Mean winds in the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere during January 1993, March 1994, and August 1994

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 22, 1997, Pages

  Hitchman, Matthew H ^a   Kudeki, Erhan ^b   Fritts, David C ^c   Kugi, Joleen M ^a   Fawcett, Clint ^b   Postel, Gregory A ^a   Yao, Chia Yi ^a   Ortland, David ^d   Riggin, Dennis ^c   Harvey, V Lynn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b United States of America   (United States)

^c Colorado Research Associates ^*  (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5344236078     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97jd01784     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, 489 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
2. Avery, S. K., R. L. Obert, and J. P. Avery, Observations of equatorial mesospheric mean winds and tides, in Handbook for Middle Atmosphere Program, SCOSTEP Secretariat, 28, 64-67, 1989.
3. Balsley, B. B., and A. C. Riddle, Monthly mean values of the mesospheric wind field over Poker Flat, Alaska. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2368-2700, 1984.
4. Bergman, J. W., and M. L. Salby, Equatorial wave activity derived from fluctuations in observed convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3791-3806, 1994.
5. Bjerknes, V., J. Bjerknes, T. Bergeron, and H. Solberg, Physikalische Hydrodynamik, 797 pp., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1933.
6. Burrage, M. D., M. E. Hagan, W. R. Skinner, D. L. Wu, and P. B. Hays, Long-term variability in the solar diurnal tide observed by HRDI and simulated by the GSWM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2641-2644, 1995a.
7. Burrage, M. D., D. L. Wu, W. R. Skinner, D. A. Ortland, and P. B. Hays, Latitude and seasonal dependence of the semidiurnal tide observed by the high-resolution Doppler imager, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11,313-11,321, 1995b.
8. Chen, P., Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,661-16,673, 1995.
9. Cole, A. E., Periodic oscillations in the tropical and subtropical atmosphere at levels between 25 and 80 km, Space Res., 8, 823-834, 1968.
10. Cornish, C. R., Observations of vertical velocities in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using the Arecibo 430-MHz radar, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9419-9431, 1988.
11. Coy, L., D. C. Fritts and J. Weinstock, The Stokes drift due to vertically propagating internal gravity waves in a compressible atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2636-2643, 1986.
12. Delisi, D. P., and T. J. Dunkerton, Seasonal variation of the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2772-2787, 1988.
13. Dove, H. W., Meteorologische Untersuchungen, 344pp., Sandersche Buchhandlung, Berlin, 1837.
14. Dunkerton, T. J., Theory of the mesopause semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2681-2690, 1982.
15. Dunkerton, T. J., Evidence of meridional motion in the summer lower stratosphere adjacent to monsoon regions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,675-16,688, 1995.
16. Dunkerton, T. J. and D. D. Delisi, Climatology of the equatorial lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 376-406, 1985.
17. Fritts, D. C., L. Yuan, M. H. Hitchman, L. Coy, E. Kudeki, and R. F. Woodman, Dynamics of the equatorial mesosphere observed using the Jicamarca MST radar during June and August 1987, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2353-2371, 1992.
18. Fritts, D. C., et al., Equatorial dynamics observed by rocket, radar, and satellite during the CADRE/MALTED campaign, 2, Mean and wave structures, coherence, and variability, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
19. Gill, A. E., Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, 662 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1982.
20. Garcia, R. R., and R. T. Clancy, Seasonal variation in equatorial mesospheric temperatures observed by SME, J. Atmos Sci., 47, 1666-1673, 1990.
21. Groves, G. V., Annual and semiannual zonal wind components and corresponding temperature and density variations, 60-130 km, Planet. Space Sci., 20, 2099-2112, 1972.
22. Hadley, G., Concerning the cause of the general trade-winds, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 29, 58-62, 1735.
23. Hamilton, K., Rocketsonde observations of the mesospheric semiannual oscillation at Kwajalein, Atmos. Ocean, 20, 281-286, 1982.
24. Harvey, V. L., and M. H. Hitchman, A climatology of the Aleutian High, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2088-2101, 1996.
25. Haurwitz, B., Frictional effects and the meridional circulation in the mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 2381-2391, 1961.
26. Hays, P. B., V. J. Abreu, M. E. Dobbs, D. A. Gell, H. J. Grassl, and W. R. Skinner, The High Resolution Doppler Imager on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,713-10,723, 1993.
27. Hays, P. B., D. L. Wu, and the HRDI Science Team, Observations of the diurnal tide from space, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3077-3093, 1994.
28. Helmholtz, H. v., Uber atmospharische Bewegungen, II, pp. 761-780, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 761-780, 1888. (Translationed by C. Abbe, The mechanics of the Earth's atmosphere, pp. 94-111, Smithson. Inst., Washington, D.C., 1893.)
29. Helmholtz, H. v., Uber atmospharische Bewegungen, II, pp. 761-780, Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 761-780, 1888. (Translationed by C. Abbe, The mechanics of the Earth's atmosphere, pp. 94-111, Smithson. Inst., Washington, D.C., 1893.)
30. Hirota, I., Equatorial waves in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere in relation to the semiannual oscillation of the zonal wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 714-722, 1978.
31. Hitchman, M. H., and C. B. Leovy, Evolution of the zonal mean state in the equatorial middle atmosphere during October 1978 - May 1979, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3159-3176, 1986.
32. Hitchman, M. H., and C. B. Leovy, Estimation of the Kelvin wave contribution to the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1462-1475, 1988.
33. Hitchman, M. H., J. C. Gille, C. D. Rodgers, and G. Brasseur, The separated polar winter stratopause: A gravity wave driven climatological feature, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 410-422, 1989.
34. Hitchman, M. H., K. W. Bywaters, D. C. Fritts, L. Coy, E. Kudeki, and F. Sürücü, Mean winds and momentum fluxes over Jicamarca, Peru, during June and August 1987, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2372-2383, 1992.
35. Hitchman, M. H., M. McKay, and C. R. Trepte, A climatology of stratospheric aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,689-20,700, 1994.
36. Hollingsworth, A., D. B. Shaw, P. Lonnberg, L. Illam, K. Arpe, and A. J. Simmons, Monitoring of observations and analysis quality by a data assimilation system. Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 861-879, 1986.
37. Holton, J. R., The influence of gravity wave breaking on the general circulation of the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2497-2507, 1983.
38. Hoppe, U. P., and D. C. Fritts, High resolution measurements of vertical velocity with the European incoherent scatter VHF radar, 1, Motion field characteristics and measurement biases. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,813-16,825, 1995.
39. Iwasaki, T., S. Yamada, and K. Tada, A parameterization scheme of orographic gravity wave drag with two different vertical partitionings, II, Zonally averaged budget analyses based on transformed Eulerian mean method, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 67, 29-40, 1989.
40. Kitaoka, T., Some considerations on the stratospheric circulation, related to the cause of the Aleutian High, Meteorol. Abh., 36, 121-152, 1963.
41. Kudeki, E., F. Sürücü, and R. F. Woodman, Mesospheric wind and aspect sensitivity measurements at Jicamarca using radar interferometry and poststatistics steering techniques, Radio Sci., 25, 595-612, 1990.
42. Kudeki, E., P. K. Rastogi, and F. Sürücü, Systematic errors in radar wind estimation: Implications for comparative measurements, Radio Sci., 28, 169-179, 1993.
43. Leovy, C. B., Simple models of thermally driven mesospheric circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 327-341, 1964.
44. Lieberman, R. S., and P. B. Hayes, An estimate of the momentum deposition in the lower thermosphere by the observed diurnal tide, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3094-3105, 1994.
45. Lieberman, R. S., M. D. Burrage, D. A. Gell, P. B. Hays, A. R. Marshall, D. A. Ortland, W. R. Skinner, D. L. Wu, R. A. Vincent, and S. J. Franke, Zonal mean winds in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere observed by the High Resolution Doppler Imager, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2849-2852, 1993.
46. Lindzen, R. S., and J. R. Holton, A theory of the quasibiennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1095-1107, 1968.
47. Maekawa, Y., S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, M. D. Yamanaka, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, and R. F. Woodman, First observation of the upper stratospheric vertical wind velocities using the Jicamarca VHF radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2235-2238, 1993.
48. Naujokat, B., An update of the observed quasi-biennial oscillation of the stratospheric winds over the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1873-1877, 1986.
49. Newell, R. E., and S. Gould-Stewart, A stratospheric fountain?, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2789-2796, 1981.
50. Newell, R. E., J. W. Kidson, D. G. Vincent, and G. J. Boer, The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere and Interactions With Extratropical Latitudes, vol.1, 258 pp., MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972.
51. Ogino, S., M. D. Yamanaka, and S. Fukao, Meridional variation of lower stratospheric gravity wave activity: A quick look at Hakuho-Maru J-COARE cruise rawinsonde data, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 407-413, 1995.
52. Ortland, D. A., W. R. Skinner, P. B. Hays, M. D. Burrage, R. S. Lieberman, A. R. Marshall, and D. A. Gell, Measurements of stratospheric winds by the high resolution Doppler imager, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10,351-10,364, 1996.
53. O'Sullivan, D., and T. Dunkerton, Generation of inertiagravity waves in a simulated life cycle of baroclinic instability, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3695-3716, 1995.
54. Palmer, T. N., G. J. Shutts, and R. Swinbank, Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 125-135, 1986.
55. Politowicz, P. A., and M. H. Hitchman, Exploring the effects of forcing quasibiennial oscillations in a two-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,481-16,497, 1997.
56. Postel, G. A., Zonally asymmetric large-scale dynamics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, M.S. thesis, 77 pp., Univ. of Wis.-Madison, 1994.
57. Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, C. D. Fawcett, E. Kudeki, and M. H. Hitchman, Radar observations of gravity waves over Jicamarca, Peru, during the CADRE campaign, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
58. Spano, E., M. Crochet, and O, Ghebrebrhan, Some characteristics of the matrix used for the full decoding of truncated ranges, in Solar-Terrestrial Energy Program: Proc. Fifth Workshop of Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, p. 439, SCOSTEP Secretariat, NOAA/NGDC, Boulder, Colo., 1991.
59. Tanaka, H., and M. D. Yamanaka, Atmospheric circulation in the lower stratosphere induced by the mesoscale mountain wave breakdown, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 63, 1047, 1985.
60. Teweles, S., Anomalous warming of the stratosphere over North America in early 1957, Mon. Weather Rev., 86, 377-396, 1958.
61. Trenberth, K. E., and J. G. Olson, An evaluation and intercomparison of global analyses from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 1047-1057, 1988.
62. Trepte, C. R., and M. H. Hitchman, Tropical stratospheric circulation deduced from satellite aerosol data, Nature, 335, 626-628, 1992.
63. Trepte, C. R., R. E. Veiga, and M. P. McCormick, The poleward dispersal of Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,563-18,573, 1993.
64. Vincent, R. A., and D. Lesicar, Dynamics of the equatorial mesosphere: First results with a new generation partial reflection radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 825-828, 1991.
65. Vincent, R. A., and I. M. Reid, HF Doppler measurements of mesospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1321-1333, 1983.
66. Woodman, R. F., and A. Guillen, Radar observations of winds and turbulence in the stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 493-505, 1974.
67. Yao, C.-Y., Geographical variation in the annual and quasibiennial cycles in the tropical lower stratosphere, M.S. thesis, 130 pp., Univ. of Wis.-Madison, 1994.