultural practices in Minnesota. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 16: 203-210.
95. Rogers, J.D. and Y.-M Ju. 1996. Entoleuca mammata comb. nov. for Hypoxylon mammatum and the genus Entoleuca. Mycotaxon 59: 441-448.
96. Rogers, L.L., G.A. Wilker, and A.W. Allen. 1988. Managing northern forests for black bears. In Integrating forest management for wildlife and fish: 1987 Society of American Foresters national convention, 36-42. General Technical Report NC-122. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
97. Schier, G.A. and J.C. Zasada. 1973. Role of carbohydrate reserves in the development of root suckers in Populus trembuloides. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3: 243-250.
98. Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 450. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
99. Schulte, L.A. and G.J. Niemi. 1998. Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest. The Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 1418-1429.
100. Shands, W.E. and R.G. Healy. 1977. The lands nobody wanted: Policy for national forests in the eastern United States. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation.
101. Shepperd, W.D., 2001. Manipulations to regenerate aspen ecosystems. In Sustaining aspen in western landscapes: Symposium proceedings, ed. W.D. Shepperd, D. Binkley, D.L. Bartos, T.J. Stohlgren and L.G. Eskew, 355-366. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-P-18. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
102. Skinner, D.L. 1984. Selection of winter food by beavers at Elk Island National Park. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta.
103. Sorenson, R.W. 1968. Size of aspen crop trees little affected by initial sucker density. USDA Forest Service Research Note NC-51. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station.
104. Spencer Jr., J.S. and H.W. Thorne. 1972. Wisconsin's 1968 timber resource - A perspective. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin NC-15. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
105. Stanosz, G.R. and R.F. Patton. 1987a. Armillaria root rot in aspen stands after repeated short rotations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 1001-1005.
106. _. 1987b. Armillaria root rot in Wisconsin aspen sucker stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 995-1000.
107. Steneker, G.A. 1972. Size and suckering of trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides) clones in Manitoba. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan.
108. _. 1974. Factors affecting the suckering of trembling aspen. The Forestry Chronicle 50: 32-34.
109. Stone, D.M. 2001. Sustaining aspen productivity in the Lake States. In Sustaining aspen in western landscapes: Symposium proceedings, ed. W.D. Shepperd, D. Binkley, D.L. Bartos, T.J. Stohlgren and L.G. Eskew, 47-59. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-P-18. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
110. Stone, E.L, W.T. Swank, and J.W. Hornbeck. 1979. Impacts of timber harvest and regeneration systems on streamflow and soils in the eastern deciduous region. In Forest soils and land use, ed. C. T. Youngberg, 516-535. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.
111. Telfer, E.S. 1993. Wildfire and the historical habitats of boreal forest avifauna. In Proceedings from birds in the boreal forest workshop, ed. D.G. Kunke, 27-37. Edmonton, AB: Forestry Canada Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre.
112. Thomas, J.W. (tech.ed.) 1979. Wildlife habitats in managed forest: The Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. USDA Agricultural Handbook 553. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
113. van Buijtenen, J.P, P.N. Joranson, and D.W. Einspahr. 1957. Naturally occurring triploid quaking aspen in the United States. In Proceedings from the Society of American Foresters, 1957, 62-64. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.
114. Walters, D.K. and A.R. Ek. 1993. Whole stand yield and density equations for fourteen forest types in Minnesota. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10: 75-85.
115. Wei, Y. and H.M. Hoganson. 2005. Landscape impacts from valuing core area in national forest planning. Forest Ecology and Management 218: 89-106.
116. Weingartner, D.H. and R. Doucet. 1990. The quest for aspen management in eastern Canada. In Aspen Symposium '89 Proceedings, ed. R.D. Adams, 61-71. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-140. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
117. Westworth, D.A., L.M. Brusnyk, and G.R. Burns. 1984. Impact on wildlife of short-rotation management of boreal aspen stands. Canadian Forest Service Enforcement Project No. 203.
118. Yahner, R.H. 1991. Avian nesting ecology in small even-aged aspen stands. The Journal of Wildlife Management 55: 155-159.
119. Zasada, Z.A. 1952. Does it pay to thin young aspen? Journal of Forestry 50:747-748.
120. Zasada, J.C., A.J. David, D.W. Gilmore, and S.M. Landhausser. 2001. Ecology and silviculture of natural stands of Populus species. In Poplar Culture in North America, ed. D.I. Dickmann, J.G. Isebrands, J.E. Eckenwalder, and J. Richardson, 119-151. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.