Identification and management of polyvascular disease in patients with noncardioembolic ischaemic stroke

International Journal of Stroke

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 237-248

  Carolei, Antonio ^a   Chamorro, Angel ^b   Laloux, Patrice ^c   Leys, Didier ^d   Röther, Joachim ^e   Sander, Dirk ^f   Stansby, Gerard ^g   Weimar, Christian ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF L'AQUILA   (Italy)

^b HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF MONT GODINNE   (Belgium)

^d LILLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^e KLINIKUM MINDEN   (Germany)

^f TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^g FREEMAN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardioembolic stroke; Claudication; Climate change; Coronary heart disease; Peripheral arterial disease; Polyvascular disease; TOAST

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DIURETIC AGENT; NAFTIDROFURYL; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PIOGLITAZONE; SULODEXIDE; TICLOPIDINE;

ANAMNESIS; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ARTERY DISEASE; ARTICLE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; POLYVASCULAR DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REGISTER; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASCULAR DISEASE;

AGED; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 52449130445     PISSN: 17474930     EISSN: 17474949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00220.x     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. van Wijk I, Kappelle LJ, van Gijn J et al. Long-term survival and vascular event risk after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: A cohort study. Lancet 2005; 365:2098-4.
2. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke 1993; 24:35-41.
3. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Sarti C, Heuschmann PU et al. A prospective community-based study of stroke in Germany - the Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro): Incidence and case fatality at 1, 3, and 12 months. Stroke 1998; 29: 2501-6.
4. Carolei A, Marini C, Di Napoli M et al. High stroke incidence in the prospective community-based L'Aquila registry (1994-1998). First year's results. Stroke 1997; 28: 2500-6.
5. Sacco S, Di Gianfilippo G, Di Napoli M et al. Stroke in Italy: Five-year results of the L'Aquila stroke registry (1994-1998) and comparison with comparable national and international population studies. Riv Ital Neurobiologia 2006; 2: 109-36.
6. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE, Fairhead JF et al. Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 2005; 366:1773-83.
7. Marini C, Baldassarre M, Russo T et al. Burden of first-ever ischemic stroke in the oldest old: Evidence from a population-based study. Neurology 2004; 62: 77-81.
8. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM et al. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2006; 295: 180-9.
9. CAPRIE Steering Committee: A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996; 348:1329-39.
10. Leys D, Woimant F, Ferrieres J et al. Detection and management of associated atherothrombotic locations in patients with a recent atherothrombotic ischemic stroke: Results of the DETECT survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21:60-6.
11. Weimar C, Goertler M, Rother J et al. Systemic Risk Score Evaluation in Ischemic Stroke Patients (SCALA): A prospective cross sectional study in 85 German stroke units. J Neurol 2007; 254:1562-8.
12. Diehm C, Lange S, Darius H et al. Association of low ankle brachial index with high mortality in primary care. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:1743-9.
13. Toso V, Carolei A, Gensini GF et al. The Stroke in Italy and Related Impact on Outcome (SIRIO) study: Design and baseline data. Neurol Sci 2006; 27(Suppl3): S263-7.
14. Agnelli G, Cimminiello C, Meneghetti G, Urbinati S: Low ankle-brachial index predicts an adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:2599-606.
15. Endarterectomy for moderate symptomatic carotid stenosis: Interim results from the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Lancet 1996; 347:1591-3.
16. Gongora-Rivera F, Labreuche J, Jaramillo A, Steg PG, Hauw JJ, Amarenco P: Autopsy prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke 2007; 38:1203-10.
17. Tsai AW, Folsom AR, Rosamond WD, Jones DW: Ankle-brachial index and 7-year ischemic stroke incidence: The ARIC study. Stroke 2001;32:1721-4.
18. Dhamoon MS, Sciacca RR, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Elkind MS: Recurrent stroke and cardiac risks after first ischemic stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology 2006;66: 641-6.
19. Gomberg-Maitland M, Frison L, Halperin JL: Active-control clinical trials to establish equivalence or noninferiority: Methodological and statistical concepts linked to quality. Am Heart J 2003;146:398-403.
20. Baumgartner RW, Sidler C, Mosso M, Georgiadis D: Ischemic lacunar stroke in patients with and without potential mechanism other than small-artery disease. Stroke 2003;34:653-9.
21. Ohira T, Shahar E, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Mosley TH Jr, Folsom AR: Risk factors for ischemic stroke subtypes: The Atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke 2006;37: 2493-8.
22. Jackson C, Sudlow C: Are lacunar strokes really different. A systematic review of differences in risk factor profiles between lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts. Stroke 2005; 36:891-901.
23. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): A collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation 2006; 113:e463-e654.
24. Greenland P, Abrams J, Aurigemma GP et al. Prevention Conference V: beyond secondary prevention: Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: Noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden: Writing Group III. Circulation 2000; 101:E16-E22.
25. Dormandy J, Heeck L, Aig S: Intermittent claudication: a condition with underrated risks. Semin Vasc Surg 1999;12:96-108.
26. Kannel WB: The demographics of claudication and the aging of the American population. Vasc Med 1996;1:60-4.
27. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klauber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D: The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985; 71: 510-5.
28. Hiatt WR, Marshall JA, Baxter J et al. Diagnostic methods for peripheral arterial disease in the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43:597-606.
29. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Nieto K, Levy D, Wilson PW: The ankle-brachial index in the elderly and risk of stroke, coronary disease, and death: The Framingham study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1939-42.
30. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001; 286:1317-24.
31. Sander D, Schulze-Horn C, Bickel H, Gnahn H, Bartels E, Conrad B: Combined effects of hemoglobin A1c and C-reactive protein on the progression of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: The INVADE study. Stroke 2006; 37:351-7.
32. Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS et al. Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Circulation 2003; 108:1278-90.
33. Touze E, Varenne O, Priollet P, Alperovitch A, Mas JL: L'Institut de l'athérothrombose. [Prevalence of asymptomatic atherothrombotic lesions and risk of vascular events in patients with a stroke]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005; 98:15-30.
34. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW et al. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2007; 297:1197-206.
35. McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L: The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991; 87:119-28.
36. Doobay AV, Anand SS: Sensitivity and specificity of the ankle-brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1463-9.
37. Sikkink CJ, van Asten WN, 't Hof MA, van Langen H, van der Vliet JA: Decreased ankle/brachial indices in relation to morbidity and mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 1997; 2:169-73.
38. Rothwell PM, Warlow CP: Prediction of benefit from carotid endarterectomy in individual patients: A risk-modelling study. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 1999; 353: 2105-10.
39. Diener HC, Ringleb PA, Savi P: Clopidogrel for the secondary prevention of stroke. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 6:755-64.
40. Hankey GJ: Long-term outcome after ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16(Suppl 1):14-9.
41. Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D et al. Guidelines on the management of stable anginaTpectoris: Executive summary: the Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:1341-81.
42. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee: Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ishaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25:457-507.
43. Di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Grazi P et al. Incidence of silent myocardial ischaemia in patients with cerebral ischaemia. Eur Heart J 1988; 9(Suppl N):104-7.
44. de Roos A, Kroft LJ, Bax JJ, Lamb HJ, Geleijns J: Cardiac applications of multislice computed tomography. Br J Radiol 2006; 79:9-16.
45. Diehm C, Schuster A, Allenberg JR et al. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis 2004; 172:95-105.
46. Sander K, Schulze HC, Briesenick C, Sander D: Significant reduction of vascular risk factors within the framework of the population-based intervention project INVADE - a 2-year follow-up study. Nervenarzt 2006; 131:1853-9.
47. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360:1903-13.
48. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335:765-74.
49. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander HS, Murray CJ: Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002; 360:1347-60.
50. Pistoia F, Russo T, Di Dionisio L, Marini C, Carolei A: Comorbidity of atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus in patients with ischemic stroke in a population-based registry. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21:10.
51. Boshuizen HC, Lanti M, Menotti A et al. Effects of past and recent blood pressure and cholesterol level on coronary heart disease and stroke mortality, accounting for measurement error. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165:398-409.
52. Menotti A, Lanti M, Kromhout D, Kafatos A, Nedeljkovic S, Nissinen A: Short and long term association of a single serum cholesterol measurement in middle-aged men in prediction of fatal coronary and other cardiovascular events: A cross-cultural comparison through Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 2005; 20:597-604.
53. Sander K, Horn CS, Briesenick C, Sander D: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is independently associated with early carotid artery progression in women but not in men: The INVADE Study. Stroke 2007; 38:2881-6.
54. Desbien AM, Choncol M, Gnahn H, Sander D: Kidney function and progression of carotid intima-media thickness in a community study. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51:584-93.
55. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 1997; 277:1775-81.
56. Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A population-based study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:133-8.
57. Robinson K, Arheart K, Refsum H et al. Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: Risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European COMAC Group. Circulation 1998; 97:437-43.
58. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG: A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995; 274:1049-57.
59. Mui KW, Sleeswijk M, van den HH, van Baal J, Navis G, Woittiez AJ: Incidental renal artery stenosis is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2069-74.
60. Wright JR, Shurrab AE, Cheung C et al. A prospective study of the determinants of renal functional outcome and mortality in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:1153-61.
61. Greenfield S, Apolone G, McNeil BJ, Cleary PD: The importance of co-existent disease in the occurrence of postoperative complications and one-year recovery in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Comorbidity and outcomes after hip replacement. Med Care 1993; 31:141-54.
62. Röther J, Diener HC, Alberts MJ et al. Essen stroke risk score predicts recurrent cardiovascular event rates: A validation within the reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health registry. Stroke 2007; 38:531.
63. Terent A: Cerebrovascular mortality 10 yearA after stroke: a population-based study. Stroke 2004; 35:e343-5.
64. Bronnum-Hansen H, Davidsen M, Thorvaldsen P: Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke. Stroke 2001; 32:2131-6.
65. Vernino S, Brown RD Jr, Sejvar JJ, Sicks JD, Petty GW, O'Fallon WM: Cause-specific mortality after first cerebral infarction: A population-based study. Stroke 2003; 34:1828-32.
66. Leys D, Kwiecinski H, Bogousslavsky J et al. Prevention. European stroke initiative. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17(Suppl 2):15-29.
67. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37:577-617.
68. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14(Suppl 2):E1-40.
69. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. 2007 ESH-ESC practice guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1751-62.
70. Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular diseaseE 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 2006; 113:2363-72.
71. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33(Suppl 1): S1-75.
72. Haute Autoritéde Santé. Guide Affection de Langue Dureé. Accident vasculaire cérébral. 2007.
73. SPREAD Collaboration. Italian guidelines for stroke prevention and management. 2007.
74. Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ et al. Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: Results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in macrovascular Events 04). Stroke 2007; 38:865-73.
75. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE: Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2007; 298:1180-8.
76. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A III et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:549-59.
77. Olsen TS, Christensen RH, Kammersgaard LP, Andersen KK: Higher total serum cholesterol levels are associated with less severe strokes and lower all-cause mortality: Ten-year follow-up of ischemic strokes in the Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke 2007; 38:2646-51.
78. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clopidogrel and modified-release dipyridamole in the prevention of occlusive vascular events. TAG 90. 2005.
79. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A: European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996; 143:1-13.
80. Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, Koudstaal PJ, Algra A: Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367:1665-73.
81. Sacco RL, Sivenius J, Diener HC: Efficacy of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole in preventing recurrent stroke in high-risk populations. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 403-8.
82. Boehringer Ingelheim. Aggrenox Prescribing Information. 2007.
83. Van de WF, Ardissino D, Betriu A et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:28-66.
84. Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of Non-ST-Segment elevation acute coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007; 28:1598-660.
85. Silber S, Albertsson P, Aviles FF et al. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:804-47.
86. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:331-7.
87. Janzon L, Bergqvist D, Boberg J et al. Prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with intermittent claudication; effects of ticlopidine. Results from STIMS, the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study. J Intern Med 1990; 227:301-8.
88. Balsano F, Rizzon P, Violi F et al. Antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine in unstable angina. A controlled multicenter clinical trial. The Studio della Ticlopidina nell'Angina Instabile Group. Circulation 1990; 82:17-26.
89. Coccheri S, Scondotto G, Agnelli G, Palazzini E, Zamboni V: Sulodexide in the treatment of intermittent claudication. Results of a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J 2002; 23:1057-65.
90. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2007 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2007; 115:e69-171.
91. Hiatt WR: Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1608-21.