Space-time analysis of Down syndrome: Results consistent with transient pre-disposing contagious agent

International Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1169-1179

  McNally, Richard J Q ^a   Rankin, Judith ^a,b   Shirley, Mark D F ^c   Rushton, Stephen P ^a,c   Pless Mulloli, Tanja ^a,c  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Regional Maternity Survey Office   (United Kingdom)

^c NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aetiology; Congenital abnormality; Down syndrome; Edwards syndrome; Environment; Patau syndrome; Space time clustering

Indexed keywords

ABNORMALITY; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; RISK FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DOWN SYNDROME; EDWARDS SYNDROME; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL AGE; PATAU SYNDROME; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SPACE TIME ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UNITED KINGDOM;

DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL; DOWN SYNDROME; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL AGE; POPULATION DENSITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; SPACE-TIME CLUSTERING; TIME FACTORS; TRISOMY;

ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 53349098834     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: 14643685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn083     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Hassold TJ, Jacobs PA. Trisomy in man. Annu Rev Genet 1984;18 69-97.
2. Sherman SL, Freeman SB, Allen EG, Lamb NE. Risk factors for nondisjunction of trisomy 21. Cytogenetic Genome Res 2005;111 273-80.
3. Carothers AD, Hecht CA, Hook EB. International variation in reported livebirth prevalence rates of Down syndrome, adjusted for maternal age. J Med Genet 1999;36:386-93.
4. Bell R, Rankin J, Donaldson LJ. Down's syndrome: Occurrence and outcome in the north of England, 1985-99. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003;17:33-39.
5. Carothers AD, Boyd E, Lowther G et al. Trends in prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and other autosomal trisomies in Scotland 1990 to 1994, with associated cytogenetic and epidemiological findings. Genet Epidemiol 1999;16:179-90.
6. Forrester MB, Merz RD. Trisomies 13 and 18: Prenatal diagnosis and epidemiologic studies in Hawaii, 1986-1997. Genet Test 1999;3 335-40.
7. Martinez-Frias ML, Bermejo E, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Prieto L. Periconceptional exposure to contraceptive pills and risk for Down syndrome. J Perinatol 2001;21:288-92.
8. Vrijheid M, Dolk H, Stone D, Abramsky L, Alberman E, Scott JE. Socioeconomic inequalities in risk of congenital anomaly. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82:349-52.
9. Murdoch JC, Ogston SA. Characteristics of parents of Down's children and control children with respect to factors present before conception. J Ment Defic Res 1984;28:177-87.
10. Hook EB. Human chromosome abnormalities. In: Bracken MB (ed.). Perinatal Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
11. Bound JP, Francis BJ, Harvey PW. Down's syndrome: Prevalence and ionising radiation in an area of north west England 1957-91. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995;49:164-70.
12. Cordier S, Chevrier C, Robert-Gnansia E, Lorente C, Brula P, Hours M. Risk of congenital anomalies in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators. Occup Environ Med 2004;61:8-15.
13. Harrison RM. Hazardous waste landfill sites and congenital anomalies. Occup Environ Med 2003;60:79-80.
14. Cedergren MI, Selbing AJ, Lofman O, Kallen BA. Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk for congenital cardiac defects. Environ Res 2002;89:124-30.
15. Berkowitz GS, Obel J, Deych E et al. Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:79-84.
16. Wennborg H, Magnusson LL, Bonde JP, Olsen J. Congenital malformations related to maternal exposure to specific a g5nts in biomedical research, laboratories. J Occup Environ Med 2005;47:11-19.
17. Ramsay CN, Ellis PM, Zealley H. Down's syndrome in the Lothian region of Scotland 1978 to 1989. Biomed Pharmacother 1991;45:267-72.
18. Dean G, Nevin NC, Mikkelsen M et al. Investigation of a cluster of children with Down's syndrome born to mothers who had attended a school in Dundalk, Ireland. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:793-804.
19. Stoller A, Collmann RD. Incidence of infective hepatitis followed by Down's syndrome nine months later. Lancet 1965;286:1221-23.
20. Stark CR, Fraumeni JF. Viral hepatitis and Down's syndrome. Lancet 1966;287:1036-37.
21. Stoller A, Collmann RD. Virus aetiology for Down's syndrome (mongolism). Nature 1965;208:903-4.
22. Stark CR, Mantel N. Lack of seasonal- or temporal-spatial clustering of Down's syndrome births in Michigan. Am J Epidemiol 1967;86 199-213.
23. Morris JK, Alberman E, Mutton D. Is there evidence of clustering in Down's syndrome? Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:495-98.
24. Richmond S, Atkins J. A population-based study of the prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations over 16 years. BJOG 2005;112 1349-57.
25. Pless-Mulloli T, Howel D, King A et al. Living near opencast mining sites and children's respiratory health. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:145-51.
26. Pless-Mulloli T, Howel D, Prince H. Prevalence of asthma and other respiratory symptoms in children living near and away from opencast mining sites. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:556-63.
27. Fell DB, Dodds L, King WD. Residential mobility during pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2004;18:408-14.
28. Shaw GM, Malcoe LH. Residential mobility during pregnancy for mothers of infants with or without congenital anomalies: A reprint. Arch Environ Health 1992;47:236-38.
29. Bailey TC, Gatrell AC. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Harlow: Longman, 1995.
30. Diggle PJ, Chetwynd AG, Haggkvist R, Morris SE. Second-order analysis of space-time clustering. Stat Methods Med Res 1995;4:124-36.
31. Knox EG. The detection of space-time interactions. Appl Stat 1964;13:25-30.
32. Mantel N. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res 1967;27:209-20.
33. Kulldorff M, Hjalmars U. The Knox method and other tests for space-time interactions. Biometrics 1999;55:544-52.
34. Rothman KJ. A sobering start for the cluster busters' conference. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132 (Suppl 1):S6-13.
35. Neutra RR. Counterpoint from a cluster buster. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:1-8.
36. Burbank F. A sequential space-time cluster analysis of cancer mortality in the United States: Etiologic implications. Am J Epidemiol 1972;95:393-417.
37. DiMaio D, Liao JB. Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer. Adv Virus Res 2006;66:125-59.
38. Ederer F, Myers MH, Mantel N. A statistical problem in space and time: Do leukemia cases come in clusters? Biometrics 1964;20 626-38.
39. Savva GM, Morris JK, Mutton DE, Alberman E. Maternal age-specific fetal loss rates in Down syndrome pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2006;26 499-504.
40. Rankin J, Pattenden S, Abramsky L et al. Prevalence of congenital anomalies in rive British regions, 1991-99. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90:F374-79.
41. Dolk H, Loane M, Game E et al. Trends and geographic inequalities in the prevalence of Down syndrome in Europe, 1980-1999. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2005;53 (Spec No 2):2S87-95.
42. Morris JK, Wald NJ. Estimating the risk of Down's syndrome in antenatal screening and the gestation at which this risk applies. J Med Screen 2007;14:5-7.
43. Anneren G, Gronowitz JS, Kallander CF, Sundqvist VA. Mothers of children with Down syndrome have higher herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). antibody levels. Hum Genet 1986;72:9-14.