Précis to a practical unified theory of cognition and action: Some lessons from EPIC computational models of human multiple-task performance

Attention and Performance

Volumn 17, Issue , 1999, Pages 15-88

  Meyer, David E ^a   Kieras, David E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 53149117103     PISSN: 10470387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (210)

1. Abrams, R. A., and Jonides, J. (1988). Programming saccadic eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 428-443.
2. Allport, D. A. (1980). Attention and performance. In G. L. Claxton (Ed.), Cognitive psychology: New directions, pp. 112-153. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
3. Allport, D. A. (1987). Selection-for-action: Some behavioral and neurophysiological considerations of attention and action. In H. Heuer and A. F. Sanders (Eds.), Perspectives on perception and action, pp. 395-419. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Allport, D. A. (1989). Visual attention. In M. I. Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive science, pp. 631-682. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. Allport, D. A. (1993). Attention and control: Have we been asking the wrong questions? A critical review of 25 years. In D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, pp. 183-218. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
6. Allport, D. A., Antonis, B., and Reynolds, P. (1972). On the division of attention: A disproof of the single-channel hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 225-235.
7. Anderson, J. A., and Hinton, G. E. (1981). Models of information processing in the brain. In G. E. Hinton and J. A. Anderson (Eds.), Parallel models of associative memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Anderson, J. R. (1976). Language, memory, and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Anderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89, 369-406.
10. Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Anderson, J. R. (1990). The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of the mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Anderson, J. R., and Bower, G. H. (1973). Human associative memory. New York: Winston.
14. Atkinson, R. C., Hernstein, R. J., Lindzey, G., & Luce, R. D., Eds. (1988). Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
15. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Ballas, J. A., Heitmeyer, C. L., and Perez, M. A. (1992). Direct manipulation and intermittent automation in advanced cockpits. Technical report NRL/FR/5534-92-9375. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory.
17. Beatty, J. (1982). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 276-292.
18. Bertelson, P. (1966). Central intermittency 20 years later. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 153-164.
19. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L., and Thomas, J. P., Eds. (1986). Handbook of perception and human performance. New York: Wiley.
20. Bovair, S., and Kieras, D. E. (1991). Toward a model of acquiring procedures from text. In R. Barr, M. L. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, and P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, vol. 2, pp. 206-229. White Plains, NY: Longman.
21. Bovair, S., Kieras, D. E., and Polson, P. G. (1990). The acquisition and performance of text editing skill: A cognitive complexity analysis. Human-Computer Interaction, 5, 1-48.
22. Brainard, R. W., Irby, T. S., Fitts, P. M., and Alluisi, E. A. (1962). Some variables influencing the rate of gain of information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 105-110.
23. Brickner, M., and Gopher, D. (1981). Improving time-sharing performance by enhancing voluntary control on processing resources. Technical report AFOSR-77-3131C. Haifa, Israel: Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.
24. Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. London: Pergamon Press.
25. Broadbent, D. E. (1971). Decision and stress. London: Academic Press.
26. Broadbent, D. E. (1993). A word before leaving. In D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, pp. 863-879. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27. Broadbent, D. E., and Gregory, M. (1965). On the interaction of S-R compatibility with other variables affecting reaction time. British Journal of Psychology, 56, 61-67.
28. Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai. (1985). The teaching of Buddha. Tokyo: Kosaido.
29. Callaway, E., and Yeager, C. L. (1960). Relationship between reaction time and electroencephalographic alpha base. Science, 132, 1765-1766.
30. Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., and Newell, A. (1983). The psychology of human-computer interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Carpenter, P. A., and Just, M. A. (1989). The role of working memory in language comprehension. In D. Klahr and K. Kotovsky (Eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon, pp. 31-68. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A., and Shell P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review, 97, 404-431.
33. Chase, W. G., and Ericsson, K. A. (1982). Skill and working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 16, pp. 1-58. New York: Academic Press.
34. Chubb, G. P. (1981). SAINT: A digital simulation language for the study of manned systems. In J. Moraal and K. F. Kraas (Eds.), Manned system design, pp. 153-179. New York: Plenum Press.
35. Covrigaru, A., and Kieras, D. E. (1987). PPS: A parsimonious production system. Technical report TR-87/ONR-26. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Technical Communication Program.
36. Creutzfeldt, O. D. (1983). Cortex cerebri. Berlin: Springer.
37. Damos, D. L. (1991). Multiple-task performance. London: Taylor and Francis.
38. Daneman, M., and Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466.
39. De Jong, R. (1993). Multiple bottlenecks in overlapping task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 965-980.
40. Deutsch, J. A., and Deutsch, D. (1963). Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review, 70, 80-90.
41. Donders, F. C. (1868). On the speed of mental processes. Translation by W. G. Kosler in Koster (Ed.), Attention and performance II, pp. 412-431. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1969.
42. Original work published in Onderzoekingen gedaan in het Physiologisch Laboratorium der Utrechtsche Hoogeschool, Tweede reeks, 1868-1869, 2, 92-120.
43. Duncan, J. (1977). Response selection rules in spatial choice reaction tasks. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Duncan, J. (1986). Disorganization of behaviour after frontal lobe damage. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 3, 271-290.
45. Eriksen, C. W., and Yeh, Y. Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 583-597.
46. Estes, W. K. (1956). The problem of inference from curves based on group data. Psychological Bulletin, 53, 134-140.
47. Feynman, R. (1985). Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman! Adventures of a curious character. New York: Norton.
48. Fischer, B., and Ramsberger, E. (1984). Human express saccades: Extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements. Experimental Brain Research, 57, 191-195.
49. Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381-391.
50. Fitts, P. M. (1964). Perceptual-motor skill learning. In A. W. Melton (Ed.), Categories of human learning, pp. 243-285. New York: Academic Press.
51. Fitts, P. M., and Seeger, C. M. (1953). S-R compatibility: Spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 199-210.
52. Frowein, H. W. (1981). Selective effects of barbiturate and amphetimine on information processing and response execution. Acta Psychologica, 47, 105-115.
53. Garner, K. (1997). Situational awareness in the tactical air environment. CSERIAC Gateway, 7, 12-13.
54. Ghez, C., Hening, W., and Favilla, M. (1990). Parallel interacting channels in the initiation and specification of motor response features. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, pp. 265-293. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Gilhooly, K. J., Logie, R. H., Wetherick, N. E., and Wynn, V. (1993). Working memory and strategies in syllogistic-reasoning tasks. Memory and Cognition, 21, 115-124.
56. Glass, J. M. B., Lauber, E. J., Schumacher, E. H., Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (1997). Aging and multiple-task performance: Task-coordination strategies in young and old adults. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May.
57. Goodman, D., and Kelso, J. A. (1980). Are movements prepared in parts? Not under compatible (naturalized) conditions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 475-495
58. Gopher, D. (1986). In defence of resources: On structures, energies, pools and the allocation of attention. In G. R. I. Hockey, A. W. K. Gaillard, and M. G. H. Coles (Eds.), Energetics and human information processing, pp. 353-371. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.
59. Gopher, D. (1993). Attentional control: Acquisition and execution of attentional strategies. In D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, pp. 299-322. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
60. Gopher, D., Brickner, M., and Navon, D. (1982). Different difficulty manipulations interact differently with task emphasis: Evidence for multiple resources. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 146-157.
61. Gopher, D., and Donchin, E. (1986). Workload: An examination of the concept. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas (Eds), Handbook of perception and human performance. Vol. 2, Cognitive processes and performance, pp. 41.1-41.49. New York: Wiley.
62. Gottsdanker, R. (1969). Choice reaction time and the nature of the choice response. Psychonomic Science, 14, 257-258.
63. Gottsdanker, R., and Stelmach, G. E. (1971). The persistence of psychological refractoriness. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3, 301-312.
64. Gray, W. D., John, B. E., and Atwood, M. E. (1993). Project Ernestine: Validating a GOMS analysis for predicting and explaining real-world task performance. Human-Computer Interaction, 8, 237-309.
65. Green, D. M., and Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
66. Greenwald, A. G., and Shulman, H. (1973). On doing two things at once: 2. Elimination of the psychological refractory period. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 70-76.
67. Gugerty, L. J. (1997). Situation awareness during driving: Explicit and implicit knowledge in dynamic spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3, 42-66.
68. Harris, R. M., Iavecchia, H. P., Ross, L. V., and Shatter, S. C. (1987). Microcomputer human operator simulator (HOS-IV). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA.
69. Hays, W. L. (1963). Statistics for psychologists. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
70. Hawkins, H. L., Rodriguez, E., and Reicher, G. M. (1979). Is time-sharing a general ability? ONR technical report 3. Eugene: University of Oregon.
71. Hirst, W., Spelke, E., Reaves, C., Caharack, G., and Neisser, U. (1980). Dividing attention without alternation or automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 98-117.
72. Hockey, G. R. J., Gaillard, A. W. K., and Coles, M. G. H. (Eds.). (1986). Energetics and human information processing. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.
73. Hunt, E., and Lansman, M. (1986). A unified model of attention and problem solving. Psychological Review, 93, 446-461.
74. Ivry, R. B., Franz, E. A., Kingstone, A., and Johnston, J. C. (1994). The PRP effect in a split-brain patient: Response uncoupling despite normal interference. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
75. Ivry, R. B., Franz, E. A., Kingstone, A., and Johnston, J. C. (forthcoming). The PRP effect following callosotomy: Residual interference despite uncoupling of lateralized response codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
76. John, B. E. (1988). Contributions to engineering models of human-computer interaction. Ph.D. diss. Carnegie-Mellon University.
77. John, B. E. (1990). Extensions of GOMS analyses to expert performance requiring perception of dynamic visual and auditory information. In Proceedings of the CHI 1990 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 107-115. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
78. John, B. E., and Kieras, D. E. (1996). The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: Comparison and contrast. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3, 320-351.
79. John, B. E., and Newell, A. (1987). Predicting the time to recall computer command abbreviations. In Proceedings of the CHI 1987 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
80. John, B. E., and Newell, A. (1989). Cumulating the science of HCI: From S-R compatibility to transcription typing. In Proceedings of the CHI 1989 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
81. John, B. E., Rosenbloom, P. S., and Newell, A. (1985). A theory of stimulus-response compatibility applied to human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the CHI 1985 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
82. John, B. E., Vera, A. H., and Newell, A. (1994). Toward real-time GOMS: A model of expert behavior in a highly interactive task. Behavior and Information Technology, 13, 255-267.
83. Johnston, W. A., and Dark, V. J. (1986). Selective attention. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 43-75.
84. Jonides, J. (1980). Towards a model of the mind's eye's movement. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 34, 103-112.
85. Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control of the mind's eye's movement. In J. Long and A. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX, pp. 187-203. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
86. Jonides, J., and Yantis, S. (1986). Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing attention. Perception and Psychophysics, 43, 346-354.
87. Just, M. A., and Carpenter, P. A. (1987). The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
88. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
89. Kantowitz, B. H. (1974). Double stimulation. In B. H. Kantowitz (Ed.), Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition, pp. 83-131. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
90. Karlin, L., and Kestenbaum, R. (1968). Effects of number of alternatives on the psychological refractory period. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 67-178.
91. Kasdan, L., Lucas, G., and Kaufman, P. (1981). Raiders of the Lost Ark. Hollywood, CA: Lucasfilm.
92. Keele, S. W. (1973). Attention and human performance. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.
93. Keele, S. W., and Neill, W. T. (1978). Mechanisms of attention. In E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception, pp. 3-47. London: Academic Press.
94. Kieras, D. E. (1988). Towards a practical GOMS model methodology for user interface design. In M. Helander (Ed.), Handbook of human-computer interaction, pp. 135-158. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
95. Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (1995). Predicting human performance in dual-task tracking and decision making with computational models using the EPIC architecture. In D. S. Alberts, D. Buede, T. Clark, R. Hayes, J. Hofmann, W. Round, S. Starr, and W. Vaughan (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Command and Control Research and Technology, pp. 314-325. Washington, DC: National Defense University.
96. Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (forthcoming). An overview of the EPIC architecture for cognition and performance with application to human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction.
97. Kieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E., Mueller, S., and Seymour, T. (forthcoming). Insights into working memory from the perspective of the EPIC architecture for modeling skilled perceptual-motor and cognitive human performance. In A. Miyake and P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
98. Kieras, D. E., Wood, S. D., and Meyer, D. E. (1995). Predictive engineering models using the EPIC architecture for a high-performance task. In I. R. Katz, R. Mack, L. Marks, M. B. Rossan, and J. Nielsen (Eds.), Proceedings of the CHI 1995 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 11-18. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
99. Kieras, D. E., Wood, S. D., and Meyer, D. E. (1997). Predictive engineering models based on the EPIC architecture for a multimodal high-performance human-computer interaction task. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 4, 230-275.
100. Koch, R. (1993). Die psychologische Refraktärperiode. Ph.D. diss., University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
101. Koch, R. (1994). Hick's Law and the psychological refractory period. Paper presented at the KNAW Symposium on Discrete versus Continuous Information Processing, Amsterdam, December.
102. Kornblum, S., Ed. (1973). Attention and performance IV. New York: Academic Press.
103. Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., and Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis of stimulus-response compatibility - A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review, 97, 253-270.
104. Koster, W. G., Ed. (1969). Attention and performance II. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
105. Krantz, D. H. (1969). Threshold theories of signal detection. Psychological Review, 76, 308-324.
106. Kristofferson, A. B. (1967). Attention and psychophysical time. In A. F. Sanders (Ed.), Attention and performance, pp. 93-100. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
107. Kyllonen, P. C., and Christal, R. E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?! Intelligence, 14, 389-433.
108. Laird, J. E., Newell, A., and Rosenbloom, P. S. (1987). SOAR: An architecture for general intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 33, 1-64.
109. Lane, N. E., Strieb, M. I., Glenn, F. A., and Wherry, R. J. (1981). The human operator simulator: An overview. In J. Moraal and K. F. Kraas (Eds.), Manned system design, pp. 121-152. New York: Plenum Press.
110. Lauber, E. J., Schumacher, E. H., Glass, J., Zurbriggen, E., Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (1994). Adaptive PRP effects: Evidence of flexible attention to action. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
111. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper.
112. Logan, G. (1985). Executive control of thought and action. Acta Psychologica, 60, 193-210.
113. Luce, R. D. (1963). Detection and recognition. In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, and E. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology, vol. 1, pp. 103-189. New York: Wiley.
114. Luce, R. D. (1986). Response times: Their role in inferring elementary menial organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
115. Mangun, G. R., Hillyard, S. A., and Luck, S. J. (1993). Electrocortical substrates of visual selective attention. In D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, pp. 219-243. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
116. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. San Francisco: Freeman.
117. McCann, R. S., and Johnston, J. C. (1992). Locus of the single-channel bottleneck in dual-task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 471-484.
118. McLeod, P. D. (1977). A dual task response modality effect: Support for multiprocessor models of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 651-667.
119. McLeod, P. D., and Posner, M. I. (1984). Privileged loops: From percept to act. In H. Bouma and D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and Performance X: Control of language processes, pp. 55-66. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
120. Meyer, D. E., Abrams, R. A., Kornblum, S., Wright, C. E., and Smith, J. E. K. (1988). Optimality in human motor performance: Ideal control of rapid aimed movements. Psychological Review, 95, 340-370.
121. Meyer, D. E., and Gordon, P. C. (1985). Speech production: Motor programming of phonetic features. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 3-26.
122. Meyer, D. E., and Kieras, D. E. (1992). The PRP effect: Central bottleneck, perceptual-motor limitations, or task strategies? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.
123. Meyer, D. E., and Kieras, D. E. (1994). EPIC computational models of psychological refractory-period effects in human multiple-task performance. EPIC report 2 (TR-94/ONR-EPIC-2). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
124. Meyer, D. E., and Kieras, D. E. (1996). EPIC: Adaptive executive control of human multiple-task performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago, November.
125. Meyer, D. E., and Kieras, D. E. (1997a). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104, 3-65.
126. Meyer, D. E., and Kieras, D. E. (1997b). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 2. Accounts of psychological refractory-period phenomena. Psychological Review, 104, 749-791.
127. Meyer, D. E., Kieras, D. E., Lauber, E., Schumacher, E., Glass, J., Zurbriggen, E., Gmeindl, L., and Apfelblat, D. (1995). Adaptive executive control: Flexible multiple-task performance without pervasive immutable response-selection bottlenecks. Acta Psychologica, 90, 163-190.
128. Meyer, D. E., and Kornblum, S., Eds. (1993). Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
129. Meyer, D. E., Osman, A. M., Irwin, D. E., and Yantis, S. (1988). Modern mental chronometry. Biological Psychology, 26, 3-67.
130. Miller, J. (1988). Discrete and continuous models of human information processing: Theoretical distinctions and empirical results. Acta Psychologica, 67, 191-257.
131. Moray, N. (1959). Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 56-60.
132. Moray, N. (1967). Where is capacity limited? A survey and a model. Acta Psychologica, 27, 84-92.
133. Moray, N. (1979). The strategic control of information processing. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Strategies of information processing, pp. 301-328. London: Academic Press.
134. Moray, N. (1979). Mental workload: Its theory and application. New York: Plenum Press.
135. Navon, D. and Gopher, D. (1979). On the economy of the human-processing system. Psychological Review, 86, 214-255.
136. Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
137. Neumann, O. (1987). Beyond capacity: A functional view of attention. In H. Heuer and A. F. Sanders (Eds.), Perspectives on perception and action, pp. 361-394. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
138. Newell, A. (1973a). You can't play 20 questions with nature and win. In W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing, pp. 283-308. New York: Academic Press.
139. Newell, A. (1973b). Production systems: Models of control structures. In W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing, pp. 463-526. New York: Academic Press.
140. Newell, A. (1990). Unified theories of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
141. Newell, A. (1992). Unified theories of cognition and the role of SOAR. In J. A. Michon and A. Akyürek (Eds.), SOAR: A cognitive architecture in perspective, pp. 25-79. Amsterdam: Kluwer.
142. Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
143. Norman, D. A. (1976). Memory and attention: An introduction to human information processing. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
144. Norman, D. A., and Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, and D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation, vol. 4, pp. 1-18. New York: Plenum Press.
145. North, R. (1977). Task components and demands as factors in dual-task performance. Report no. ARL-77-2/AFOSE-77-2. Urbana: University of Illionis, January.
146. O'Donnell, R. D., and Eggemeier, F. T. (1986). Workload assessment methodology. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance. Vol. 2, Cognitive processes and performance, pp. 42.1-42.49. New York: Wiley.
147. Pashler, H. (1984). Processing stages in overlapping tasks: Evidence for a central bottleneck. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 358-377.
148. Pashler, H. (1990). Do response modality effects support multiprocessor models of divided attention? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 826-842.
149. Pashler, H. (1993). Dual-task interference and elementary mental mechanisms. In D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and perfornumce XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, pp. 245-264. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
150. Pashler, H. (1994a). Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 220-244.
151. Pashler, H. (1994b). Graded capacity-sharing in dual-task interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 330-342.
152. Pashler, H., Carrier, M., and Hoffman, J. E. (1993). Saccadic eye movements and dual-task interference. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 46A, 51-82.
153. Pashler, H., and Johnston, J. C. (1989). Chronometric evidence of central postponement in temporally overlapping tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A, 19-45.
154. Popper, K. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books.
155. Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
156. Rafal, R., Henik, A., and Smith, J. (1991). Extrageniculate contributions to reflexive visual orienting in normal humans: A temporal hemifield advantage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 323-329.
157. Ray, W. J. (1990). The electrocortical system. In J. T. Cacioppo and L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Primpies of psychophysiology, pp. 385-412. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
158. Reitman, W. (1970). What does it take to remember? In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of memory, pp. 470-509. New York: Academic Press.
159. Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Hughes, H. C., and Fendrich, R. (1991). The reduction of saccadic latency by prior offset of the fixation point: An analysis of the gap effect. Perception and Psychophysics, 49, 167-175.
160. Reynolds, D. (1964). Effects of double stimulation: Temporary inhibition of response. Psychological Bulletin, 62, 333-347.
161. Roberts, S., and Sternberg, S. (1993). The meaning of additive reaction-time effects: Tests of three alternatives. In D. E. Meyer and S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, pp. 611-653. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
162. Rosenbaum, D. A. (1980). Human movement initiation: Specification of arm, direction, and extent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 475-495.
163. Rosenbaum, D. A. (1991). Human motor control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
164. Rumelhart, D. E., and McClelland, J. L., Eds. (1986). Parallel distributed processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
165. Rumelhart, D. E., and Norman, D. A. (1982). Simulating a skilled typist: A study of skilled cognitive-motor performance. Cognitive Science, 6, 1-36.
166. Ruthruff, E., Pashler, H., and Klaasen, A. (1995). Preparation and strategy in dual-task interference. Poster presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles, November.
167. Salthouse, T. (1986). Perceptual, cognitive, and motoric aspects of transcription typing. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 303-319.
168. Sanders, A. F. (1980). Stage analysis of reaction processes. In G. E. Stelmach and J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor beliavior, pp. 331-354. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
169. Sanders, A. F. (1983). Towards a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica, 53, 61-97.
170. Sanders, A. F. (1984). Ten symposia on attention and performance: Some issues and trends. In H. Bouma and D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control of language processes, pp. 3-13. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
171. Sanders, A. F. (1991). Simulation as a tool in the measurement of human performance. Ergonomics, 34, 995-1025.
172. Sanders, A. F., Ed. (1967). Attention and performance. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
173. Sanders, A. F., Ed. (1970). Attention and performance III. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
174. Saunders, R. (1757). Poor Richard's almanac. Philadelphia: B. Franklin's New Printing Office.
175. Schneider, W., and Detweiler, M. (1987). A connectionist/control architecture for working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 21, pp. 53-119. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
176. Schneider, W., and Detweiler, M. (1988). The role of practice in dual-task performance: Toward workload modeling in a connectionist/control architecture. Human Factors, 30, 539-566.
177. Schumacher, E. H., Glass, J., Lauber, E. J., Gmeindl, L., Woodside, B. J., Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (1996). Concurrent response-selection processes in multiple-task performance. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago, November.
178. Schumacher, E. H., Lauber, E. J., Glass, J. M. B., Zurbriggen, E. L., Gmeindl, L., Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (forthcoming). Concurrent response-selection processes in dual-task performance: Evidence for adaptive executive control of task scheduling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
179. Schumacher, E. H., Seymour, T. S., Glass, J. M., Lauber, E. J., Kieras, D. E., and Meyer, D. E. (1997). Virtually perfect time sharing in dual-task performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Philadelphia, PA, November.
180. Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1969). Effects of complexity in simultaneous reaction time tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 289-296.
181. Seifert, C. M., Meyer, D. E., Davidson, N., Patalano, A. J., and Yaniv, I. (1994). Demystification of cognitive insight: The prepared-mind perspective. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of insight, pp. 65-124. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
182. Seifert, C. M., and Shafto, M. G. (1994) Computational models of cognition. In F. Boller and J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 9, pp. 409-425. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
183. Shaffer, L. H. (1975). Multiple attention in continuous verbal tasks. In P. M. A. Rabbitt and S. Dornic (Eds.), Attention and performance V, pp. 157-167. New York: Academic Press.
184. Shallice, T. (1972). Dual functions of consciousness. Psychological Review, 79, 383-393.
185. Shiffrin, R. M., and Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: 2. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
186. Siegler, R. S. (1987). The perils of averaging data over strategies: An example from children's addition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 250-264.
187. Smith, M. C. (1967). Theories of the psychological refractory period. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 202-213.
188. Sternberg, S. (1969). On the discovery of processing stages: Some extensions of Donders' method. Acta Psychologica, 30, 276-315.
189. Sternberg, S., Monsell, S., Knoll, R. L., and Wright, C. E. W. (1978). The latency and duration of rapid movement sequences: Comparisons of speech and typewriting. In G. Stelmach (Ed.), Information processing in motor control and learning, pp. 117-152. New York: Academic Press.
190. Tanner, W. P., Jr., and Swets, J. A. (1954). A decision-making theory of visual detection. Psychological Review, 61, 401-409.
191. Theios, J. (1973). Reaction time measurements in the study of memory processes: Theory and data. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 7, pp. 43-85. New York: Academic Press.
192. Treisman, A. M. (1960). Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 242-248.
193. Treisman, A. M. (1964). Verbal cues: Language and meaning in selective attention. American Journal of Psychology, 77, 206-219.
194. Treisman, A. M. (1988). Features and objects: The Fourteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40A, 201-237.
195. Turing, A. (1937). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs-problem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 42.
196. Vreuls, D., and Obermayer, R. W. (1985). Human systems performance measurement in training simulators. Human Factors, 27, 241-250.
197. Welford, A. T. (1952). The "psychological refractory period" and the timing of high speed performance: A review and a theory. British Journal of Psychology, 42, 2-19.
198. Welford, A. T. (1959). Evidence of a single-channel decision mechanism limiting performance in a serial reaction task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 193-210.
199. Welford, A. T. (1967). Single channel operation ih the brain. Acta Psychologica, 27, 5-22.
200. Welford, A. T. (1980). The single-channel hypothesis. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction time, pp. 215-252. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
201. Wickens, C. D. (1976). The effect of divided attention on information processing in manual tracking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 1-13.
202. Wickens, C. D. (1984). Processing resources in attention. In R. Parasuraman, J. Beatty, and R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention, pp. 63-101. New York: Wiley.
203. Wickens, C. D. (1991). Processing resources and attention. In D. L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple-task performance, pp. 3-34. London: Taylor and Francis.
204. Wierwille, W. W., and Connor, S. A. (1963). Evaluation of 20 workload measures using a psychomotor task in a moving-base aircraft simulator. Human Factors, 25, 1-16.
205. Williges, R. C., and Wierwille, W. W. (1979). Behavioral measures of aircrew mental workload. Human Factors, 21, 549-574.
206. Wolfe, T. (1979). The right stuff. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux.
207. Woodworth, R. S., and Schlosberg, H. (1954). Experimental psychology. New York: Holt.
208. Yaniv, I., Meyer, D. E., Gordon, P. C., Huff, C. A., and Sevald, C. A. (1990). Vowel similarity, connectionist models, and syllable structure in motor programming of speech. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 1-26.
209. Yantis, S. G., and Jonides, J. (1986). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Voluntary versus automatic allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 121-134.
210. Yeager, C., and Janos, L. (1985). Yeager: An autobiography. New York: Bantam.