Alkylate technology selection for Fischer-Tropsch syncrude refining

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Volumn 47, Issue 18, 2008, Pages 6870-6877

  De Klerk, Arno ^a   De Vaal, Philip L ^b  

^a SASOL TECHNOLOGY PTY LTD   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATION; BUTANE; BUTENES; HYDROCARBONS; LIQUID FUELS; OLEFINS; PETROLEUM PRODUCTS;

DIRECT ALKYLATION; FISCHER-TROPSCH; ISO-BUTANE; LIGHT FRACTION; LINEAR ALPHA-OLEFINS; OLEFIN ADDITION; SYNCRUDE; TECHNOLOGY SELECTION;

CHEMICAL REACTIONS;

EID: 53349154063     PISSN: 08885885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ie800288n     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Corma, A.; Martínez, A. Chemistry, catalysts, and processes for isoparaffin-olefin alkylation. Actual situation and future trends. Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 1993, 35, 483.
2. Joly, J.-F. Aliphatic alkylation. In Petroleum refining: Conversion Processes; Leprince, P. Ed.; Technip: Paris, 2001; Vol. 3; p 257.
3. Hommeltoft, S. I. Isobutane alkylation. Recent developments and future perspectives. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 221, 421.
4. Himes, J. F.; Mehlberg, R. L. Gasoline components. In Handbook of petroleum processing; Jones, D. S. J., Pujado, P. R.; Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, 2006; p 355.
5. Scharfe, G. Convert butenes to high octane oligomers. Hydrocarbon Process. 1973, 52 (4), 171.
6. Meister, J. M.; Black, S. M.; Muldoon, B. S.; Wei, D. H.; Roeseler, C. M. Optimize alkylate production for clean fuels. Hydrocarbon Process. 2000, 79 (5), 63.
7. Marchionna, M.; Di Girolamo, M.; Patrini, R. Light olefins dimerization to high quality gasoline components. Catal. Today 2001, 65, 397.
8. Birkhoff, R.; Nurminen, M. NExOCTANE technology for isooctane production. In Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes; Meyers, R. A. Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2004; pp 1.3-1.9.
9. Heinrich, G. Introduction to refining. In Petroleum refining: Crude oil. Petroleum products. Process flowsheets; Wauquier, J.-P. Ed.; Technip: Paris, 1995; Vol. 1, p 365.
10. Dry, M. E. Chemical concepts used for engineering purposes. In Fischer-Tropsch technology; Steynberg, A. P., Dry, M. E. Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2004; p 196.
11. De Klerk, A.; Dancuart, L. P.; Leckel, D. O. Chemicals refining from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; 18th World Petroleum Congr., Johannesburg,South Africa 2005, cd185.
12. De Klerk, A. Environmentally friendly refining: Fischer-Tropsch versus crude oil. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 560.
13. Kennedy, R. M. Catalytic alkylation of paraffins with olefins. In Catalysis: Alkylation, isomerization, polymerization, cracking and hydroreforming; Emmett, P. H. Ed.; Reinhold: New York, 1958; Vol. VI, p 1.
14. Nielsen, R. H. Alkylation for motor fuels; Process Economic Program report 88B; SRI: Mento Park, CA, 2001.
15. Schmerling, L.; Ipatieff, V. N. The mechanism of the polymerization of alkenes. Adv. Catal. 1950, 2, 21.
16. 4 olefins. 2. Production and characterization of conjunct polymers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 386.
17. De Klerk, A. Isomerization of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 6325.
18. Hofmann, J. E.; Schriesheim, A. Ionic reactions occurring during sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation.I.Alkylation of isobutane with butenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 953.
19. Li, K. W.; Eckert, R. E.; Albright, L. F. Alkylation of isobutane with light olefins using sulfuric acid. Operating variables affecting physical phenomena only. Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc Des. Dev. 1970, 9, 434.
20. 5 olefins: Feedstock consumption, acid usage, and alkylate quality for different processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2002, 41, 5627.
21. 5 olefins to produce high-quality gasolines: Physicochemical sequence of events. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 4283.
22. Travers, C. Isomerization of light paraffins. In Petroleum refining: Conversion Processes; Leprince, P. Ed.;Technip: Paris, 2001; Vol. 3, p 229.
23. Slade, C.; Zuijdendorp, S. Recognizing deactivation mechanisms in paraffin isomerizations. Catalysts Courier 2006, 64, 10.
24. Koah, A. K.; Zhiwen, Q.; Mahajani, S. M. Dimerized isobutene: an alternative to MTBE. Chem. Innovation 2001, 31 (3), 15.
25. Honkela, M. L.; Krause, A. O. I. Influence of polar components in the dimerization of isobutene. Catal. Lett. 2003, 87, 113.
26. 5 alcohols catalysed by a macroporous ion-exchange resin. J. Catal. 2006, 238, 330.
27. Talwalkar, S.; Chauhan, M.; Aghalayam, P.; Qi, Z.; Sundmacher, K.; Mahajani, S. Kinetic studies on the dimerization of isobutene with ion-exchange resin in the presence of water as a selectivity enhancer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 1312.
28. Kamath, R. S.; Qi, Z.; Sundmacher, K.; Aghalayam, P.; Mahajani, S. M. Process analysis for dimerization of isobutene by reactive distillation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 1575.
29. Smook, D.; De Klerk, A. Inhibition of etherincation and isomerization by oxygenates. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 467.
30. Nielsen, R. H. NExOCTANE isooctane process; Process Economic Program review 2003-12; SRI: Menlo Park, CA, 2003.
31. De Klerk, A. Reactivity differences of octenes over solid phosphoric acid. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 578.
32. De Klerk, A.; Engelbrecht, D. J.; Boikanyo, H. Oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins: Effect of feed and operating conditions on hydrogenated motor-gasoline quality. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 7449.
33. De Klerk, A. Distillate production by oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins over Solid Phosphoric Acid. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 439.
34. De Klerk, A.; Leckel, D. O.; Prinsloo, N. M. Butene oligomerisation by phosphoric acid catalysis: Separating the effects of temperature and catalyst hydration on product selectivity. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 6127.
35. Swa, J. S.; Czajkowski, G. J.; Conser, R. E: Sasol upgrades Synfuels with refining technology. Oil Gas J. 1981, 79 (35), 62.
36. Choudhary, V. R. Catalytic isomerization of n-butene to isobutene. Chem. Ind. Dev. 1974, 5 (7), 32.
37. 5 olefins for increased ether production. Fuel Reformulation 1993, 3 (5), 54.
38. Mooiweer, H. H.; De Jong, K. P. Skeletal isomerisation of olefins with the zeolite ferrierite as catalyst. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1994, 84, 2327.
39. De Jong, K. P.; Mooiweer, H. H.; Buglass, J. G.; Maarsen, P. K. Activation and deactivation of the zeolite ferrierite for olefin conversion. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1997, 111, 127.
40. Wise, J. B.; Powers, D. Highly selective olefin skeletal isomerization process. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 1994, 552, 273.
41. Furimsky, E. Selection of catalysts and reactors for hydroprocessing. Appl. Catal., A 1998, 171, 177.
42. 2. Appl. Catal., A 2004,259, 73.
43. 3. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 1641.
44. 2S in the reaction. Appl. Catal., A 2005, 289, 44.
45. De Klerk, A.; Strauss, M. J. Opportunities for efficiency improvement in high temperature Fischer-Tropsch hydroprocessing units. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2008, 53 (53), 313.
46. De Klerk, A. Hydroprocessing peculiarities of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude. Catal. Today 2008, 130, 439.
47. Sheeline, H. W.; Al-Yusuf, A. M. MTBE from n-butane; Process Economics Program review 79-1-2; SRI: Menlo Park, CA, 1979.
48. Oliver, E. D.; Hashimoto, R. Isomerization of paraffins for gasoline, Process Economics Program report 91; SRI: Menlo Park, CA, 1974.
49. Jones, E. K. Commercial alkylation of paraffins and aromatics. Adv. Catal. 1958, 10, 165.
50. Weitkamp, J.; Traa, Y. Isobutane/butene alkylation on solid catalysts. Where do we stand. Catal. Today 1999, 49, 193.
51. Feller, A.; Zuazo, I.; Guzman, A.; Barth, J. O.; Lercher, J. A. Common mechanistic aspects of liquid and solid acid catalyzed alkylation of isobutane with n-butene. J. Catal. 2003, 216, 313.
52. Hommeltoft, S. I. Fixed-bed alkylation using SLP-type catalyst in a chromatographic-type reactor concept. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 5526.
53. 2 media. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 6491.
54. Kumar, P.; Vermeiren, W.; Dath, J.-P.; Hoelderich, W. F. Alkylation of raffinate II and isobutane on nafion silica nanocomposite for the production of isooctane. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 481.