Imaging of Diseases of the Axial and Peripheral Skeleton

Radiologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 703-733

  Cheong, Hsueh Wen ^a   Peh, Wilfred C G ^b   Guglielmi, Giuseppe ^c  

^a CHANGI GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^b ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FOGGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Elderly skeletal diseases; Geriatric skeletal diseases; Musculoskeletal imaging; Orthopedic imaging; Peripheral skeletal diseases

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; GALLIUM 67; MEDRONATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; TECHNETIUM 99M;

AGING; ANKYLOSING HYPEROSTOSIS; ARTHROPATHY; BACTERIAL ARTHRITIS; BONE ATROPHY; BONE CANCER; BONE DISEASE; BONE FRAGILITY; BONE INFECTION; BONE INJURY; BONE METASTASIS; BONE SCINTISCANNING; CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE ARTHROPATHY; CHONDROSARCOMA; CHORDOMA; CHRONIC ARTHRITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; COMPRESSION FRACTURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS; ELDERLY CARE; FALLING; FEMUR NECK FRACTURE; FRACTURE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; GOUT; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; JOINT DEGENERATION; LYMPHOMA; METABOLIC BONE DISEASE; MORTALITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY; MYELOMA; NEUROPATHIC JOINT DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOMYELITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAGET BONE DISEASE; PELVIS FRACTURE; PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIODIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SARCOMA; SCLERODERMA; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; BONE DISEASES; BONE NEOPLASMS; HIP FRACTURES; HIP JOINT; HUMANS; HYPEROSTOSIS; INFECTION; JOINT DISEASES; KNEE JOINT; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; PELVIS; SHOULDER JOINT; SPINAL FRACTURES;

EID: 52049102480     PISSN: 00338389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2008.04.007     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Day J.C. Population projections of the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1995 to 2050 (1996), US Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC p. 25-1130
2. Eliastam M. Elderly patients in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 18 (1989) 1222-1229
3. Graafmans W.C., Ooms M.E., Hofstee H.M., et al. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. Am J Epidemiol 143 (1996) 1129-1136
4. Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R., and Hudes E.S. Risk factors for injurious falls: a prospective study. J Gerontol 46 (1991) M164-M170
5. Pentecost R.L., Murray R.A., and Brindley H.H. Fatigue, insufficiency, and pathologic fractures. JAMA 187 (1964) 1001-1004
6. Quek S.T., and Peh W.C.G. Radiology of osteoporosis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 6 (2002) 197-206
7. Harris W.H., and Heaney R.P. Skeletal renewal and metabolic bone disease. N Engl J Med 280 (1969) 303-311
8. Mayo-Smith W., and Rosenthal D.I. Radiographic appearance of osteopenia. Radiol Clin North Am 29 (1991) 37-47
9. Nordell E., Jarnlo G.B., Jetsen C., et al. Accidental falls and related fractures in 65-74 year olds: a retrospective study of 332 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 71 (2000) 175-179
10. Gullberg B., Johnell O., and Kanis J.A. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 7 (1997) 407-413
11. Oden A., Dawson A., Dere W., et al. Lifetime risk of hip fractures is underestimated. Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) 599-603
12. Barnes R., Brown J.T., Garden R.S., et al. Subcapital fractures of the femur: a prospective review. J Bone Joint Surg Br 58 (1976) 2-24
13. Frihagen F., Nordsletten L., Tariq R., et al. MRI diagnosis of occult hip fractures. Acta Orthop 76 (2005) 524-530
14. Chana R., Noorani A., Ashwood N., et al. The role of MRI in the diagnosis of proximal femoral fractures in the elderly. Injury 37 (2006) 185-189
15. Legroux Gerot I., Demondion X., Louville A.B., et al. Subchondral fractures of the femoral head: a review of seven cases. Joint Bone Spine 71 (2004) 131-135
16. Rafii M., Mitnick H., Klug J., et al. Insufficiency fracture of the femoral head: MR imaging in three patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168 (1997) 159-163
17. Alost T., and Waldrop R.D. Profile of geriatric pelvic fractures presenting to the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 15 (1997) 576-578
18. O'Brien D.P., Luchette F.A., Pereira S.J., et al. Pelvic fracture in the elderly is associated with increased mortality. Surgery 132 (2002) 710-714
19. Kiuru M.J., Pihlajamaki H.K., and Ahovuo J.A. Fatigue stress injuries of the pelvic bones and proximal femur: evaluation with MR imaging. Eur Radiol 13 (2003) 605-611
20. Balseiro J., Brower A.C., and Ziessman H.A. Scintigraphic diagnosis of sacral fractures. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148 (1987) 111-113
21. Davies A.M., Evans N.S., and Struthers G.R. Parasymphyseal and associated insufficiency fractures of the pelvis and sacrum. Br J Radiol 61 (1988) 103-108
22. Peh W.C.G., Khong P.L., Yin Y., et al. Imaging of pelvic insufficiency fractures. Radiographics 16 (1996) 335-348
23. Grangier C., Garcia J., Howarth N.R., et al. Role of MRI in the diagnosis of insufficiency fractures of the sacrum and acetabular roof. Skeletal Radiol 26 (1997) 517-524
24. Peh W.C.G. Intrafracture fluid: a new diagnostic sign of insufficiency fractures of the sacrum and ilium. Br J Radiol 73 (2000) 895-898
25. Peh W.C.G., Cheng K.C., Ho W.Y., et al. Transient bone marrow oedema: a variant pattern of sacral insufficiency fractures. Australas Radiol 42 (1998) 102-105
26. Lyles K.W. Management of patients with vertebral compression fractures. Pharmacotherapy 19 (1999) 21-24
27. Lee Y.L., and Yip K.M. The osteoporotic spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 323 (1996) 91-97
28. Peh W.C.G., and Gilula L.A. Percutaneous vertebroplasty: an update. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 26 (2005) 52-64
29. Greenspan A., Norman A., and Tchang F.K. Tooth sign in patellar degenerative disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59 (1977) 483-485
30. Chakravarty K.K., and Webley M. Disorders of the shoulder: an often unrecognised cause of disability in elderly people. BMJ 300 (1990) 848-849
31. Hattrup S.J. Rotator cuff repair: relevance of patient age. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 4 (1995) 95-100
32. Wiener S.N., and Seitz Jr. W.H. Sonography of the shoulder in patients with tears of the rotator cuff: accuracy and value for selecting surgical options. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160 (1993) 103-107
33. Burk Jr. D.L., Karasick D., Kurtz A.B., et al. Rotator cuff tears: prospective comparison of MR imaging with arthrography, sonography, and surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 (1989) 87-92
34. Zlatkin M.B., Iannotti J.P., Roberts M.C., et al. Rotator cuff tears: diagnostic performance of MR imaging. Radiology 172 (1989) 223-229
35. Tirman P.F., Palmer W.E., and Feller J.F. MR arthrography of the shoulder. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 5 (1997) 811-839
36. Palmer W.E., Brown J.H., and Rosenthal D.I. Rotator cuff: evaluation with fat-suppressed MR arthrography. Radiology 188 (1993) 683-687
37. Biyani A., and Andersson G.B. Low back pain: pathophysiology and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 12 (2004) 106-115
38. Jensen M.C., Brant-Zawadzki M.N., Obuchowski N., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 69-73
39. Peh W.C.G. Provocative discography: current status. Biomed Imaging Interv J 1 (2005) e2
40. Willems P.C., Jacobs W., Duinkerke E.S., et al. Lumbar discography: should we use prophylactic antibiotics? A study of 435 consecutive discograms and a systematic review of the literature. J Spinal Disord Tech 17 (2004) 243-247
41. Cammisa M., De Serio A., and Guglielmi G. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Eur J Radiol 27 Suppl 1 (1998) S7-S11
42. Resnick D., Guerra Jr. J., Robinson C.A., et al. Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and calcification and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. AJR Am J Roentgenol 131 (1978) 1049-1053
43. Deal C.L., Meenan R.F., Goldenberg D.L., et al. The clinical features of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with younger-onset disease of similar duration. Arthritis Rheum 28 (1985) 987-994
44. Healey L.A. Rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly. Clin Rheum Dis 12 (1986) 173-179
45. Halla J.T., Fallahi S., and Hardin J.G. Small joint involvement: a systematic roentgenographic study in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 45 (1986) 327-330
46. Weissman B.N., Aliabadi P., Weinfeld M.S., et al. Prognostic features of atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Radiology 144 (1982) 745-751
47. Kudo H., Iwano K., and Yoshizawa H. Cervical cord compression due to extradural granulation tissue in rheumatoid arthritis: a review of five cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 66 (1984) 426-430
48. Johnston A.D. Pathology of metastatic tumors in bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 73 (1970) 8-32
49. Muindi J., Coombes R.C., Golding S., et al. The role of computed tomography in the detection of bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Br J Radiol 56 (1983) 233-236
50. Baur A., Stabler A., Bruning R., et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of bone marrow: differentiation of benign versus pathologic compression fractures. Radiology 207 (1998) 349-356
51. Spuentrup E., Buecker A., Adam G., et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging for differentiation of benign fracture edema and tumor infiltration of the vertebral body. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176 (2001) 351-358
52. Chan J.H., Peh W.C.G., Tsui E.Y., et al. Acute vertebral body compression fractures: discrimination between benign and malignant causes using apparent diffusion coefficients. Br J Radiol 75 (2002) 207-214
53. Algra P.R., Bloem J.L., Tissing H., et al. Detection of vertebral metastases: comparison between MR imaging and bone scintigraphy. Radiographics 11 (1991) 219-232
54. Aitchison F.A., Poon F.W., Hadley M.D., et al. Vertebral metastases and an equivocal bone scan: value of magnetic resonance imaging. Nucl Med Commun 13 (1992) 429-431
55. Steinborn M.M., Heuck A.F., Tiling R., et al. Whole-body bone marrow MRI in patients with metastatic disease to the skeletal system. J Comput Assist Tomogr 23 (1999) 123-129
56. Schmidt G.P., Schoenberg S.O., Schmid R., et al. Screening for bone metastases: whole-body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual-modality PET-CT. Eur Radiol 17 (2007) 939-949
57. Keidar Z., Israel O., and Krausz Y. SPECT/CT in tumor imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Nucl Med 33 (2003) 205-218
58. Kostakoglu L., Hardoff R., Mirtcheva R., et al. PET-CT fusion imaging in differentiating physiologic from pathologic FDG uptake. Radiographics 24 (2004) 1411-1431
59. Even-Sapir E., Metser U., Flusser G., et al. Assessment of malignant skeletal disease: initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 272-278
60. Even-Sapir E. Imaging of malignant bone involvement by morphologic, scintigraphic, and hybrid modalities. J Nucl Med 46 (2005) 1356-1367
61. Singer C.R. ABC of clinical haematology: multiple myeloma and related conditions. BMJ 314 (1997) 960-963
62. Schreiman J.S., McLeod R.A., Kyle R.A., et al. Multiple myeloma: evaluation by CT. Radiology 154 (1985) 483-486
63. Ludwig H., Kumpan W., and Sinzinger H. Radiography and bone scintigraphy in multiple myeloma: a comparative analysis. Br J Radiol 55 (1982) 173-181
64. Namboodiri K.K., and Harris R.E. Hematopoietic and lymphoproliferative cancer among male veterans using the Veterans Administration Medical System. Cancer 68 (1991) 1123-1130
65. Rosenberg S.A., Diamond H.D., Jaslowitz B., et al. Lymphosarcoma: a review of 1269 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 40 (1961) 31-84
66. Mulligan M.E., McRae G.A., and Murphey M.D. Imaging features of primary lymphoma of bone. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173 (1999) 1691-1697
67. Malloy P.C., Fishman E.K., and Magid D. Lymphoma of bone, muscle, and skin: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159 (1992) 805-809
68. Coley B.L., Higinbotham N.L., and Groesbeck H.P. Primary reticulum-cell sarcoma of bone: summary of 37 cases. Radiology 55 (1950) 641-658
69. Mulligan M.E., and Kransdorf M.J. Sequestra in primary lymphoma of bone: prevalence and radiologic features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160 (1993) 1245-1248
70. Krishnan A., Shirkhoda A., Tehranzadeh J., et al. Primary bone lymphoma: radiographic-MR imaging correlation. Radiographics 23 (2003) 1371-1383
71. White L.M., Schweitzer M.E., Khalili K., et al. MR imaging of primary lymphoma of bone: variability of T2-weighted signal intensity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 170 (1998) 1243-1247
72. Smith J. Radiation-induced sarcoma of bone: clinical and radiographic findings in 43 patients irradiated for soft tissue neoplasms. Clin Radiol 33 (1982) 205-221
73. Lorigan J.G., Libshitz H.I., and Peuchot M. Radiation-induced sarcoma of bone: CT findings in 19 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 (1989) 791-794
74. Larsson S.E., and Lorentzon R. The incidence of malignant primary bone tumours in relation to age, sex and site: a study of osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma diagnosed in Sweden from 1958 to 1968. J Bone Joint Surg Br 56B (1974) 534-540
75. Frassica F.J., Unni K.K., Beabout J.W., et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: a report of the clinicopathological features and treatment of seventy-eight cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 68 (1986) 1197-1205
76. Mercuri M., Picci P., Campanacci L., et al. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Skeletal Radiol 24 (1995) 409-416
77. Shah Z.K., Peh W.C.G., Wong Y., et al. Sarcomatous transformation in diaphyseal aclasis. Australas Radiol 51 (2007) 110-119
78. Murphey M.D., Walker E.A., Wilson A.J., et al. From the archives of the AFIP. Imaging of primary chondrosarcoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 23 (2003) 1245-1278
79. Hudson T.M., Chew F.S., and Manaster B.J. Radionuclide bone scanning of medullary chondrosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 139 (1982) 1071-1076
80. Murphey M.D., Flemming D.J., Boyea S.R., et al. Enchondroma versus chondrosarcoma in the appendicular skeleton: differentiating features. Radiographics 18 (1998) 1213-1237
81. McMaster M.L., Goldstein A.M., Bromley C.M., et al. Chordoma: incidence and survival patterns in the United States, 1973-1995. Cancer Causes Control 12 (2001) 1-11
82. Soo M.Y. Chordoma: review of clinicoradiological features and factors affecting survival. Australas Radiol 45 (2001) 427-434
83. Dahlin D.C., and Maccarty C.S. Chordoma. Cancer 5 (1952) 1170-1178
84. Meyer J.E., Lepke R.A., Lindfors K.K., et al. Chordomas: their CT appearance in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. Radiology 153 (1984) 693-696
85. Peh W.C.G., Koh W.L., Kwek J.W., et al. Imaging of painful solitary lesions of the sacrum. Australas Radiol 51 (2007) 507-515
86. Erdem E., Angtuaco E.C., Van Hemert R., et al. Comprehensive review of intracranial chordoma. Radiographics 23 (2003) 995-1009
87. Wetzel L.H., and Levine E. Pictorial essay. MR imaging of sacral and presacral lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154 (1990) 771-775
88. Palestro C.J., and Torres M.A. Radionuclide imaging in orthopedic infections. Semin Nucl Med 27 (1997) 334-345
89. Bureau N.J., Chhem R.K., and Cardinal E. Musculoskeletal infections: US manifestations. Radiographics 19 (1999) 1585-1592
90. Morrison W.B., Schweitzer M.E., Bock G.W., et al. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 189 (1993) 251-257
91. Marcus C.D., Ladam-Marcus V.J., Leone J., et al. MR imaging of osteomyelitis and neuropathic osteoarthropathy in the feet of diabetics. Radiographics 16 (1996) 1337-1348
92. Kaandorp C.J., Van Schaardenburg D., Krijnen P., et al. Risk factors for septic arthritis in patients with joint disease: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 38 (1995) 1819-1825
93. Gavet F., Tournadre A., Soubrier M., et al. Septic arthritis in patients aged 80 and older: a comparison with younger adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 53 (2005) 1210-1213
94. van Holsbeeck M., and Introcaso J.H. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Radiol Clin North Am 30 (1992) 907-925
95. Greenspan A., and Tehranzadeh J. Imaging of infectious arthritis. Radiol Clin North Am 39 (2001) 267-276
96. Karchevsky M., Schweitzer M.E., Morrison W.B., et al. MRI findings of septic arthritis and associated osteomyelitis in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 (2004) 119-122