Consumers' sensory acceptability of pork from immunocastrated male pigs

Meat Science

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1013-1018

  Font i Furnols, M ^a   Gispert, M ^a   Guerrero, L ^a   Velarde, A ^a   Tibau, J ^a   Soler, J ^a   Hortos M ^a   Garcia Regueiro J A ^a   Perez J ^b,c   Suarez P ^b   Oliver, M A ^a  

^a IRTA   (Spain)

^b PFIZER INC   (United States)

^c NUTEGA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Androstenone; Boar taint; Consumers' acceptability; Immunocastration

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; SUIDAE;

EID: 52249094868     PISSN: 03091740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.04.018     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Agerhem, H., & Tornberg, E. (1994). A comparison of the off-flavour of shoulder butts from entire male and female pigs using expert and consumer panels. In Proceedings 40th international congress of meat science and technology. The Hague, The Netherlands.
2. Agerhem, H., & Tornberg, E. (1995). A comparison of the off-flavour of meat from entire male pigs cooked to two different internal end-point temperatures. In Proceedings European association for animal production working group. Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
3. Aldal I., Andresen Ø., Egeli A.K., Haugen J.E., GrØdum A., Fjetland O., et al. Levels of androstenone and skatole and the occurrence of boar taint in fat from young boars. Livestock Production Science 95 (2005) 121-129
4. Amerine M.A., Pangborn R.M., and Roessler E.B. Principles of sensory evaluation of food (1965), Academic Press, London
5. Babol J., Zamaratskaia G., Juneja R.K., and Lundström K. The effect of age on distribution of skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc. Meat Science 67 2 (2004) 351-358
6. Bañón S., Andreu C., Laencia J., and Garrido M.D. Fresh and eating pork quality from entire versus castrate heavy males. Food Quality and Preference 15 (2004) 293-300
7. Bonneau M., Desmoulin B., and Dumont B.L. Qualités organoleptiques des viandes de porcs mâles entiers ou castrés: composition des graisses et odeurs sexuelles chez les races hypermusclées. Annales de Zootechnie 28 I (1979) 53-72
8. Bonneau M., Walstra P., Claudi-Magnussen C., Kempster A.J., Tornberg E., Fischer K., et al. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and the effect of sorting out carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations. Meat Science 54 (2000) 285-295
9. Claus R., Schopper D., Wagner H.G., and Weiler U. Photoperiodic influences on reproduction of domestics boars. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin,-A 32 (1985) 86-98
10. Claus R., Weiler U., and Herzog A. Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar: A review with experimental data. Meat Science 38 (1994) 239-305
11. Cliplef R.L., Grinwich D.L., and Castell A.G. Consumer acceptance of fresh pork and pork products from littermate boars and barrows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64 (1984) 21-27
12. Cowan C.A., and Joseph R.L. Production and quality of boar and castrate bacon. Irish Journal of Food Science and Technology 5 (1981) 105-116
13. Denhard M., Claus R., Herbert E., and Hillenbrand M. Skatol- und Androstenonkonzentrationen in Fleischerzeugnissen aus Eberschlachtkörpern. Die Ebermast Schriftenreihe des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaften und Forsten, Reihe, Angewandte Wissenschaft 449 (1995) 55-71
14. Desmoulin B., and Bonneau M. Acceptabilité, par le consommateur, des viandes de porcs mâles non-castrés: relations avec la teneur en androstenone des graisses. Journées Recherche Porcine en France (1981) 335-340
15. Desmoulin B., Bonneau M., Frouin A., and Bidard J.F. Consumer testing of pork and processed meat from boars: the influence of fat androstenone level. Livestock Production Science 9 (1982) 707-715
16. Diestre A., Oliver M.A., Gispert M., Arpa I., and Arnau J. Consumer responses to fresh meat and meat products from barrows and boars with different levels of boar taint. Animal Production 50 (1990) 519-530
17. Doran E., Whittington F.M., Wood J.D., and McGivan D. Characterisation of androstenone metabolism in pig liver microsomes. Chemico-Biological Interactions 147 2 (2004) 141-149
18. Dunshea F.R., Colantoni C., Howard K., McCauley I., Jackson P., Long K.A., et al. Vaccination of boars with a GnRH vaccine (Improvac) eliminates boar taint and increases growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 79 (2001) 2524-2535
19. EFSA (2004). Welfare aspects of the castration of piglets. Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel for Animal Health and Welfare on request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the castration of piglets European Food Safety Authority AHAW/04-087. .
20. Evans A. Global control of boar taint. Part 3. Immunological castration. Pig Progress 22 5 (2006) 6-9
21. Font i Furnols, M. (2000). Utilització de mascles enters per a la producció de carn: avaluació sensorial i estudi de consumidors. Doctoral thesis. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Available at: .
22. Font i Furnols M., Gispert M., Diestre A., and Oliver M.A. Acceptability of boar meat by consumers depending on their age, gender, culinary habits, sensitivity and appreciation of androstenone smell. Meat Science 64 (2003) 433-440
23. FØrland D.M., Lundström K., and Andresen Ø. Relationship between androstenone content in fat, intensity of boar taint and size of accessory sex glands in boars. Nordisk Veterinaemedicin 32 5 (1980) 201-206
24. Friis, C. (1995). Is boar taint related to sex differences or polymorphism of skatole metabolism? In Proceedings European association for animal production working group. Milton Keynes. United Kingdom.
25. García-Regueiro, J. A., Rius, M. A., & Díaz, I. (1995). Evaluation of boar taint compounds in vapor phase by head space techniques coupled to capillary GC-MS. In Proceedings European association for animal production working group. Milton Keynes. United Kingdom.
26. Garcia-Regueiro J.A., and Rius M.A. Rapid determination of skatole and indole in pig back fat by normal-phase liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 809 1-2 (1998) 246-251
27. Godt J., Kristensen K., Poulsen C.S., Juhl H.J., and Bech A.C. A consumer study of Danish entire male pigs. Fleischwirtschaft 76 5 (1996) 518-520
28. Guerrero L. Estudios de consumidores: análisis de los errores más habituales. In: Almeida T.C.A., Hough G., Damasio M.H., and da Silva M.A.A.P. (Eds). Avances en Análisis Sensorial (1999), Ed. Varela, Sao Paulo 121-129
29. Hansen, L. L., Mikkelsen, L. L., Agerhem, H., Laue, A., Jensen, M. T., & Jensen, B. B. (1997). Effect of fermented liquid feed and zinc bacitracin on microbial metabolism in the gut and sensoric profile of m. longissimus dorsi from entire male and female pigs. In M. Bonneau, K. Lundström, B. Malmfors (Eds.), Boar taint in entire male pigs. Stockholm, Sweden. EAAP Publication (92) (pp. 92-96). Wageningen Pers.
30. Hennessy D. Global control of boar taint. Part 4. Immunological castration in action. Pig Progress 22 6 (2006) 2-4
31. Jaros P., Bürgi E., Stärk K.D.C., Claus R., Hennessy D., and Thun R. Effect of active immunization against GnRH on androstenone concentration, growth performance and carcass quality in intact male pigs. Livestock Production Science 92 1 (2005) 31-38
32. Kempster A.J., Dilworth A.W., Evans D.G., and Fisher K.D. The effects of fat thickness and sex on pig meat quality with special reference to the problems associated with overleaness. Animal Production 43 (1986) 517-533
33. Lagerkvist C.J., Carlsson F., and Viske D. Swedish consumer preferences for animal welfare and biotech: A choice experiment. AgBioForum 9 1 (2006) 51-58
34. Larsen, A. E., Hansen, L. L., & Hansen-MØller, J. (1993). Influence of keeping pigs heavily fouled with faeces or clean for at least a week at high stocking rate and high temperature on skatole concentration in subcutaneous fat (boar taint). In Proceedings 44th meeting of the European association for animal production, commission on pig production, session II meat production with entire males II (pp. 350-351).
35. Lin Z., Lou Y., and Squires E.J. Functional polymorphism in porcine CYP2E1 gene: Its association with skatole levels. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 99 (2006) 231-237
36. Lundström K., Malmfors B., Fjelkner-Modig S., and Szatek A. Consumer testing of boar meat in Sweden. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 13 (1983) 39-46
37. Lundström K., Malmfors B., Malmfors G., Stern S., Petersson H., Mortensen A.B., et al. Skatole, androstenone and taint in boars fed two different diets. Livestock Production Science 18 (1988) 55-67
38. MacFie H.J., Bratchell N., Greenhoff K., and Vallis L.V. Designs to balance the effect of order of presentation and first-order carry-over effects in hall tests. Journal of Sensory Studies 4 (1989) 129-148
39. Matthews K., Homer D.B., Punter P., Béague M.P., Gispert M., Kempster A.J., et al. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: III. Consumer survey in seven European countries. Meat Science 54 (2000) 271-283
40. ®) have synergistic effects upon growth performance in both boars and gilts. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54 (2003) 11-20
41. Nicolau-Solano S.I., McGivan J.D., Whittington F.M., Nieuwhof G.J., Wood J.D., and Doran O. Relationship between the expression of hepatic but not testicular 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with androstenone deposition in pig adipose tissue. Journal of Animal Science 84 10 (2006) 2809-2817
42. Nold R.A., Romans J.R., Costello W.J., Henson J.A., and Libal G.W. Sensory characteristics and carcass traits of boars, barrows, and gilts fed high- or adequate-protein diets and slaughtered at 100 or 110 kilograms. Journal of Animal Science 75 (1997) 2641-2651
43. Nute, G. R., Whittington, F. M., Warriss, P. D., & Wood, J. D. (1995). Sensory analysis of boar taint. Influence of skatole on abnormal odour and flavour ratings. In Proceedings European association for animal production working group. Milton Keynes. United Kingdom.
44. Patterson R.L.S. 5α-Androst-16-ene-3-one: Compound responsible for taint in boar fat. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture 19 (1968) 31-37
45. Prunier A., Bonneau M., von Borell E.H., Cinotti S., Gunn M., Fredriksen B., et al. Animal Welfare 15 (2006) 277-289
46. Rhodes D.N. Consumer testing of bacon from boar and gilt pigs. Journal Science of Food Agriculture 22 (1971) 485-490
47. Rhodes D.N. Consumer testing of pork from boar and gilt pigs. Journal Science of Food Agriculture 23 (1972) 1483-1491
48. Rius M.A., Hortós M., and García-Regueiro J.A. Influence of volatile compounds on the development of off-flavours in pig back fat samples classified with boar taint by a test panel. Meat Science 71 4 (2005) 595-602
49. Rydhmer, L., Zamarastkaia, G., Andersson, K., Algers, B., & Lundström, K. (2003). Aggressive and sexual behaviour of entire male pigs. In Proceedings European association for animal production working group.
50. Salmon E.L.R., and Edwards S.A. Effects of gender contact on the behaviour and performance of entire boars and gilts from 60-130 kg. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science (2006) 72
51. Siret F., Béague M.P., Fischer K., and Chevillon P. Consumer acceptability and characterization of the cooking odour of lardons produced from pork with different androstenone and skatole contents. In: Bonneau M., Lundström K., and Malmfors B. (Eds). Boar taint in entire male pigs Vol. 92 (1997), EAAP Publication, Stockholm, Sweden 161-164 Wageningen Pers
52. Squires, E. J., Lou, Y., & Gibson, J. P. (1996). Boar taint: How much is too much? In J. P. Gibson, C. A. Aker and R. O. Ball (Eds.), Ontario pork carcass appraisal project symposium.
53. Thun R., Gajewski Z., and Janett. Castration in male pigs: Techniques and animal welfare issues. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 57 Suppl. 8 (2006) 189-194
54. Vold E. Fleishproduktionseigenschaften bei Ebern und Kastraten. IV. Organoleptische und gaschromatografische Untersuchungen Wassedampfflüchtiger Stooffe des Rückenspeckes von Ebern. Meldinger Nordandbruckhoegskole 49 (1970) 1-25
55. Walstra, P., & Garssen, G. J. (1995). Influence of quality of the pigs and season on androstenone level. In Proceedings European association for animal production working group. Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
56. Walstra, P., & Maarse, H. (1970). Onderzoek geslachtgeur van mannelijke mestvarkens. Researchgroep Vlees en Vleesvare. T.N.O., Rap. C-147 and 2: 1-30. Zeist, The Netherlands.
57. Walstra P., Claudi-Magnussen C., Chevillon P., von Seth G., Diestre A., Matthews K., et al. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: Levels of androstenone and skatole by country and season. Livestock Production Science 62 (1999) 15-28
58. Walstra, P., Engel, B., & Mateman, G. (1986). The andorstenone-skatole dilemma as applied in a consumer test. In Proceedings 32nd European meeting of meat research workers. Ghent, Belgium.
59. Weiler U., Font i Furnols M., Fischer K., Kemmer H., Oliver M.A., Gispert M.A., et al. Influence of differences in sensitivity of Spanish and German consumers to perceive androstenone on the acceptance of boar meat differing in skatole and androstenone concentrations. Meat Science 54 (2000) 297-304
60. Wood J.D., Nute G.R., Fursey G.A.J., and Cuthberston A. The effect of cooking conditions on the eating quality of pork. Meat Science 40 (1995) 127-135