Industrial applications of keratins - A review

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research

Volumn 66, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 710-715

  Karthikeyan, R ^a   Balaji, S ^a   Sehgal, P K ^a  

^a CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Fibrous protein; Keratin; Leather tanning industry

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HYDROLYSIS; INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; LEATHER; PROTEINS; TANNING; WASTE UTILIZATION;

DEGRADATION; PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY; PROTEIN; WASTE DISPOSAL;

EID: 52449126086     PISSN: 00224456     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Report of All India Survey on Raw Hides and Skins, vol I (CLRI, Chennai) 2003, 86-122.
2. FAO, World Statistical Compendium for Raw Hides and Skins, Leather and Leather Footwear 1982-2000, (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy) 2001, 1-127.
3. Scroggie J G, Preventive technology for improvement of tannery effluent, Leder, 33 (1982) 100-103.
4. Cranston R W, Davis M H & Scroggie J G, Development of the "sirolime" unhairing process, J Am Leath Chem Assoc, 81 (1986) 347-355.
5. Thanikaivelan P, Rao J R, Nair BU & Ramasami T, Zero discharge tanning: A shift from chemical to biocatalytic leather processing, Environ Sci & Technol, 36 (2002) 4187-4194.
6. Ramasami T & Prasad B G S, Environmental aspects of leather processing, Proc LEXPO XV, (ILTA, Calcutta) 1991, 43-71.
7. Marsal A, Cot J, Boza E G, Celma P J & Manich A M, Oxidizing unhairing process with hair recovery. Part I. Experiments on the prior hair immunization, J Soc Leath Technol Chem, 83 (1999) 310-315.
8. Taylor M M, Bailey D G & Feairheller S H, A review of the uses of enzymes in tannery, J Am Leath Chem Assoc, 82 (1987) 153-163.
9. Rao M B, Tanksale A M, Ghatge M S & Deshpande V V, Molecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases, Microbiol & Mol Biol Rev, 62 (1998) 597-635.
10. Foroughi F, Keshavarz T & Evans C S, Specifities of proteases for use in leather manufacture, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 81 (2006) 257-261.
11. Gehring A G, Dimaio G L, Mariner W N & Mazenko C E, Unhairing with proteolytic enzymes derived from streptomyces griseus, J Ant Leath Chem Assoc, 97 (2002) 406-412.
12. Paul R G, Mohamed L, Davighi D, Addy V L & Covington A D, The use of neutral protease in enzymatic unhairing, J Am Leath Chem Assoc, 96 (2001) 180-185.
13. Onifade AA, Al-Sane N A, Al-Musallam AA, & Al-Zarban S. A review: potentials for biotechnological applications of keratin degrading microorganisms and their enzymes for nutritional improvement of feathers and other keratins as livestock feed resources, Biores Technol, 66 (1998) 1-11.
14. Bradbury J H, Structure and chemistry of keratin fibres, Adv Protein Chem, 27 (1973) 111-211.
15. Voet D & Voet J G, Three-dimensional structure of proteins, in Biochemistry, 2nd edn, edited by J Stiefel (Wiley, New York) 1995, 154-156.
16. Akhar W & Edwards H G M, Fourier-transform raman spectroscopy of mammalian and avian keratotic biopolymers, Spectrochim Acta, 53 (1997) 81-90.
17. Schrooyen P M M, Dijkstra P J, Oberthur R C, Bantjes A & Feijen J, Partially carboxymethyllated feather keratins. 2.Thermal and mechanical properties of films, J Agric Food Chem, 49 (2001) 221-230.
18. Papadopoulos M C, El Boushy A R. Roodbeen AE & Ketelaars E H, Effects of processing time and moisture content on amino acid composition and nitrogen characteristics of feather meal, Anim Feed Sci Technol, 14 (1986) 279-290.
19. Steiner R J, Kellems R O & Church D C, Feather and hair meals for ruminats. Part IV. Effect of chemical treatments of feather and processing time on digestibility, J Anim Sci, 57 (1983) 495-502.
20. Kelly G C, Vincent S C, Agbogbo F K & Holtzapple M K, Lime treatment of keratinous materials for the generation of highly digestible animal feed: 1. Chicken feathers, Biores Technol, 97 (2002) 1337-1343.
21. Kelly G C, Agbogbo F K & Holtzapple M K, Lime treatment of keratinous materials for the generation of highly digestible animal feed: 2. Animal Hair, Biores Technol, 97 (2006) 1344-1352.
22. Fleischner AM, Keratin hydrolysate formulations and methods of preparation thereof, US Pat 4,818,520 (1989).
23. Naito S & Nemoto T, Odor-removing and deodorizing composition employing hydrolysate of keratin material, US Pat 4,591,497 (1986).
24. Blortz D, Bohrmann H, Maier D & Muller R, Process for preparing a protein hydrolysate from protein containing animal products, US Pat 5,985,337 (1999).
25. Edens L, Dekker P J T & Roos De A L, Protein hydrolysate rich in tripeptides, US Pat 20050256057A1 (2005).
26. Gousterova A, Braikova D, Goshev I. Christov P, Tishinov K & Vasileva-Tonkova E, Degradation of keratin and collagen containing wastes by newly isolated thermoactinomycetes or by alkaline hydrolysis, Lett Appl Microbiol, 40 (2005) 335-340.
27. Grazziotin A, Pimentel F A, Jong de E V & Brandelli A, Nutritional improvement of feather protein by treatment with microbial keratinase, Anim Feed Sci & Technol, 126 (2006) 135-144.
28. Wiegmann H D, Kamath Y K, Ruestsch S B, Busch P & Tesmann H, Characterization of surface deposits on human hair fibres, J Soc Cosmet Chem, 44 (1990) 387-390.
29. Innoe T, Hair cosmetic for protection of skins, Eur Pat Appl, EP 469,232 (1992).
30. Rosner L, Topical cleansing and conditioning containing keratin, Isreli IL 95,646 (1992).
31. Date T, Production of keratin fine powder, Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 4, 281,856 (1992).
32. Matsubara M & Tabata Y, Cosmetic depilation containing keratin reduction products, Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,157,285 (1994).
33. Kim W M, Kendahl W & Sherman L, Protein additives for hair treatment composition, US Pat 4,906,460 (1990).
34. Kawashima T, Use of keratin proteins in ceramics, Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,16,951 (1994).
35. Kawashima T, Foaming agents from animal proteins and their use for concrete additives, Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,15,761 (1993).
36. Chikura T, Izumi N & Matsumoto S, Manufacture of amino acid containing fertilizers, Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,40,786 (1994).
37. Datta M S, Role of keratin in fire fighting, J Ind Leath Technol Assoc, 43 (1993) 297-299.
38. Van Dyke M E, Blanchard C R, Timmons S F, Siller-Jackson A J & Smith R A, Soluble keartin peptide, US Pat 6,270,791 B1 (2001).
39. Sehgal P K, Purushotarn H, Kumar M & Raghavan K V, Keratin hydrolysate in leather processing, Proc XXII IULTCS Congr (Porto Alergre, brazil) 1993, 478-480.
40. Sehgal P K, A process for the preparation of keratin hydrolysate from keratinous wastes useful as a leather filler-cum-retanning agent, Indian Pat 180394 (1998).
41. Eggum B O, Evaluation of protein quality of feather meal under different treatments, Acta Agricul Scand, 20 (1970) 230-234.
42. Papadopoulos M C, El Boushy A R & Ketelaars E H, Effect of different processing conditions on amino acid digestibility of feather meal determined by chicken assay, Poult Sci, 64 (1985) 1729-1741.
43. Gousterova A, Nustorova M, Goshev I, Christov P; Braikova D, Tishinov K, Haertle T & Nedkov P, Alkaline hydrolysate of waste sheep wool aimed as fertilizer, Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip, 17 (2003) 140-145.
44. Pernaud V, Delgenes J P & Moletta R, Thermo-chemical pretreatment of a microbial biomass; influence of sodium hydroxide addition on solubilization and anaerobic biodegradability, Enzyme Microb Technol, 25 (1999) 258-263.
45. Barret G C, Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids (Chapman & Hall, New York) 1985, 297-337.
46. Wang X & Parsons C M, Effect of processing systems on protein quality of feather meals and hog hair meals, Poult Sci, 76 (1997) 491-496.
47. Moritz J S & Latshaw J D, Indicators of nutritional value of hydrolyzed feather meal, Poult Sci, 80 (2001) 79-86.
48. Papadopoulos M C, Effect of processing on high protein feedstuffs: A review, Biol Wastes, 29 (1989) 123-138.
49. Latshaw J D, Musharaf N & Retrum R, Processing of feather to maximize its nutritional value for poultry, Anim Feed Sci Technol, 47 (1994) 179-188.
50. Asquith R S, Chemistry of Natural Protein Fibres (Plenum Press, New York, USA) 1977, 221-350.
51. Dalev P G, Utilization of waste feathers from poultry slaughter for production of protein concentrate, Biores Technol, 48 (1994) 265-267.
52. Kherrad J. Faid M, Elyachioui M & Wahmana A, Process for recycling slaughterhouses wastes and by-product by fermentation, Biores Technol, 63 (1998) 75-79.
53. Williams C M, Richter C S, MacKenzie J M & Shih J C H, Isolation identification and charaterization of a feather degrading bacterium, Appl Env Microbiol, 56 (1990) 1509-1515.
54. Shih J C H, Recent development in poultry waste digestion and feather utilization -A review, Poult Sci, 72 (1993) 1617-1620.
55. Papadopoulos M C, The effect of enzymatic treatment on amino acid content and nitrogen characteristics of feather meal, Anim Feed Sci Technol, 16 (1986) 151-156.
56. Parry D A D, Crewther W G, Fraser ROB, MacRae T P, Structure of 0-keratin: structural implication of the amino acid sequence of the type I and type II chain segments. J Mol Biol, 113 (1977) 449-454.
57. Cohlberg J A, The structure of α-keratin, Trends Biochem Sci, 18 (1993) 360-362.
58. Steinert P M, Structure, function, and dynamics of keratin intermediate filaments, J Invest Dermatol, 100 (1993) 729-734.
59. Kaul S & Sumabali G, Keratinolysis by poultry farm soil fungi, Mycopathologia, 139 (1997) 137-140.
60. Lucas F S, Broennimann O, Febbraro I & Heeb P, High diversity among feather-degrading bacteria from a dry meadow soil, Microb Ecol, 45 (2003) 282-290.
61. Bockle B, Galunski B & Muller R, Characterization of a keratinolytic serine protease from Streptomyces pactum DSM40530, Appl Environ Microbiol, 61 (1995) 3705-3710.
62. Sangali S & Brandelli A. Isolation and characterization of a novel feather-degrading bacterial strain, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 87 (2000) 17-24.
63. Manczinger L, Rozs M, Vagvolgyi Cs & Kevei F. Isolation and characterization of a new keratinoIytic Bacillus licheniformis strain, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 19 (2003) 35-39.
64. Thys R C S, Lucas F S, Riffel A, Heeb P & Brandelli A, Characterization of a protease of a feather-degrading Microbacterium species, Lett Appl Microbiol, 39 (2004) 181-186.
65. Sangali S & Brandelli A, Feather keratin hydrolysis by a Vibrio sp. strain kr2, J Appl Microbiol, 89 (2000) 735-743.
66. Ichida J M, Krizova L, LeFevre C A, Harold M, Keener H M, Elwell D L & Burtt E H, Bacterial inoculum enhances keratin degradation and biofilm formation in poultry compost, J Microbiol Methods, 47 (2001) 199-208.
67. Kim J M, Lim W J & Suh H J, Feather-degrading Bacillus species from poultry waste, Process Biochem, 37 (2001) 287-291.
68. Singh C J, Optimization of an extraceliular protease of Chrysosporium keratinophilum and its potential in bioremediation of keratinic wastes, Mycopathologia, 156 (2003) 151-56.
69. Dozie I N S, Okeke C N & Unaeze N C, A thermo stable, alkaline-active, kerationolytic proteinase from Crysosporium keratinophilum, Wld J Microbiol Biotechnol, 10 (1994) 563-567.
70. Hirchsman D J, Zametkin J M & Rogers R E, The utilization of wool by four saprophytic microorganisms in the presence of added nutrients, Am Dyestuff Rep, 33 (1994) 353-359.
71. Lin X, Shih J C H & Swaisgood H E, Hydrolysis of feather keratin by immobilized keratinase, Appl Environ Microbiol, 62 (1996) 4273-4275.
72. Gousterova, A, Braikova D, Goshev I, Christov P, Tishinov K, Tonkova V E, Haertle T & Nedkov P, Degradation of keratin and collagen containing wastes by a newly isolated thermoactinomycetes or by alkaline hydrolysis, Lett Appl Microbiol, 40 (2005) 335-340.
73. Szabo L. Benedek A, Szabo M L & Barabas G, Feather degradation with a thermotolerant Streptomyces graminofaciens strain, Wld J Microbiol Biotechnol, 16 (2000) 252-255.
74. Covington A D, Modern tanning chemistry, Chem Soc Rev, 26 (1997) 111-126.
75. Subrama Naidu A, Kotharis Desk Book on Leather, edited by S Sadulla (Kothari Publications, Chennai) 1995, 35-44.
76. Chandrasekaran B, Rao J R, Sreeram, K J, Nair B U & Ramasami T, Chrome tanning: state-of-art on the material composition and characterization, J Sci Ind Res, 58 (1999) 1-10.
77. Chattapadhyay B, Datta S, Chatterjee A & Mukhopadhayay K, J Soc Leath Technol Chem, 84 (2000) 94-100.
78. Hansen M B, Rydin S, Menne T & Johansen J D, Quantitative aspects of contact allergy to chromium and exposure to chrometanned leather, Contact Dermat, 47 (2002) 127-134.
79. Hansen M B, Johansen J D & Menne T, Chromium allergy: significance of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI), Contact Dermat, 49 (2003) 206-212.
80. Rajaram R, Nair B U & Ramasami T, Chromium (III) induced abnormalities in human lymphocyte cell proliferation: Evidence for apoptosis, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 210 (1995) 434-440.
81. Sharma D C, Sharma C P & Tripathi R D, Phytotoxic lesions of chromium in maize, Chemosphere, 51 (2003) 63-68.
82. Eary L E & Rai D, Kinetics of chromium(III) oxidation to chromium(VI) by reaction with manganese dioxide, Environ Sci & Technol, 21 (1987) 1187-1193.
83. Barlett R & James J, Oxidation of chromium in soils, J Environ Qual, 8 (1979) 31-35.
84. Leonard A & Lauweys R R, Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium, Mutat Res, 76 (1980) 227-239.
85. Tsou T C, Lin R J & Yang J L, Mutational Spectrum Induced by chromium (III) in shuttle vectors replicated in human cells: relationship to Cr(III)-DNA interactions, Chem Res Toxicol, 10 (1997) 962-970.
86. Venier P, Montaldi, A. Majone, F, Bianchi, V & Levis AG, Cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of industrial chromium compounds, Carcinogenesis, 3 (1982) 1331-1338.
87. Katz S A, The analytical biochemistry of chromium, Environ Health Perspect, 92 (1991) 13-16.
88. Dartsch P C, Kimmel R, Schmahl F W & Germann H P, Nephrotoxic & Hepatotoxic Effects of a chromium (VI) compound in comparison to a basic chromium(III) tanning agent, World Leath, 11 (1998) 66-70.
89. Davis M H & Scroggie J G Investigation of commercial chrometanning systems, J Soc Leath Technol Chem, 57 (1973) 35-38.
90. Gauglhofer J, Environmental aspects of tanning with chromium, J Soc Leath Technol Chem, 70 (1986) 11-13.
91. Buljan J, Pollution limits for discharge of tanning effluents into water bodies and sewers, World Leath, 9 (1996) 65-68.
92. Sehgal P K, Sastry T P & Mahendrakumar, Studies on solubilised keratins from poultry feathers, Leath Sci, 33 (1986) 333-344.
93. Ramamurthy G, Sehgal PK & Mahendrakumar, Improved uptake of basic chromium salts in tanning operations using keratin hydrolysate, J Soc Leath Technol Chem, 73 (1989) 168-171.
94. Ramamurthy G, Sehgal P K, Krishnan S & Mahendrakumar, Use of keratin hydrolysate for better chrome exhaustion, Leath Sci, 34 (1987) 224-229.
95. Sehgal P K, Central Leather Research Institue, Chennai, India, unpublished data.
96. Bienkiewicz K, in Physical chemistry of Leather Making, edited by E Robert (Krieger Publishing Company, Florida) 1983, 413-416.
97. Dix J P, Characteristics and mode of action of modern polymer in post tanning treatment process, J Am Leath Chem Assoc, 93 (1998) 283-294.
98. Bosch T, Manich A M, Palop R, Cot J, Saud R M & Marsal A, Influence of different retanning agents on the physical and structural properties of chrome leather, J Soc Leath Technol Chem, 83 (1999) 243-251.
99. Bosch T, Palop R, Cot J, Pinto S, Marsal A, Sauri R M & Manich A M, Effect of different types of retanning agents on the final characteristics of full chrome leather, Proc XXV IULTCS Congr, (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Chennai) 1999, 49-56.
100. Ganesan P, Venkataboopathy K, Perumal P T, Prabhu R & Sundra Rao V S, Studies on preparation and characterization of synthetic tannins based on phenol-dicyandiamide-formaldehyde, Proc XXV IULTCS Congr, (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Chennai) 1999, 655-691.
101. Puntener A G, Study of synergistic effects in retanning, J Am Leath Chem Assoc, 91 (1996) 287-296.
102. Sehgal P K, Sastry T P & Mahendrakumar, Effect of keratin filler in retanning of nappa garment leathers, Leath Sci, 34 (1987) 1-9.
103. Sastry T P, Sehgal P K, Gupta K B & Mahendrakumar, Solubilised keratins as a filler in the retanning of upper leathers, Leath Sci, 33 (1986) 345-359.