Support for harmful treatment and reduction of empathy toward blacks: "Remnants" of stereotype activation involving Hurricane Katrina and "Lil' Kim"

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1506-1513

  Johnson, James D ^a   Bushman, Brad J ^b,c   Dovidio, John F ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^d YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Empathy; Intergroup conflict; Prejudice; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 52749095753     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.002     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Arbuckle J.L. Amos 6.0 user's guide (2005), SPSS, Chicago, IL
2. Banks C.A.M. A content analysis of the treatment of Black Americans on television. Social Education 41 (1977) 336-339
3. Baptiste Jr. D.A. The image of the Black family portrayed on television: A critical comment. Marriage and Family Review 10 (1986) 41-65
4. Bargh J. Automaticity in social psychology. In: Higgins E., and Kruglanski A. (Eds). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (1996), Guilford, New York 169-183
5. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
6. Batson C.D. The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer (1991), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
7. Batson C.D. Addressing the altruism question experimentally. In: Post S.G., Underwood L.G., Schloss J.P., and Hurlbut W.B. (Eds). Altruism and altruistic love: Science, philosophy, and religion in dialogue (2002), Oxford University Press, London 89-105
8. Batson C.D., Eklund J.H., Chermok V.L., Hoyt J.L., and Ortiz B.G. An additional antecedent of empathic concern: Valuing the welfare of the person in need. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (2007) 65-74
9. Batson C.D., Polycarpou M.P., Harmon-Jones E., Imhoff H.J., Mitchener E.C., Bednar L.L., et al. Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 105-118
10. Berlin I. Many thousands gone: The first two centuries of slavery in North America (1998), Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA
11. Blair I., and Banaji M. Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 1142-1163
12. Devine P. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 5-18
13. Dixon T.L., Azocar C., and Casas M. Race and crime on network news. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 47 (2003) 495-520
14. Dovidio J.F., and Gaertner S.L. Aversive racism. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 36 (2004), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1-51
15. Dovidio J., Kawakami K., Johnson C., Johnson B., and Howard A. The nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (1997) 510-540
16. Fazio R., Jackson J., Dunton B., and Williams C. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 1013-1027
17. Gaertner S.L., and Dovidio J.F. The aversive form of racism. In: Dovidio J.F., and Gaertner S.L. (Eds). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (1986), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 61-89
18. Gaertner S.L., Rust M.C., Dovidio J.F., Bachman B.A., and Anastasio P.A. The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias among majority and minority group members. In: Nye J.L., and Brower A.M. (Eds). What's social about social cognition? (1996), Sage, Newbury Park, CA 230-360
19. Galinsky A.D., and Moskowitz G.B. Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 708-724
20. Gan S., Zillmann D., and Miltrook M. Stereotyping effect of Black women's sexual rap on White audiences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 19 (1997) 381-399
21. Gilbert D.T., and Hixon J.G. The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1991) 509-517
22. Graves S.B. Diversity on television. In: MacBeth T.M. (Ed). Tuning in to young viewers: Social science perspectives on television (1996), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 61-86
23. Hogg M.A., Cooper-Shaw L., and Holzworth D.W. Group prototypicality and depersonalized attraction in small groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993) 452-465
24. Horne, J. (2006). A city's tragedy, a nation's shame. Washington Post, T06.
25. Johnson J.D., Trawalter S., and Dovidio J.F. Converging interracial consequences of exposure to violent rap music on stereotypical attributions of Blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36 (2000) 233-251
26. Kunda Z., and Spencer S.J. When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 522-544
27. Lepore L., and Brown R. Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 275-287
28. Linz D.G., Donnerstein E., and Penrod S. Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 758-768
29. Macrae C., Bodenhausen G., and Milne A. The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 397-407
30. Macrae C., Bodenhausen G., and Milne A. Saying no to unwanted thoughts: Self-focus and the regulation of mental life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 578-589
31. Malamuth N.M., Haber S., and Feshbach S. Testing hypotheses regarding rape: Exposure to sexual violence, sex differences, and the "normality" of rapists. Journal of Research in Personality 14 (1980) 121-137
32. Muller D., Judd C.M., and Yzerbyt V.Y. When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2005) 852-863
33. Plant E., and Devine P. Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 811-832
34. Rome D. Black demons: The media's depiction of the African American male stereotype (2004), Praeger Press, Westport, CT
35. Rudman L.A., and Lee M.R. Implicit and explicit consequences of exposure to violent and misogynous rap music. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 5 (2002) 133-150
36. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In: Leinhart S. (Ed). Sociological methodology (1982), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA 290-312
37. Sommers S.R., Apfelbaum E.P., Dukes K.N., Toosi N., and Wang E.J. Race and media coverage of Hurricane Katrina: Analysis, implications, and future research questions. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 6 (2006) 39-55
38. Weiner B. Human motivation (1980), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
39. Weiner B. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion (1986), Springer, New York