A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 1: Wave-current-turbulence interaction parameters for the open ocean based on traditional parameterizations

Ocean Modelling

Volumn 25, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 154-171

  Rascle, Nicolas ^a,b   Ardhuin, Fabrice ^a   Queffeulou, Pierre ^c   Croizé Fillon, Denis ^c  

^a Section de Géodésie Géophysique   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE   (France)

^c Centre Bretagne   (France)

Author keywords

Air sea fluxes; Ocean mixing; Surface drift; Surface gravity waves

Indexed keywords

GRAVITY WAVES; MIXING; OCEAN CURRENTS; TURBULENCE; WIND;

AIR SEA FLUX; GEOPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS; NUMERICAL WAVE MODELING; OCEAN MIXING; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS; SURFACE DRIFTS; SURFACE GRAVITY WAVES; TURBULENCE INTERACTIONS;

WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; BUOYANCY FORCING; EKMAN TRANSPORT; GRAVITY WAVE; MIXING RATIO; PARAMETERIZATION; STOKES FORMULA; WAVE BREAKING; WAVE FIELD; WAVE GENERATION; WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 52149102252     PISSN: 14635003     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.07.006     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Acreman D., and Jeffery C. The use of Argo for validation and tuning of mixed layer models. Ocean Modelling 19 (2007) 53-69
2. Agrawal Y.C., Terray E.A., Donelan M.A., Hwang P.A., Williams A.J., Drennan W., Kahma K., and Kitaigorodskii S. Enhanced dissipation of kinetic energy beneath breaking waves. Nature 359 (1992) 219-220
3. Alves J.H.G.M., Banner M.L., and Young I.R. Revisiting the Pierson-Moskowitz asymptotic limits for fully developed wind waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33 (2003) 1301-1323
4. Ardhuin F., and Jenkins A.D. On the interaction of surface waves and upper ocean turbulence. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36 3 (2006) 551-557
5. Ardhuin F., Herbers T.H.C., Jessen P.F., and O'Reilly W.C. Swell transformation across the continental shelf. part II: validation of a spectral energy balance equation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33 (2003) 1940-1953. Available from:
6. Ardhuin F., Martin-Lauzer F.-R., Chapron B., Craneguy P., Girard-Ardhuin F., and Elfouhaily T. Dérive à la surface de l'océan sous l'effet des vagues. Comptes Rendus Géosciences 336 (2004) 1121-1130
7. Ardhuin F., Herbers T.H.C., Watts K.P., van Vledder G.P., Jensen R., and Graber H. Swell and slanting fetch effects on wind wave growth. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37 4 (2007) 908-931
8. Ardhuin, F., Chapron, B., Collard, F., 2008a. Strong decay of steep swells observed across oceans. Nature Geosci. (submitted).
9. Ardhuin F., Collard F., Chapron B., Queffeulou P., Filipot J.-F., and Hamon M. Spectral wave dissipation based on observations: a global validation. Proceedings of Chinese-German Joint Symposium on Hydraulics and Ocean Engineering (2008), Darmstadt, Germany
10. Ardhuin F., Rascle N., and Belibassakis K.A. Explicit wave-averaged primitive equations using a generalized Lagrangian mean. Ocean Modelling 20 (2008) 35-60
11. Banner M.L., Babanin A.V., and Young I.R. Breaking probability for dominant waves on the sea surface. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30 (2000) 3145-3160. Available from:
12. Barnier B., Madec G., Penduff T., Molines J.-M., Treguier A.-M., Sommer J.L., Beckmann A., Biastoch A., Böning C., Dengg J., Derval C., Durand E., Gulev S., Remy E., Talandier C., Theetten S., Maltrud M., McClean J., and Cuevas B.D. Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution. Ocean Modelling 56 (2006) 543-567
13. Battjes, J.A., Janssen, J.P.F.M., 1978. Energy loss and set-up due to breaking of random waves. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, pp. 569-587.
14. Bidlot, J.-R., Holt, M.W., 2006. Verification of operational global and regional wave forecasting systems against measurements from moored buoys. Tech. Rep. 30 WMO/TDNo.1333, World Meteorological Organization, Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology.
15. Bidlot J.-R., Holmes D.J., Wittmann P.A., Lalbeharry R., and Chen H.S. Intercomparison of the performance of operational ocean wave forecasting systems with buoy data. Weather Forecast. 17 (2002) 287-309. Available from:
16. Bidlot, J., Abdalla, S., Janssen, P., 2005. A revised formulation for ocean wave dissipation in CY25R1. Tech. Rep. Memorandum R60.9/JB/0516, Research Department, ECMWF, Reading, UK.
17. Bidlot, J., Janssen, P., Abdalla, S., 2007a. A revised formulation of ocean wave dissipation and its model impact. Tech. Rep. Memorandum 509, ECMWF, Reading, UK.
18. Bidlot, J.-R., Li, J.-G., Wittmann, P., Fauchon, M., Chen, H., Lefèvre, J., Bruns, T., Greenslade, D., Ardhuin, F., Kohno, N., Park, S., Gomez, M., 2007b. Inter-comparison of operational wave forecasting systems. In: Proceedings of the 10th Int. Workshop of Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Hawaii. Available from: .
19. Bister M., and Emanuel K.A. Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 65 (1998) 233-240
20. Bonekamp H., Komen G.J., and Sterl A. Statistical comparisons of observed and ECMWF modeled open ocean surface drag. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32 (2002) 1010-1027
21. Burchard H. Simulating the wave-enhanced layer under breaking surface waves with two-equation turbulence models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31 (2001) 3133-3145
22. Businger J.A., Wyngaard J.C., Izumi I., and Bradley E.F. Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 28 (1971) 181-189. Available from:
23. Chapron B., Collard F., and Ardhuin F. Direct measurements of ocean surface velocity from space: interpretation and validation. J. Geophys. Res. 110 C07008 (2005) 10.1029/2004JC002809
24. Collard F., Ardhuin F., and Chapron B. Extraction of coastal ocean wave fields from SAR images. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 30 3 (2005) 526-533
25. Collard, F., Mouche, A.A., Chapron, B., Danilo, C., Johannessen, J., 2008. Routine high resolution observation of selected major surface currents from space. In: Proceedings of SEASAR 2008, SP-656. ESA, ESA - ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. Available from: .
26. Craig P.D., and Banner M.L. Modeling wave-enhanced turbulence in the ocean surface layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24 (1994) 2546-2559. Available from:
27. Craik A.D.D., and Leibovich S. The generation of Langmuir circulations by an instability mechanism. J. Fluid Mech. 81 (1977) 209-223
28. Dalrymple R.A. A finite amplitude wave on a linear shear current. J. Geophys. Res. 79 (1974) 4498-4504
29. Darbyshire J. The generation of waves by wind. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 215 1122 (1958) 299-428
30. Dean R.G. Stream function representation of nonlinear ocean waves. J. Geophys. Res. 70 (1965) 4561-4572
31. Dobson F.W. Measurements of atmospheric pressure on wind-generated sea waves. J. Fluid Mech. 48 (1971) 91-127
32. Donelan M. The sea. Ocean Engineering Science vol. 9 (1990), Wiley, New York pp. 239-292
33. Donelan, M.A., 1998. Air-water exchange processes. In: Imberger, J. (Ed.), Physical Processes in Lakes and Oceans. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 18-36, ISBN: 0-87590-268-5.
34. Donelan M.A. Wind-induced growth and attenuation of laboratory waves. In: Sajjadi S.G., Thomas N.H., and Hunt J.C.R. (Eds). Wind-Over-Wave Couplings (1999), Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK 183-194
35. Donelan M.A., and Pierson Jr. W.J. Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves with application to scatterometry. J. Geophys. Res. 92 C5 (1987) 4971-5029
36. Drennan W.M., Taylor P.K., and Yelland M.J. Parameterizing the sea surface roughness. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 35 (2005) 835-848
37. Elfouhaily T., Chapron B., Katsaros K., and Vandemark D. A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. J. Geophys. Res. 102 C7 (1997) 15781-15796
38. ESA, March 2002. ENVISAT RA-2/MWR Product Handbook. Tech. Rep. PO-TN-ESR-RA-0050.
39. Fairall C.W., Bradley E.F., Hare J.E., Grachev A.A., and Edson J.B. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate 16 (2003) 571-591
40. Feng H., Vandemark D., Quilfen Y., Chapron B., and Beckley B. Assessment of wind-forcing impact on a global wind-wave model using the TOPEX altimeter. Ocean Eng. 33 (2006) 1431-1461 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2005.10.015
41. Garrett C. Generation of Langmuir circulations by surface waves - a feedback mechanism. J. Mar. Res. 34 (1976) 117-130
42. Gaspar J.P., Grégoris Y., and Lefevre J.M. A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of oceanic vertical mixing: Tests at station Papa and long-term upper ocean study site. J. Geophys. Res. 95 C9 (1990) 16179-16193
43. Gemmrich J.R., and Farmer D.M. Near-surface turbulence in the presence of breaking waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (2004) 1067-1086
44. Gemmrich J.R., Mudge T.D., and Polonichko V.D. On the energy input from wind to surface waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24 (1994) 2413-2417. Available from:
45. Grachev A.A., Fairall C.W., Hare J.E., Edson J.B., and Miller S.D. Wind stress vector over ocean waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 33 (2003) 2408-2429. Available from:
46. Hanson J.L., and Phillips O.M. Automated analysis of ocean surface directional wave spectra. J. Atmos. Ocean Technol. 18 (2001) 277-293
47. Harcourt R.R., and D'Asaro E.A. Large eddy simulation of Langmuir turbulence in pure wind seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 (2008) 1542-1562
48. Hasselmann K. Wave-driven inertial oscillations. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 1 (1970) 463-502
49. Janssen P.A.E.M. Progress in ocean wave forecasting. J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2007) 3572-3594
50. Janssen P.A.E.M., Saetra O., Wettre C., and Hersbach H. Impact of the sea state on the atmosphere and ocean. Ann. Hydrograph. sér. 3 772 (2004) 3-1-3-23
51. Janssen, P., Bidlot, J.-R., Abdalla, S., Hersbach, H., 2005. Progress in ocean wave forecasting at ECMWF. Tech. Rep. Memorandum 478, Research Department, ECMWF, Reading, UK.
52. Jarosz E., Mitchell D.A., Wang D.W., and Teague W.J. Bottom-up determination of air-sea momentum exchange under a major tropical cyclone. Science 315 (2007) 1707-1709
53. Kantha L.H., and Clayson C.A. On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in the oceanic mixed layer. Ocean Modelling 6 (2004) 101-124
54. Kedar S., Longuet-Higgins M., Graham F.W.N., Clayton R., and Jones C. The origin of deep ocean microseisms in the north Atlantic ocean. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A (2008) 1-35
55. Kenyon K.E. Stokes drift for random gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res. 74 (1969) 6991-6994
56. Kerbaol V., Chapron B., and Vachon P. Analysis of ERS-1/2 synthetic aperture radar wave mode imagettes. J. Geophys. Res. 103 C4 (1998) 7833-7846
57. Kitaigorodskii S.A. A note on the influence of breaking wind waves on the aerodynamic roughness of the sea surface as seen from below. Tellus A 46 (1994) 681-685
58. Komen G.J., Hasselmann K., and Hasselmann S. On the existence of a fully developed windsea spectrum. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14 (1984) 1271-1285
59. Kudryavtsev V.N., and Makin V.K. Impact of swell on the marine atmospheric boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (2004) 934-949
60. Kudryavtsev V.N., Makin V.K., and Chapron B. Coupled sea surface-atmosphere model. 2. Spectrum of short wind waves. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 7625-7639
61. Lamb H. Hydrodynamics. 6th ed. (1932), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
62. Langmuir I. Surface motion of water induced by wind. Science 87 (1938) 119-123
63. Li M., Zahariev K., and Garrett C. Role of Langmuir circulation in the deepening of the ocean surface mixed layer. Science 25 (1995) 1955-1957
64. Liu L.L., Wang W., and Huang R.X. The mechanical energy input to the ocean induced by tropical cyclones. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 (2008) 1253-1266
65. Long C.E., and Resio D.T. Wind wave spectral observations in Currituck Sound, North Carolina. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (2007) C05001
66. Magne R., Belibassakis K., Herbers T.H.C., Ardhuin F., O'Reilly W.C., and Rey V. Evolution of surface gravity waves over a submarine canyon. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (2007) C01002
67. McIntyre M.E. On the'wave momentum' myth. J. Fluid Mech. 106 (1981) 331-347
68. McWilliams J.C., and Restrepo J.M. The wave-driven ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29 (1999) 2523-2540
69. Mellor G., and Blumberg A. Wave breaking and ocean surface layer thermal response. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (2004) 693-698
70. Mellor G.L., and Yamada T. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20 C2 (1982) 851-875
71. Melville W.K., Verron F., and White C.J. The velocity field under breaking waves: coherent structures and turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 454 (2002) 203-233
72. Miche A. Mouvements ondulatoires de la mer en profondeur croissante ou décroissante. forme limite de la houle lors de son déferlement. application aux digues maritimes. Troisième partie. Forme et propriétés des houles limites lors du déferlement. Croissance des vitesses vers la rive. Ann. Ponts Chaussées Tome 114 (1944) 369-406
73. Naval Oceanographic Office, NOAA Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, March 2002. GEOSAT Follow-On GDR User's Handbook. Tech. Rep. NOAA/NESDIS/ORA:E/RA31, 1315 East-West Highway 3620, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
74. Noh Y. Dynamics of diurnal thermocline formation in the oceanic mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res. 26 (1996) 2189-2195
75. Noh Y., and Kim H.J. Simulations of temperature and turbulence structure of the oceanic boundary layer with the improved near-surface process. J. Geophys. Res. 104 C7 (1999) 15621-15634
76. Noh Y., Min H.S., and Raasch S. Large eddy simulation of the ocean mixed layer: the effects of wave breaking and Langmuir circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (2004) 720-733
77. Phillips O.M. The equilibrium range in the spectrum of wind-generated waves. J. Fluid Mech. 4 (1958) 426-433
78. Phillips O.M. The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean (1977), Cambridge University Press, London 336 pp
79. Picot, N., Case, K., Desai, S., Vincent, P., 2003. PODAAC User Handbook. IGDR and GDR Jason products. Tech. Rep. SMM-MU-M5-OP-13184-CN (AVISO), JPL D-21352 (PODAAC).
80. Pierson Jr. W.J., and Moskowitz L. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigorodskii. J. Geophys. Res. 69 24 (1964) 5181-5190
81. Polton J.A., Lewis D.M., and Belcher S.E. The role of wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing on the wind-driven mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 35 (2005) 444-457
82. Powell M.D., and Houston S.H. Surface wind fields of 1995 hurricanes Erin, Opal, Luis, Marilyn, and Roxanne at landfall. Mon. Weather Rev. 126 (1998) 1259-1273. Available from:
83. Powell M.D., Vickery P.J., and Reinhold T.A. Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature 422 (2003) 279-283
84. Queffeulou P. Long term validation of wave height measurements from altimeters. Mar. Geod. 27 (2004) 495-510 10.1080/01490410490883478
85. Queffeulou, P., 2006. Altimeter wave height validation - an update. In: Proceedings of OSTST meeting, Venice, Italy, March 16-18. Available from: .
86. 2 sink due to recent climate change. Science 316 (2007) 1735-1738
87. Rascle, N., 2007. Impact of waves on the ocean circulation (impact des vagues sur la circulation océanique). Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale. Available from: .
88. Rascle N., Ardhuin F., and Terray E.A. Drift and mixing under the ocean surface. A coherent one-dimensional description with application to unstratified conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 111 (2006) C03016 10.1029/2005JC003004
89. Sloss, P.W., 1993. Global relief cd-rom. Tech. rep., Marine Geology and Geophysics Division, U.S. National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC/MGGD). Available from: .
90. Smith J. Evolution of Langmuir circulation during a storm. J. Geophys. Res. 103 C6 (1998) 12649-12668. Available from:
91. Smith J.A. Observations and theories of Langmuir circulation: a story of mixing. In: Lumley J. (Ed). Fluid Mechanics and the Environment: Dynamical Approaches (2001), Springer, New York 295-314. Available from:
92. Smith J.A. Wave-current interactions in finite-depth. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36 (2006) 1403-1419
93. Snyder R.L., Dobson F.W., Elliot J.A., and Long R.B. Array measurement of atmospheric pressure fluctuations above surface gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech. 102 (1981) 1-59
94. Soloviev A., and Lukas R. Observation of wave-enhanced turbulence in the near-surface layer of the ocean during TOGA COARE. Deep Sea Res. I 50 (2003) 371-395
95. Sriver R.L., and Huber M. Observational evidence for an ocean heat pump induced by tropical cyclones. Nature 547 (2007) 577-580
96. Stacey M.W. Simulation of the wind-forced near-surface circulation in Knight Inlet: a parameterization of the roughness length. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29 (1999) 1363-1367
97. 2. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27 (1997) 2081-2086
98. Sullivan P.P., McWilliams J.C., and Melville W.K. Surface gravity wave effects in the oceanic boundary layer: large-eddy simulation with vortex force and stochastic breakers. J. Fluid Mech. 593 (2007) 405-452
99. Sullivan P.P., Edson J.B., Hristov T., and McWilliams J.C. Large-eddy simulations and observations of atmospheric marine boundary layers above nonequilibrium surface waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 65 3 (2008) 1225-1244
100. Terray E.A., Donelan M.A., Agrawal Y.C., Drennan W.M., Kahma K.K., Williams A.J., Hwang P.A., and Kitaigorodskii S.A. Estimates of kinetic energy dissipation under breaking waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (1996) 792-807
101. Terray E.A., Drennan W.M., and Donelan M.A. The vertical structure of shear and dissipation in the ocean surface layer. Proc. Symp. on Air-Sea Interaction (2000), University of New South Wales, Sydney 239-245
102. Tolman, H.L., 2002. Validation of WAVEWATCH-III version 1.15. Tech. Rep. 213, NOAA/NWS/NCEP/MMAB.
103. Tolman H.L. Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models. Ocean Modelling 5 (2003) 219-231
104. Tolman, H.L., 2007. The 2007 release of WAVEWATCH III. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop of Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, Hawaii. Available from: .
105. Tolman H.L., and Chalikov D. Source terms in a third-generation wind wave model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (1996) 2497-2518
106. Wang W., and Huang R.X. Wind energy input to the surface waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34 (2004) 1276-1280. Available from:
107. Wang D.W., Mitchell D.A., Teague W.J., Jarosz E., and Hulbert M.S. Extreme waves under hurricane Ivan. Science 309 (2005) 896
108. Weber J.E., and Førland E. Effect of the air on the drift velocity of water waves. J. Fluid Mech. 218 (1990) 619-640
109. Wessel P., and Smith W.H.F. A global self-consistent hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database. J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 8741-8743
110. WISE Group, 2007. Wave modelling-the state of the art. Prog. Oceanogr. 75, 603-674.
111. Wunsch C., and Ferrari R. Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36 (2003) 281-314
112. Xu Z., and Bowen A.J. Wave- and wind-driven flow in water of finite depth. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24 (1994) 1850-1866