Genome sequence of a lancefield group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus strain causing epidemic nephritis: New information about an old disease

PLoS ONE

Volumn 3, Issue 8, 2008, Pages

  Beres, Stephen B ^a   Sesso, Ricardo ^b   Pinto, Sergio Wyton L ^c   Hoe, Nancy P ^d   Porcella, Stephen F ^e   DeLeo, Frank R ^e   Musser, James M ^a  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c Division of Nephrology Hospital Sao Joao de Deus   (Brazil)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; COLLAGEN LIKE PROTEIN; EXOTOXIN; STREPTOCOCCAL PYROGENIC EXOTOXIN B; STREPTOCOCCUS ANTIGEN; STREPTOKINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRULENCE FACTOR; BACTERIAL RNA; PROTEOME;

ALLERGIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM COMPETENCE; BINDING SITE; BRAZIL; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EPIDEMIC; GENE FUNCTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE STRUCTURE; NEPHRITIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; ORTHOLOGY; PATHOGENESIS; PROPHAGE; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SPECIES COMPARISON; STREPTOCOCCUS EQUI ZOOEPIDEMICUS; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; CHROMOSOME MAP; CLASSIFICATION; ESSENTIAL GENE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STREPTOCOCCUS EQUI; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

STREPTOCOCCUS EQUI SUBSP. ZOOEPIDEMICUS; STREPTOCOCCUS SP. 'GROUP A'; STREPTOCOCCUS SP. 'GROUP C';

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; GENES, ESSENTIAL; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOME, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; NEPHRITIS; PROTEOME; RNA, BACTERIAL; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS EQUI;

EID: 51849112875     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003026     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Balter S, Benin A, Pinto SW, Teixeira LM, Alvim GG, et al. (2000) Epidemic nephritis in Nova Serrana, Brazil. Lancet 355: 1776-1780.
2. Nicholson ML, Ferdinand L, Sampson JS, Benin A, Balter S, et al. (2000) Analysis of immunoreactivity to a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus M-like protein To confirm an outbreak of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequences of M-like proteins from isolates obtained from different host species. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4126-4130.
3. Timoney JF (2004) The pathogenic equine streptococci. Vet Res 35: 397-409.
4. Albarracin C, Rosencrance G, Boland J, Hernandez JE (1998) Bacteremia due to streptococcus zooepidemicus associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. W V Med J 94: 90-92.
5. Barnham M, Cole G, Efstratiou A, Tagg JR, Skjold SA (1987) Characterization of Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield group C) from human and selected animal infections. Epidemiol Infect 98: 171-182.
6. Boucher C, Higgins R, Nadeau M, Vincent C (2002) A case of zoonosis associated with Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus. Can Vet J 43: 123-124.
7. Bradley SF, Gordon JJ, Baumgartner DD, Marasco WA, Kauffman CA (1991) Group C streptococcal bacteremia: analysis of 88 cases. Rev Infect Dis 13: 270-280.
8. Carragoso A, Capelo J (2007) Spinal epidural abscess due to group C Streptococcus. Acta Reumatol Port 32: 287-297.
9. Downar J, Willey BM, Sutherland JW, Mathew K, Low DE (2001) Streptococcal meningitis resulting from contact with an infected horse. J Clin Microbiol 39: 2358-2359.
10. Ferrandiere M, Cattier B, Dequin PF, Hazouard E, Legras A, et al. (1998) Septicemia and meningitis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17: 290-291.
11. Hashikawa S, Iinuma Y, Furushita M, Ohkura T, Nada T, et al. (2004) Characterization of group C and G streptococcal strains that cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 42: 186-192.
12. Kohler W, Cederberg A (1976) Streptococcus zooepidemicus (group C streptococci) as a cause of human infection. Scand J Infect Dis 8: 217-218.
13. Korman TM, Boers A, Gooding TM, Curtis N, Visvanathan K (2004) Fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to group C streptococcus associated with superantigen exotoxin. J Clin Microbiol 42: 2866-2869.
14. Latorre M, Alvarez M, Fernandez JM, Berdonces P, Llanos A, et al. (1993) A case of meningitis due to "Streptococcus zooepidemicus". Clin Infect Dis 17: 932-933.
15. Lee AS, Dyer JR (2004) Severe Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener. Med J Aust 180: 366.
16. Low DE, Young MR, Harding GK (1980) Group C streptococcal meningitis in an adult. Probable acquistion from a horse. Arch Intern Med 140: 977-978.
17. Martinez-Luengas F, Inclan GM, Pastor A, Montejo M, Barron J, et al. (1982) Endocarditis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Can Med Assoc J 127: 13.
18. McKeage MJ, Humble MW, Morrison RB (1990) Streptococcus zooepidemicus cellulitis and bacteraemia in a renal transplant recipient. Aust N Z J Med 20: 177-178.
19. Pati S, Al-Araji A, Orendi J (2007) Atypical presentation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus bacteraemia and secondary meningitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109: 475-476.
20. Rodriguez Suarez P, Cuesta Lopez M, Varela de Ugarte A (2001) Infection due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma: a rare zoonosis. Arch Bronconeumol 37: 267-268.
21. Rose HD, Allen JR, Witte G (1980) Streptococcus zooepidemicus (group C) pneumonia in a human. J Clin Microbiol 11: 76-78.
22. Salazar L, Herrero C, Lantero M, Castanares MJ, Borque L (1994) Infectious pericarditis caused by beta-hemolytic group C streptococci (S. zooepidemicus). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 12: 223-224.
23. Shah SS, Matthews RP, Cohen C (2001) Group C streptococcal meningitis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 445-448.
24. Thorley AM, Campbell D, Moghal NE, Hudson S (2007) Post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis secondary to sporadic Streptococcus equi infection. Pediatr Nephrol 22: 597-599.
25. Ural O, Tuncer I, Dikici N, Aridogan B (2003) Streptococcus zooepidemicus meningitis and bacteraemia. Scand J Infect Dis 35: 206-207.
26. Valve K, Vuento R (1992) Streptococcus zooepidemicus sepsis in an elderly woman. Duodecim 108: 1270-1274.
27. Wong J, Chau PY, Wei WI, Ong GB (1982) Abdominal aortic infection by a group C Streptococcus (S zooepidemicus). Aust N Z J Surg 52: 576-578.
28. Yague Munoz A, Sanchez Fuentes D, Hernandez Salvador J, Diego Gomez JM (1990) Sepsis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Rev Clin Esp 187: 255-256.
29. Yuen KY, Seto WH, Choi CH, Ng W, Ho SW, et al. (1990) Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield group C) septicaemia in Hong Kong. J Infect 21: 241-250.
30. (1994) Unpasteurised milk and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 4: 241.
31. Barnham M, Thornton TJ, Lange K (1983) Nephritis caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield group C). Lancet 1: 945-948.
32. Barrett NJ (1986) Communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in England and Wales: 1983-1984. J Infect 12: 265-272.
33. Bordes-Benitez A, Sanchez-Onoro M, Suarez-Bordon P, Garcia-Rojas AJ, Saez-Nieto JA, et al. (2006) Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections on the island of Gran Canaria associated with the consumption of inadequately pasteurized cheese. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25: 242-246.
34. Duca E, Buiuc D, Bernescu E (1971) Considerations on the nephritogenic properties of the group C streptococcus, type zooepidemicus. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 75: 105-110.
35. Edwards AT, Roulson M, Ironside MJ (1988) A milk-borne outbreak of serious infection due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Lancefield Group C). Epidemiol Infect 101: 43-51.
36. Francis AJ, Nimmo GR, Efstratiou A, Galanis V, Nuttall N (1993) Investigation of milk-borne Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection associated with glomerulonephritis in Australia. J Infect 27: 317-323.
37. Kuusi M, Lahti E, Virolainen A, Hatakka M, Vuento R, et al. (2006) An outbreak of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus associated with consumption of fresh goat cheese. BMC Infect Dis 6: 36.
38. Sharp JC, Paterson GM, Barrett NJ (1985) Pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291: 463-464.
39. Nordstrand A, Norgren M, Holm SE (1999) Pathogenic mechanism of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Scand J Infect Dis 31: 523-537.
40. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Batsford S (2007) Pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis a century after Clemens von Pirquet. Kidney Int 71: 1094-1104.
41. Earle DP, Seegal D (1957) Natural history of glomerulonephritis. J Chronic Dis 5: 3-13.
42. Kleinman H (1954) Epidemic acute glomerulonephritis at Red Lake. Minn Med 37: 479-483; passim.
43. Kodama T, Miyamoto Y, Kotake I, Ochiai S (1958) Epidemic nephritis in Japan. Yokohama Med Bull 9: 105-118.
44. Poon-King T, Mohammed I, Cox R, Potter EV, Simon NM, et al. (1967) Recurrent epidemic nephritis in South Trinidad. N Engl J Med 277: 728-733.
45. Rammelkamp CH Jr (1957) Microbiologic aspects of glomerulonephritis. J Chronic Dis 5: 28-33.
46. Rammelkamp CH Jr, Stetson CA, Krause RM, Perry WD, Kohen RJ (1954) Epidemic nephritis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 67: 276-282.
47. Rammelkamp CH Jr, Weaver RS (1953) Acute glomerulonephritis, the significance of the variations in the incidence of the disease. J Clin Invest 32: 345-358.
48. Rammelkamp CH Jr, Weaver RS, Dingle JH (1952) Significance of the epidemiological differences between acute nephritis and acute rheumatic fever. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 65: 168-175.
49. Reid HF, Bassett DC, Gaworzewska E, Colman G, Poon-King T (1990) Streptococcal serotypes newly associated with epidemic post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. J Med Microbiol 32: 111-114.
50. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Garcia R, Rubio L, Cuenca L, Treser G, et al. (1976) Epidemic glomerulonephritis in Maracaibo. Evidence for progression to chronicity. Clin Nephrol 5: 197-206.
51. Wertheim AR, Lyttle JD, Loeb EN, Earle DP Jr, Seegal BC, et al. (1953) The association of type specific hemolytic streptococci with acute glomerulonephritis at the Presbyterian and babies Hospitals, New York, N.Y., in the years 1936-1942. J Clin Invest 32: 359-363.
52. Boekhorst J, de Been MW, Kleerebezem M, Siezen RJ (2005) Genome-wide detection and analysis of cell wall-bound proteins with LPxTG-like sorting motifs. J Bacteriol 187: 4928-4934.
53. Dirix G, Monsieurs P, Dombrecht B, Daniels R, Marchal K, et al. (2004) Peptide signal molecules and bacteriocins in Gram-negative bacteria: a genome-wide in silico screening for peptides containing a double-glycine leader sequence and their cognate transporters. Peptides 25: 1425-1440.
54. Pallen MJ (2002) The ESAT-6/WXG100 superfamily - and a new Gram-positive secretion system? Trends Microbiol 10: 209-212.
55. Burts ML, Williams WA, DeBord K, Missiakas DM (2005) EsxA and EsxB are secreted by an ESAT-6-like system that is required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 1169-1174.
56. Beres SB, Musser JM (2007) Contribution of exogenous genetic elements to the group A Streptococcus metagenome. PLoS ONE 2: e800.
57. Tettelin H, Masignani V, Cieslewicz MJ, Donati C, Medini D, et al. (2005) Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: implications for the microbial "pan-genome". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 13950-13955.
58. Alber J, El-Sayed A, Estoepangestie S, Lammler C, Zschock M (2005) Dissemination of the superantigen encoding genes seeL, seeM, szeL and szeM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Vet Microbiol 109: 135-141.
59. Artiushin SC, Timoney JF, Sheoran AS, Muthupalani SK (2002) Characterization and immunogenicity of pyrogenic mitogens SePE-H and SePE-I of Streptococcus equi. Microb Pathog 32: 71-85.
60. Ajdic D, McShan WM, McLaughlin RE, Savic G, Chang J, et al. (2002) Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 14434-14439.
61. Hoskins J, Alborn WE Jr, Arnold J, Blaszczak LC, Burgett S, et al. (2001) Genome of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R6. J Bacteriol 183: 5709-5717.
62. Lanie JA, Ng WL, Kazmierczak KM, Andrzejewski TM, Davidsen TM, et al. (2007) Genome sequence of Avery's virulent serotype 2 strain D39 of Streptococcus pneumoniae and comparison with that of unencapsulated laboratory strain R6. J Bacteriol 189: 38-51.
63. Tettelin H, Nelson KE, Paulsen IT, Eisen JA, Read TD, et al. (2001) Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Science 293: 498-506.
64. Vickerman MM, Iobst S, Jesionowski AM, Gill SR (2007) Genome-wide transcriptional changes in Streptococcus gordonii in response to competence signaling peptide. J Bacteriol 189: 7799-7807.
65. Xu P, Alves JM, Kitten T, Brown A, Chen Z, et al. (2007) Genome of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis. J Bacteriol 189: 3166-3175.
66. Bolotin A, Quinquis B, Renault P, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD, et al. (2004) Complete sequence and comparative genome analysis of the dairy bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus. Nat Biotechnol 22: 1554-1558.
67. Makarova K, Slesarev A, Wolf Y, Sorokin A, Mirkin B, et al. (2006) Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 15611-15616.
68. Claverys JP, Martin B (2003) Bacterial "competence" genes: signatures of active transformation, or only remnants? Trends Microbiol 11: 161-165.
69. Peterson SN, Sung CK, Cline R, Desai BV, Snesrud EC, et al. (2004) Identification of competence pheromone responsive genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae by use of DNA microarrays. Mol Microbiol 51: 1051-1070.
70. Martin B, Quentin Y, Fichant G, Claverys JP (2006) Independent evolution of competence regulatory cascades in streptococci? Trends Microbiol 14: 339-345.
71. Hidalgo-Grass C, Ravins M, Dan-Goor M, Jaffe J, Moses AE, et al. (2002) A locus of group A Streptococcus involved in invasive disease and DNA transfer. Mol Microbiol 46: 87-99.
72. Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, et al. (2007) CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science 315: 1709-1712.
73. Deveau H, Barrangou R, Garneau JE, Labonte J, Fremaux C, et al. (2008) Phage response to CRISPR-encoded resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus. J Bacteriol 190: 1390-1400.
74. Horvath P, Romero DA, Coute-Monvoisin AC, Richards M, Deveau H, et al. (2008) Diversity, activity, and evolution of CRISPR loci in Streptococcus thermophilus. J Bacteriol 190: 1401-1412.
75. Poyart C, Quesne G, Coulon S, Berche P, Trieu-Cuot P (1998) Identification of streptococci to species level by sequencing the gene encoding the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase. J Clin Microbiol 36: 41-47.
76. Tapp J, Thollesson M, Herrmann B (2003) Phylogenetic relationships and genotyping of the genus Streptococcus by sequence determination of the RNase P RNA gene, rnpB. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53: 1861-1871.
77. Glaser P, Rusniok C, Buchrieser C, Chevalier F, Frangeul L, et al. (2002) Genome sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathogen causing invasive neonatal disease. Mol Microbiol 45: 1499-1513.
78. Tettelin H, Masignani V, Cieslewicz MJ, Eisen JA, Peterson S, et al. (2002) Complete genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of an emerging human pathogen, serotype V Streptococcus agalactiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 12391-12396.
79. Eisen JA, Heidelberg JF, White O, Salzberg SL (2000) Evidence for symmetric chromosomal inversions around the replication origin in bacteria. Genome Biol 1: RESEARCH0011.
80. Banks DJ, Beres SB, Musser JM (2002) The fundamental contribution of phages to GAS evolution, genome diversification and strain emergence. Trends Microbiol 10: 515-521.
81. Igwe EI, Shewmaker PL, Facklam RR, Farley MM, van Beneden C, et al. (2003) Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 229: 259-264.
82. Proft T, Webb PD, Handley V, Fraser JD (2003) Two novel superantigens found in both group A and group C Streptococcus. Infect Immun 71: 1361-1369.
83. Sumby P, Porcella SF, Madrigal AG, Barbian KD, Virtaneva K, et al. (2005) Evolutionary origin and emergence of a highly successful clone of serotype M1 group a Streptococcus involved multiple horizontal gene transfer events. J Infect Dis 192: 771-782.
84. Telford JL, Barocchi MA, Margarit I, Rappuoli R, Grandi G (2006) Pili in gram-positive pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 4: 509-519.
85. Mishra A, Das A, Cisar JO, Ton-That H (2007) Sortase-catalyzed assembly of distinct heteromeric fimbriae in Actinomyces naeslundii. J Bacteriol 189: 3156-3165.
86. Gaspar AH, Ton-That H (2006) Assembly of distinct pilus structures on the surface of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Bacteriol 188: 1526-1533.
87. Rasmussen M, Jacobsson M, Bjorck L (2003) Genome-based identification and analysis of collagen-related structural motifs in bacterial and viral proteins. J Biol Chem 278: 32313-32316.
88. Caswell CC, Lukomska E, Seo NS, Hook M, Lukomski S (2007) Sc11-dependent internalization of group A Streptococcus via direct interactions with the alpha2beta(1) integrin enhances pathogen survival and re-emergence. Mol Microbiol 64: 1319-1331.
89. Humtsoe JO, Kim JK, Xu Y, Keene DR, Hook M, et al. (2005) A streptococcal collagen-like protein interacts with the alpha2beta1 integrin and induces intracellular signaling. J Biol Chem 280: 13848-13857.
90. Talay S (2008) Invasive streptococci transmigrate endotheial cells. XVII Lancefield International Syposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases Porto Heli: Greece.
91. Hoe NP, Lukomska E, Musser JM, Lukomski S (2007) Characterization of the immune response to collagen-like proteins Scl1 and Scl2 of serotype M1 and M28 group A Streptococcus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 277: 142-149.
92. Kefalides NA, Pegg MT, Ohno N, Poon-King T, Zabriskie J, et al. (1986) Antibodies to basement membrane collagen and to laminin are present in sera from patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 163: 588-602.
93. Ohkuni H, Friedman J, van de Rijn I, Fischetti VA, Poon-King T, et al. (1983) Immunological studies of post-streptococcal sequelae: serological studies with an extracellular protein associated with nephritogenic streptococci. Clin Exp Immunol 54: 185-193.
94. Villarreal H Jr, Fischetti VA, van de Rijn I, Zabriskie JB (1979) The occurrence of a protein in the extracellular products of streptococci isolated from patients with acute glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 149: 459-472.
95. Johnston KH, Zabriskie JB (1986) Purification and partial characterization of the nephritis strain-associated protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, group A. J Exp Med 163: 697-712.
96. Mezzano S, Burgos E, Mahabir R, Kemeny E, Zabriskie JB (1992) Failure to detect unique reactivity to streptococcal streptokinase in either the sera or renal biopsy specimens of patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 38: 305-310.
97. McArthur JD, McKay FC, Ramachandran V, Shyam P, Cork AJ, et al. (2008) Allelic variants of streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes display functional differences in plasminogen activation. FASEB J.
98. Haase A, Melder A, Kemp D, Mathews J (1994) Streptokinase alleles and disease association in group A streptococci. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 10: 75-80.
99. Johnston KH, Chaiban JE, Wheeler RC (1991) Analysis of the variable domain of the streptokinase gene from group A streptococcus by the polymerase chain reaction. In: Dunny GM, Cleary PP, McKay LL, eds. Genetics and Moleular Biology of Streptococci, Lactococci, and Enterococci. Washington: ASM Press. pp 190-194.
100. Kapur V, Kanjilal S, Hamrick MR, Li LL, Whittam TS, et al. (1995) Molecular population genetic analysis of the streptokinase gene of Streptococcus pyogenes: mosaic alleles generated by recombination. Mol Microbiol 16: 509-519.
101. Tewodros W, Norgren M, Kronvall G (1995) Streptokinase activity among group A streptococci in relation to streptokinase genotype, plasminogen binding, and disease manifestations. Microb Pathog 18: 53-65.
102. Lange K, Ahmed U, Kleinberger H, Treser G (1976) A hitherto unknown streptococcal antigen and its probable relation to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 5: 207-215.
103. Yamakami K, Yoshizawa N, Wakabayashi K, Takeuchi A, Tadakuma T, et al. (2000) The potential role for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Methods 21: 185-197.
104. Yoshizawa N, Oshima S, Sagel I, Shimizu J, Treser G (1992) Role of a streptococcal antigen in the pathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Characterization of the antigen and a proposed mechanism for the disease. J Immunol 148: 3110-3116.
105. Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, Fujino M, Oda T, Tamura K, et al. (2004) Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: characterization of the antigen and associated immune response. J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 1785-1793.
106. Batsford SR, Mezzano S, Mihatsch M, Schiltz E, Rodriguez-Iturbe B (2005) Is the nephritogenic antigen in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) or GAPDH? Kidney Int 68: 1120-1129.
107. Fujino M, Yamakami K, Oda T, Omasu F, Murai T, et al. (2007) Sequence and expression of NAPlr is conserved among group A streptococci isolated from patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and non-APSGN. J Nephrol 20: 364-369.
108. Migliorini P, Pratesi F, Bongiorni F, Moscato S, Scavuzzo M, et al. (2002) The targets of nephritogenic antibodies in systemic autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev 1: 168-173.
109. Terrier B, Degand N, Guilpain P, Servettaz A, Guillevin L, et al. (2007) Alpha-enolase: a target of antibodies in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 6: 176-182.
110. Pancholi V, Fischetti VA (1998) alpha-enolase, a novel strong plasmin(ogen) binding protein on the surface of pathogenic streptococci. J Biol Chem 273: 14503-14515.
111. Fontan PA, Pancholi V, Nociari MM, Fischetti VA (2000) Antibodies to streptococcal surface enolase react with human alpha-enolase: implications in poststreptococcal sequelae. J Infect Dis 182: 1712-1721.
112. Poon-King R, Bannan J, Viteri A, Cu G, Zabriskie JB (1993) Identification of an extracellular plasmin binding protein from nephritogenic streptococci. J Exp Med 178: 759-763.
113. Parra G, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Batsford S, Vogt A, Mezzano S, et al. (1998) Antibody to streptococcal zymogen in the serum of patients with acute glomerulonephritis: a multicentric study. Kidney Int 54: 509-517.
114. Barnham M, Chapman F, Cu G, Afriyie J, Zabriskie JB (1996) The Occurrence of Nephritis Plasmin Binding Protein (SPEB) in the Extracellular Products of Group C Nephritogenic Streptococcus zooepidemicus. In: Horaud T, Bouvet A, Leclercq R, Montclos H, Sicard M, eds. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Paris, France: Springer. pp 149-152.
115. Musser JM, Hauser AR, Kim MH, Schlievert PM, Nelson K, et al. (1991) Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 2668-2672.
116. Yu CE, Ferretti JJ (1991) Frequency of the erythrogenic toxin B and C genes (speB and speC) among clinical isolates of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 59: 211-215.
117. Banks DJ, Porcella SF, Barbian KD, Beres SB, Philips LE, et al. (2004) Progress toward characterization of the group A Streptococcus metagenome: complete genome sequence of a macrolide-resistant serotype M6 strain. J Infect Dis 190: 727-738.
118. Green NM, Zhang S, Porcella SF, Nagiec MJ, Barbian KD, et al. (2005) Genome sequence of a serotype M28 strain of group a streptococcus: potential new insights into puerperal sepsis and bacterial disease specificity. J Infect Dis 192: 760-770.
119. Griffiths-Jones S, Moxon S, Marshall M, Khanna A, Eddy SR, et al. (2005) Rfam: annotating non-coding RNAs in complete genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 33: D121-124.
120. Laslett D, Canback B (2004) ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 32: 11-16.
121. Lowe TM, Eddy SR (1997) tRNAscan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 955-964.
122. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, et al. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 3389-3402.
123. Delcher AL, Bratke KA, Powers EC, Salzberg SL (2007) Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer. Bioinformatics 23: 673-679.
124. Bendtsen JD, Nielsen H, von Heijne G, Brunak S (2004) Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0. J Mol Biol 340: 783-795.
125. Juncker AS, Willenbrock H, Von Heijne G, Brunak S, Nielsen H, et al. (2003) Prediction of lipoprotein signal peptides in Gram-negative bacteria. Protein Sci 12: 1652-1662.
126. Comfort D, Clubb RT (2004) A comparative genome analysis identifies distinct sorting pathways in gram-positive bacteria. Infect Immun 72: 2710-2722.
127. Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C (2007) CRISPRFinder: a web tool to identify clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Nucleic Acids Res 35: W52-57.
128. Van Domselaar GH, Stothard P, Shrivastava S, Cruz JA, Guo A, et al. (2005) BASys: a web server for automated bacterial genome annotation. Nucleic Acids Res 33: W455-459.
129. Aziz RK, Bartels D, Best AA, DeJongh M, Disz T, et al. (2008) The RAST Server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology. BMC Genomics 9: 75.
130. Rutherford K, Parkhill J, Crook J, Horsnell T, Rice P, et al. (2000) Artemis: sequence visualization and annotation. Bioinformatics 16: 944-945.
131. Catanho M, Mascarenhas D, Degrave W, de Miranda AB (2006) BioParser: a tool for processing of sequence similarity analysis reports. Appl Bioinformatics 5: 49-53.
132. Ghai R, Hain T, Chakraborty T (2004) GenomeViz: visualizing microbial genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 5: 198.
133. Rice P, Longden I, Bleasby A (2000) EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends Genet 16: 276-277.
134. Chenna R, Sugawara H, Koike T, Lopez R, Gibson TJ, et al. (2003) Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 3497-3500.
135. Huson DH, Bryant D (2006) Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol 23: 254-267.
136. Rastogi PA (2000) MacVector. Integrated sequence analysis for the Macintosh. Methods Mol Biol 132: 47-69.
137. Ferretti JJ, McShan WM, Ajdic D, Savic DJ, Savic G, et al. (2001) Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 4658-4663.
138. Beres SB, Sylva GL, Barbian KD, Lei B, Hoff JS, et al. (2002) Genome sequence of a serotype M3 strain of group A Streptococcus: phage-encoded toxins, the high-virulence phenotype, and clone emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 10078-10083.
139. Nakagawa I, Kurokawa K, Yamashita A, Nakata M, Tomiyasu Y, et al. (2003) Genome sequence of an M3 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes reveals a large-scale genomic rearrangement in invasive strains and new insights into phage evolution. Genome Res 13: 1042-1055.
140. Holden MT, Scott A, Cherevach I, Chillingworth T, Churcher C, et al. (2007) Complete genome of acute rheumatic fever-associated serotype M5 Streptococcus pyogenes strain manfredo. J Bacteriol 189: 1473-1477.
141. Smoot JC, Barbian KD, Van Gompel JJ, Smoot LM, Chaussee MS, et al. (2002) Genome sequence and comparative microarray analysis of serotype M18 group A Streptococcus strains associated with acute rheumatic fever outbreaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 4668-4673.
142. Chen C, Tang J, Dong W, Wang C, Feng Y, et al. (2007) A glimpse of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome from comparative genomics of S. suis 2 Chinese isolates. PLoS ONE 2: e315.