Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households

World Development

Volumn 36, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1891-1915

  Bakker, Karen ^a   Kooy, Michelle ^a   Shofiani, Nur Endah ^b   Martijn, Ernst Jan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b USAID   (Indonesia)

Author keywords

access; Asia; infrastructure; Jakarta; poverty; water

Indexed keywords

GOVERNANCE APPROACH; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; POVERTY; SERVICE PROVISION; URBAN SOCIETY; WATER SUPPLY;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDONESIA; JAKARTA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 53749089247     PISSN: 0305750X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Abeyasekere, S. (1987). Death and Disease in 19th Century Batavia. Death and disease in Southeast Asia: Explorations in social, medical, and demographic history. N. Owen. Singapore, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Abeyasekere S. Jakarta: A history (1989), Oxford University Press, Singapore
3. ADB (2003a). Beyond boundaries: Extending services to the urban poor. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
4. ADB (2003b). Water in Asian cities: Summary of findings of the study and a regional consultation workshop. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
5. Agtini M., Rooswanti S., Lesmana M., Punjabi N., Simanjuntak C., Wangsasaputra F., et al. The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: Findings from 24 months surveillance. Infectious Disease 5 89 (2005) 1-2
6. Anwar, A. (2001). Regulating services for the poor, Jakarta, Indonesia. Presented at the 3rd World Water Forum, Osaka, 19th March. Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Board, Jakarta.
7. Argo, T. (1999). Thirsty downstream: The provision of clean water in Jakarta, Indonesia. Unpublished doctoral thesis, School of Regional and Community Planning, University of British Columbia.
8. Argo T., and Firman T. To privatize or not to privatize? Reform of urban water supply services in Jabotabek, Indonesia. Built Environment 27 2 (2001) 146-155
9. Azdan, M. (2001). Water policy reform in Jakarta, Indonesia: A CGE analysis. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, Ohio State University.
10. Bakker K. From archipelago to network: Urbanisation and privatisation in cities in the South. The Geographical Journal 169 4 (2003) 328-341
11. Bakker K. Trickle down? Private sector participation and the pro-poor water supply debate in Jakarta, Indonesia. Geoforum 38 5 (2007) 855-868
12. Bayliss K. Privatisation and poverty: The distributional impact of utility privatisation. Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics 73 4 (2002) 603-625
13. Bayliss K. Utility privatisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of water. Journal of Modern African Studies 41 4 (2003) 507-531
14. Bayliss K., and Fine B. Privatization and alternative public sector reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: Delivering on electricity and water (2007), Palgrave MacMillan, London
15. Berry B. Clean water for all: Equity-based urban water supply alternatives for Indonesia's cities. Urban Geography 3 4 (1982) 281-299
16. Bond P. Unsustainable South Africa: Environment, development and social protest (2002), Merlin, London
17. Bond P. Water commodification and decommodification narratives: Pricing and policy debates from Johannesburg to Kyoto to Cancun and back. Capitalism Nature Socialism 15 1 (2004) 7-25
18. BPD (2003). Jakarta, Indonesia: Water supply improvements to Marunda District. London: Building Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation. . Accessed 3.01.04.
19. BPS (2005). Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat/Social welfare statistics. Jakarta: Indonesian Bureau of Statistics.
20. Braadbaart O. Private versus public provision of water services: Does ownership matter for utility efficiency?. AQUA - Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology 51 7 (2002) 375-388
21. Braadbaart O., and Braadbaart F. Policing the urban pumping race: Industrial groundwater overexploitation in Jakarta. World Development 25 2 (1997) 199-210
22. Brennan E.M., and Richardson H.W. Asian megacity characteristics, problems and policies. International Regional Science Review 12 2 (1989) 117-129
23. Brown A. Confusing means and ends: Framework of restructuring, not privatization, matters most. International Journal of Regulation and Governance 1 2 (2001) 115-128
24. Budds J., and McGranahan G. Are debates on privatization missing the point? Experiences from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Environment & Urbanization 15 2 (2003) 87-113
25. In: Cairncross S., Hardoy J., and Satterthwaite D. (Eds). The poor die young (1990), Earthscan, London
26. Cestti, R., Batia, R., & Van der Berg, C. (1994). Water demand management and pollution control in the Jabotabek region, Indonesia. Unpublished World Bank paper, October.
27. Chifos C. Meeting unmet expectations: Initiatives in urban environmental service provision in Jakarta. In: Chifos C., and Yabes R. (Eds). Southeast Asian urban environments. Program for SEA studies (2000), Temple University Press, Arizona State University 29-72
28. Chifos C., and Hendropranoto S. Thirty years of urban infrastructure development in Indonesia. In: Chifos C., and Yabes R. (Eds). Southeast Asian urban environments. Program for SEA studies (2000), Temple University Press, Arizona State University 153-181
29. Collignon B., and Vezina M. Independent water and sanitation providers in African cities: Full report of a ten-country study (2000), World Bank, Washington
30. Cowherd, R. (2002). Cultural construction of Jakarta: Design, planning and development in Jabotabek, 1980-1997. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Architecture, MIT.
31. Crane R. Water markets, market reform and the urban poor: Results from Jakarta, Indonesia. World Development 22 1 (1994) 71-83
32. Crane R., Daniere A., and Harwood S. The contribution of environmental amenities to low-income housing: A comparative study of Bangkok and Jakarta. Urban Studies 34 9 (1997) 1495-1512
33. Cross P., and Morel A. Pro-poor strategies for urban water supply and sanitation services delivery in Africa. Water Science & Technology 51 8 (2005) 51-57
34. Davis M. Planet of slums (2006), Verso, London
35. Eggink, E. J. (1930). 'Na 25 Jaar'. Beknopt Gedenkschrift ter Gelegenheid van het 25 Jarig Bestaan der Gemeente Batavia ('After 25 Years'. A concise commemorate at the occasion of 25 years existence of the Municipality of Batavia) (Gemeente Batavia, Batavia).
36. Estache A., and Rossi M. How different is the efficiency of public and private water companies in Asia?. The World Bank Economic Review 16 1 (2002) 139-148
37. Fay M., Leipziger D., Wodon Q., and Yepes T. Achieving child-health-related millenium development goals: The role of infrastructure. World Development 33 8 (2005) 1267-1284
38. Firman T. Land conversion and urban development in the northern region of West Java, Indonesia. Urban Studies 34 (1997) 1027-1046
39. Firman T. The restructuring of Jakarta metropolitan area: A "global city" in Asia. Cities 15 4 (1998) 229-243
40. Firman T. Rural to urban land conversion in Indonesia during boom and bust periods. Land Use Policy 17 (2000) 13-20
41. Firman T., and Dharmapatni I. The challenges to sustainable development in Jakarta metropolitan region. Habitat International 18 3 (1994) 79-94
42. Fischer L. The story of Indonesia (1959), Harper Brothers, New York
43. Ford L. A model of Indonesian city structure. Geographical Review 83 4 (1993) 374-396
44. Forkami/RTI (2002). Update: Report on water supply to the urban poor (2002). Forkami and RTI International, Jakarta.
45. Forkami/RTI (2003). Update: Report on water supply to the urban poor (2003). Forkami and RTI International, Jakarta.
46. Forkami (2006). Social assessment for the jakarta output-based aid project. Jakarta: Forum Komunikasi Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Minum Indonesia.
47. Franceys R., and Weitz A. Public-private community partnerships in infrastructure for the poor. Journal of International Development 15 8 (2003) 1083-1098
48. Gilbert A., and James D. Water pollution in Jakarta Bay. In: James D. (Ed). The application of economic techniques in environmental impact assessment (1994), Kluwer, Dordrecht 111-142
49. Gleick P., Wolff G., Chalecki E., and Reyes R. The new economy of water: The risks and benefits of globalization and privatization of fresh water (2002), Pacific Institute, Oakland
50. Gomez-Lobo, A. (2001). Incentive based subsidies: Designing output-based subsidies for water consumption. Public policy for the private sector 22. Washington: World Bank.
51. Graham S., and Marvin S. Splintering urbanism (2001), Routledge, London
52. Gulyani S., Talukdar D., and Kariuki R.M. Universal (Non)service? Water markets, household demand and the poor in urban Kenya. Urban Studies 42 8 (2005) 1247-1274
53. Gutierrez E., Calaguas B., Green J., and Roaf V. New rules, new roles: Does PSP benefit the poor? (2002), WaterAid and Tearfund, London
54. Harsono A. When water and political power intersect: A journalist probes the story of water privatization in Jakarta, Indonesia. Nieman Reports 59 1 (2005) 45-47
55. Hodge G. Privatization: An international review of performance (2000), Westview, Boulder
56. Holmes P. Effective organizations for water management. International Journal of Water Resources Development 16 1 (2000) 57-71
57. Hukka J.J., and Katko I. Refuting the paradigm of water services privatization. Natural Resource Forum 27 (2003) 142-155
58. Hunt L.C., and Lynk E.L. Privatisation and efficiency in the UK water industry: An empirical analysis. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57 (1995) 371-388
59. Ibrahim S. From individual to collective capabilities: The capability approach as a conceptual framework for self-help. Journal of Human Development 7 3 (2006) 397-416
60. Jakarta Post (2006). PT Aquatico to take over city water concession. November 27th.
61. Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body (2004). Regulatory approach to the Jakarta water supply concession contracts. Presentation: A. Lanti (Member, Regulatory Body), Stockholm water symposium, August 16-20.
62. Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body (2005). Urban water in Jakarta. Presentation: Urban water and citizenship workshop, University of Indonesia, 11 May.
63. Jansky L., and Uitto J. Enhancing participation and governance in water resources management: Conventional approaches and information technology. Water resources management and policy series (2005), United Nations University Press, New York
64. JICA (1997). Study: Jakarta water supply development project. Final report. Vol. 2, Main report. May 1997. Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
65. Johnstone N., and Wood L. Private Firms and Public Water: realising social and environmental objectives in developing countries (2001), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
66. Katko T. Water! Evolution of water supply and sanitation in Finland from the mid-1800s to 2000 (2000), Finnish Water and Waste Water Works Association, Tampere
67. Kay J. Regulating private utilities: The customer corporation. Journal of Co-operative Studies 29 2 (1996) 28-46
68. KIP (1976). Jakarta's Kampung improvement programme. Directorate of Physical Development, Jakarta Capital City Government and KIP Implementation Unit, Jakarta.
69. Kirkpatrick C., Parker D., and Zhang Y.F. An empirical analysis of state and private-sector provision of water services in Africa. World Bank Economic Review 20 1 (2006) 143-163
70. Kreimer, A., Gilbert, R., Volonte, C., & Brown, G. (1995). Indonesia impact evaluation report. Enhancing the quality of life in Urban Indonesia: The legacy of the Kampung improvement program, June 29. Operations Evaluation Department, Rep.14747-IND, Washington, DC: World Bank.
71. Kusno A. Modern beacon and the traditional polity: Jakarta in the time of Sukarno. Journal of Southeast Asian Architecture 1 (1997) 25-45
72. Kusno A. Behind the postcolonial: Architecture, urban space and political cultures in Indonesia (2000), Routledge, London
73. Leaf M. Legal authority in an extralegal setting: The case of land rights in Jakarta, 1960-65. Indonesia Journal of Planning Education and Research 14 1 (1994) 12-18
74. Leclerc J. Mirrors and the lighthouse: A search for meaning in the monuments and great works of Sukarno's Jakarta. In: Nas P. (Ed). Urban symbolism (1993), E.J. Brill, Leiden 38-58
75. Leitmann J. Urban environmental profile: A global synthesis of seven urban environmental profiles. Cities 12 1 (1995) 23-39
76. Lobina E., and Hall D. Public sector alternatives to water supply and sewerage privatization: Case studies. International Journal of Water Resources Development 16 1 (2000) 35-55
77. Lovei L., and Whittington D. Rent-extracting behaviour by multiple agents in the provision of municipal water supply: A study of Jakarta, Indonesia. Water Resources Research 29 7 (1993) 1965-1975
78. Lo F.C., and Yeung Y.M. Global restructuring and emerging urban corridors in Pacific Asia. In: Yeung Y.M., and Lo F.C. (Eds). Emerging world cities in Pacific Asia (1996), United Nations University Press, Tokyo
79. MacDonald G. Indonesia's Medan Merdeka: National identity and the built environment. Antipode 27 3 (1995) 270-293
80. Maronier V.F.C. De Drinkwatervoorziening van Batavia (The drinking water network of Batavia). De Waterstaats-Ingenieur 8 (1929) 223-239
81. Martijn, E. J. (2005). Hydraulic histories of Jakarta, Indonesia (1949-97): Development of piped drinking water provision. Vancouver: Unpublished research report, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia.
82. Martin N. Corporatization as a means of improving water quality: The experience in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 67 (2004) 1888-1899
83. McDonald D., and Ruiters G. The age of commodity: Privatizing water in Southern Africa (2005), Earthscan, London
84. McGranahan G., Jacobi P., Songsore J., Surjadi C., and Kjellen M. The citizens at risk: From urban sanitation to sustainable cities (2001), Earthscan, London
85. McIntosh A. Asian water supplies: Reaching the urban poor (2003), Asian Development Bank and International Water Association, Manila
86. Narain, S. (2006). Community-led alternatives to water management: India case study. Background paper: Human development report 2006. United Nations Development Programme, New York.
87. Newbery D. Privatization, restructuring, and regulation of network utilities (2000), MIT Press, Cambridge
88. Nickson A., and Franceys R. Tapping the market: The challenge of institutional reform in the urban water sector (2003), Palgrave MacMillan, London
89. North D. The new institutional economics and third world development. In: Hunter J., Harris J., and Lewis C. (Eds). The new institutional economics and third world development (1995), Routledge, London 17-26
90. Nunan F., and Satterthwaite D. The influence of governance on the provision of urban environmental infrastructure and services for low-income groups. International Planning Studies 6 4 (2001) 409-426
91. Ohlsson L. Water conflicts and social resource scarcity. Phys. Chem. Earth (B) 25 3 (2000) 213-220
92. Ostrom E. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action (1990), Cambridge University Press
93. Ostrom, E., Schroeder, L., & Wynne, S. (1993). Institutional incentives and sustainable development: Infrastructure policies in perspective boulder. Westview Press.
94. PAM JAYA (1992a). PAM DKI 1922-1992. In PAM JAYA (1992) (pp. 13-29), Jakarta, Indonesia.
95. PAM JAYA (1992b). Usaha Peningkatan Pelayanan Masyarakat (Efforts to Improve Services for the Public), Ir. H. Poedijono (Direktur Usaha). In PAM JAYA (1992) (pp. 34-39), Jakarta, Indonesia.
96. Pandjaitan, G. (2004). Kondisi Pelayanan Air Minum di DKI Jakarta Sebelum Swastanisasi (Condition service of drinking water in DKI Jakarta before privatization) G. Pandjaitan (Technical Director PAM JAYA 1987-1991), Seminar 'Drinking Water in Jakarta', organized by Poltak Simanjuntak (AKAINDO) August, 2004, Jakarta, Indonesia.
97. PERPAMSI (1975a). Air Minum (Drinking water). WARTA Journal PERPAMSI, 1(1-2), 34.
98. PERPAMSI (1975b). Air Minum (Drinking water). WARTA Journal PERPAMSI, 1(3-4), 50.
99. PERPAMSI (1975c). Air Minum (Drinking water). WARTA Journal PERPAMSI, 1(5-6), 53.
100. In: Pierre J. (Ed). Debating governance (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford
101. Pierre J., and Peters B.G. Governance, politics and the state (2000), Macmillan, Basingstoke
102. Porter R. The economics of water and waste: A case study of Jakarta, Indonesia (1996), Avebury, Aldershot
103. Prasad N. Privatisation results: Private sector participation in water services after 15 years. Development Policy Review 24 6 (2006) 669-692
104. PSIRU (2006). Public-public partnerships as a catalyst for capacity building and institutional development: Lessons from Stockholm Vatten's experience in the Baltic region. Public Services International Research Unit, University of Greenwich.
105. Renzetti S., and Dupont D. The performance of municipal water supply utilities: Evidence on the role of ownership. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, Part A 67 20-22 (2004) 1861-1878
106. Rhodes R. The new governance: Governing without government. Political Studies 44 4 (1996) 652-657
107. Robbins P. Transnational corporations and the discourse of water privatization. Journal of International Development 15 8 (2003) 1073-1082
108. Robeyns I. The capability approach: A theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development 2005 6 1 (2005) 93-114
109. Rogers, P., & Hall, A. (2003). Effective water governance. Global Water Partnership Technical Committee. TEC background papers, #7. GWP, Sweden.
110. Saleth, R., & Dinar, A. (1990). Evaluating water institutions and water sector performance (Technical paper no. 447). Washington, DC: World Bank.
111. Saleth R., and Dinar A. Institutional changes in global water sector: Trends, patterns and implications. Water Policy 2 (2000) 175-199
112. Saleth R., and Dinar A. Water institutional reforms: Theory and practice. Water Policy 7 (2005) 1-19
113. Salim, P. (2005). Personal communication. Priyono Salim, former Director for Technical Planning, Directorate of Urban Water Supply, Cipta Karya, Ministry of Public Works, Jakarta, Indonesia.
114. Sen A. Inequality re-examined (1992), Harvard University Press, Cambridge
115. Sen A. The capability approach: A theoretical survey (1999), Knopf, New York
116. Server O. Corruption: A major problem for urban management, some evidence from Indonesia. Habitat International 1 (1996) 23-41
117. Shirley M. Thirsting for efficiency: The economics and politics of urban water system reform (2002), Elseveier, London
118. Shofiani, N. E. (2003). Reconstruction of Indonesia's drinking water utilities: Assessment and stakeholders perspective of private sector participation in the capital province of Jakarta, Indonesia. TRITA-LWR. M.Sc. thesis. LWR-EX-03-30. ISSN 1651-064X. Department of Land and Water Resources Management, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
119. Silas J. Government-community partnerships in Kampung improvement programmes in Surabaya. Environment and Urbanization 4 2 (1992) 35-36
120. Simanjuntak, C. H., Larasati, W., Arjoso, S., Putri, M., Lesmana, M., Oyofo, B. A., et al. (2001). Cholera in Indonesia in 1993-1999. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6), 788-797.
121. Strange S. The retreat of the state: The diffusion of power in the world economy (1996), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
122. Struyk R.J., Hoffman M.L., and Katsura H.M. The market for shelter in Indonesian cities (1990), The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
123. Surjadi C. Public private partnerships and the poor: Drinking water concessions case study - Jakarta, Indonesia (2002), International Institute for Environment and Development, London
124. Surjadi C. Public private partnerships and the poor: Drinking water concessions, a study for better understanding public-private partnerships and water provision in low-income settlements (2003), Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough
125. Surjadi C., Padhmasutra L., Wahyuningsih D., McGranahan G., and Kjellén M. Households environmental problems in Jakarta (1994), Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm
126. Susantono, B. (2001). Informal water services in metropolitan cities of developing world: The case of Jakarta, Indonesia, Berkeley. Doctoral thesis, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California.
127. Swyngedouw E. Social power and the urbanisation of water (1997), Oxford University Press, Oxford
128. Taylor, J. (1983). An evaluation of selected impacts of Jakarta's Kampung Improvement Program. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Department of Urban Planning, UCLA.
129. TNI (2005). Reclaiming public water: Achievements, struggles and visions from around the world. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
130. TNI (2006). Public water for all: The role of public-public partnerships. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Corporate Europe Observatory.
131. Trawick P. Against the privatization of water: An indigenous model for improving existing laws and successfully governing the commons. World Development 31 6 (2003) 977-996
132. Tutuko, K. (2005). Personal communication. Kris Tutuko. Current Technical Director PAM JAYA, Jakarta, Indonesia.
133. UNCHS (2003). Local action for global goals: Water and sanitation in the world's cities 2003. London: Earthscan.
134. UNCHS (2006). Meeting development goals in small urban centres: Water and sanitation in the world's cities 2006. London: Earthscan.
135. UNDP (2003). Millenium development goals: A compact for nations to end human poverty. New York: United Nations Development Program.
136. UNDP (2006). Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty, and the global water crisis. Human development report 2006. United Nations Development Program, New York.
137. UNDP (2007). The global UNDP water governance strategy: A follow-up to human development report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis. United Nations Development Programme, New York.
138. UNWWAP (2003). Water for people, water for life. United Nations World Water Assessment Program. Rome: FAO.
139. UNWWAP (2006). Water: A shared responsibility. United Nations World Water Assessment Program.
140. van Breen, H. (1916). Beschouwingen: van de Technische-en Watervoorzieningscommissies betreffende de verschillende in zake de voorgenomen verbetering van de watervoorziening der Gemeente Batavia verschenen artikelen en uitgebrachte adviezen (Reviews: of the Technical and Water Supply commissions concerning the different articles and advice dealing with the intended improvement of water provision for the Municipality of Batavia) Gemeenteraad van Batavia, Gedrukte Stukken No. 40 (Municipal Council of Batavia, Printed Pieces No. 40) (Ruygrok and Co., Batavia).
141. Van Leeuwen, C. A. E. (1917). Het huidige vraagstuk der watervoorzieining van Batavia en Mr.Cornelis: voordracht, gehouden in de openbare vergadering der afdeeling Batavia van 14 Februari 1917. De Waterstaats Ingenieur, 3, 81-103.
142. Verhoest K., Peters B., Bouckaert G., and Verschuere B. The study of organizational autonomy: A conceptual review. Public Administration and Development 24 (2004) 101-118
143. Wallsten, S., & Kosec, K. (2005). Public or private drinking water? The effects of ownership and benchmark competition on US water system regulatory compliance and household water expenditures. Brookings Institution working paper, 05-05.
144. WaterAid (2003). Does PSP benefit the poor: The synthesis report. WaterAid and Tearfund, London.
145. Weimer M. Action research on point of use drinking water treatment alternatives as appropriate for underprivileged households in Jakarta (2006), Environmental Services Program, Jakarta
146. Whittington D. Possible adverse effects of increasing block water tariffs in developing countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change 41 1 (1992) 75-87
147. WHO/UNICEF (2004). Meeting the MDG water and sanitation target. Geneva: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
148. WHO/UNICEF (2005). Water for Life: Making it Happen. Geneva: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
149. WHO (1992). The international drinking water supply and sanitation decade: End of decade review. Geneva: World Health Organization.
150. WHO (2000). Global water supply and sanitation assessment. 2000 Report. Geneva: World Health Organization, UNICEF, and Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council.
151. Wilder M., and Romero Lankao P. Paradoxes of decentralization: Water reform and social implications in Mexico. World Development 34 11 (2006) 1977-1995
152. Winpenny J. Managing water as an economic resource (1994), Routledge, London
153. Woodcock J. Enabling water utilities to serve the urban poor (2005), World Bank Country Office, Jakarta
154. World Bank (1974). Appraisal of the Jakarta urban development project in Indonesia. Report No. 475a-IND, Transportation and Urban Projects Department, August 30.
155. World Bank (1991). Indonesia public expenditure for infrastructure development. Washington: World Bank.
156. World Bank (1993). Indonesia: Urban public infrastructure services. East Asia Region, Jakarta: World Bank.
157. World Bank (1994). Infrastructure for development. World development report, World Bank Group.
158. World Bank (1997a). The state in a changing world. World development report, World Bank Group.
159. World Bank (1997b). Indonesia urban water supply sector policy framework. Indonesia discussion paper series. East Asia and Pacific Region Country Office, Jakarta.
160. World Bank (1998). Implementation completion report. Republic of Indonesia: Second JABOTABEK urban development project (Loan 3219-IND). Report Nr. 18049. Washington, DC: World Bank.
161. World Bank (1999). Water sector adjustment loan: sectoral environmental assessment. E-267. Washington: World Bank and Jakarta, Government of Indonesia, Inter-Agency Task Force on Water Sector Policy Reform.
162. World Bank (2004a). Making services work for poor people. World development report 2004. World Bank Group, Washington.
163. World Bank (2004b). Indonesia: averting an infrastructure crisis: A framework for policy and action. Indonesia Infrastructure Department. East Asia and Pacific Region: World Bank.
164. Yayasan Dian Desa (1990). Monitoring and evaluation of public hydrants and water terminals in North Jakarta. May 1990. Final report. Yogyakarta.
165. Zaidi A. From lane to city: The impact of the Orangi Pilot Project's low cost sanitation model (2001), WaterAid, London