Organ procurement after cardiocirculatory death: A critical analysis

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 303-312

  Rady, Mohamed Y ^a   Verheijde, Joseph L ^a   McGregor, Joan ^b  

^a MAYO CLINIC HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiocirculatory death; Ethics; Organ donation; Organ procurement; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE; LIDOCAINE;

APNEA; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; CALCULATION; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEATH; DIAGNOSIS; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEART ARREST; HEART DEATH; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; ISCHEMIA; KIDNEY GRAFT; LAW; LIVER GRAFT; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; ORGAN DONOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGISTER; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; TERMINAL CARE; TERMINALLY ILL PATIENT; TIME OF DEATH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; UNITED STATES; VALIDITY;

DEATH; DONOR SELECTION; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TERMINAL CARE; TISSUE SURVIVAL;

EID: 51849087848     PISSN: 08850666     EISSN: 15251489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0885066608320928     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Punch JD, Hayes DH, LaPorte FB, McBride V., Seely MS Organ donation and utilization in the United States, 1996-2005. Am J Transplant. 2007 ; 7: 1327-1338.
2. Port FK, Merion RM, Finley MP, Goodrich NP, Wolfe RA Trends in organ donation and transplantation in the United States, 1996-2005. Am J Transplant. 2007 ; 7: 1319-1326.
3. Xue JL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Collins AJ Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 ; 12: 2753-2758.
4. Marks WH, Wagner D., Pearson TC, et al. Organ donation and utilization, 1995-2004: entering the collaborative era. Am J Transplant. 2006 ; 6: 1101-1110.
5. United Network for Organ Sharing Organ Donation and Transplantation. U.S. Transplantation Data. http://www.unos.org/data/default.asp?displayType=usData. Accessed June 25, 2007.
6. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Revisions to Standard LD.3.110. Jt Comm Perspect. 2006 ; 26: 7.
7. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare and Medicaid Programs: Conditions for Coverage for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs); Final Rule. Fed Reg. 2006 ; 71: 30981-31054.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Advisory Committee on Organ Transplantation. Consensus Recommendations to the HHS Secretary. http://www.organdonor.gov/research/acot.htm. Accessed June 25, 2007.
9. Bernat JL, D'Alessandro AM, Port FK, et al. Report of a national conference on donation after cardiac death. Am J Transplant. 2006 ; 6: 281-291.
10. Committee on Increasing Rates of Organ Donation, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine. Organ Donation: Opportunities for Action. Washington, DC: National Academies Press ; 2006.
11. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). Bylaws Appendix B Attachment III-DCD Recovery Protocol Model Elements. http://www.unos.org/policiesandbylaws/ bylaws.asp?resources=true and http://www.unos.org/PoliciesandBylaws2/byLaws/ pdfs/bylaw_145.pdf. Accessed July 19, 2007.
12. DeVita MA, Snyder JV Development of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center policy for the care of terminally ill patients who may become organ donors after death following the removal of life support. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 1993 ; 3: 131-143.
13. Lewis J., Peltier J., Nelson H., et al. Development of the University of Wisconsin donation after cardiac death evaluation tool. Prog Transplant. 2003 ; 13: 265-273.
14. Rubenstein A., Cohen E., Jackson E. The definition of death and the ethics of organ procurement from the deceased. The President's Council on Bioethics. Discussion paper and transcript of council discussion. http://www.bioethics.gov/background/rubenstein.html and http://www.bioethics. gov/transcripts/sept06/session1.html. Accessed June 25, 2007.
15. DeVita MA The death watch: certifying death using cardiac criteria. Prog Transplant. 2001 ; 11: 58-66.
16. DeVita MA, Snyder JV, Arnold RM, Siminoff LA Observations of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from patients who became non-heart-beating organ donors. Crit Care Med. 2000 ; 28: 1709-1712.
17. Committee on Non-Heart-Beating Transplantation II, The Scientific and Ethical Basis for Practice and Protocols, Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine. Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation: Practice and Protocols. Washington, DC: National Academies Press ; 2000.
18. The Ethics Committee; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine. Recommendations for nonheartbeating organ donation: a position paper by the Ethics Committee, American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2001 ; 29: 1826-1831.
19. Medscape Transplantation. The growing use of donation after cardiac death donors: an expert interview with Howard M. Nathan. Available at California Transplant Donor Network www.ctdn.org/downloads/From_Medscape_Transplantation. pdf. Accessed May 20, 2007.
20. Verheijde JL, Rady MY, McGregor J. Recovery of transplantable organs after cardiac or circulatory death: transforming the paradigm for the ethics of organ donation. http://www.peh-med.com/content/2/1/8 Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2007 ; 2: 8. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-1182-1188.
21. Menikoff J. Doubts about death: the silence of the Institute of Medicine. J Law Med Ethics. 1998 ; 26: 157-165.
22. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Revised Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (2006) and Amendment to Section 21 (2007). http://www.anatomicalgiftact.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1. Accessed July 19, 2007.
23. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Defining death: a report on the medical, legal and ethical issues in the determination of death. http://www.bioethics.gov/reports/past_commissions/index.html. Accessed June 25, 2007.
24. Holmstrom P., Boyd J., Sorsa M., Kuisma M. A case of hypothermic cardiac arrest treated with an external chest compression device (LUCAS) during transport to re-warming. Resuscitation. 2005 ; 67: 139-141.
25. Wu X., Drabek T., Tisherman SA, et al. Emergency preservation and resuscitation with profound hypothermia, oxygen, and glucose allows reliable neurological recovery after 3 hours of cardiac arrest from rapid exsanguination in dogs. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008 ; 28: 302-311.
26. American Heart Association. Management of cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005 ; 112: IV-58 - IV-66.
27. Gardiner D., Riley B. Non-heart-beating organ donation-solution or a step too far ? Anaesthesia. 2007 ; 62: 431-433.
28. Rady MY, Verheijde JL, McGregor J. Non-heart beating or cardiac death organ donation: why we should care. J Hosp Med. 2007 ; 2: 324-334.
29. Jolliffe DM Non-heart beating organ donation. Anaesthesia. 2007 ; 62: 853-854.
30. Kamarainen A., Virkkunen I., Holopainen L., Erkkila E-P., Yli-Hankala A., Tenhunen J. Spontaneous defibrillation after cessation of resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a case of Lazarus phenomenon. Resuscitation. 2007 ; 75: 543-546.
31. Magliocca JF, Magee JC, Rowe SA, et al. Extracorporeal support for organ donation after cardiac death effectively expands the donor pool. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 2005 ; 58: 1095-1101 ; discussion 1101-1092.
32. Fondevila C., Hessheimer AJ, Ruiz A., et al. Liver transplant using donors after unexpected cardiac death: novel preservation protocol and acceptance criteria. Am J Transplant. 2007 ; 7: 1849-1855.
33. Whetstine L. An Examination of the Biophilosophical Literature on the Definition and Criteria of Death: When is Dead Dead and Why Some Donation After Cardiac Death Donors Are Not [dissertation]. Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Health Care Ethics, Duquesne University ; 2006: 174-245.
34. Dejohn C., Zwischenberger JB Ethical implications of extracorporeal interval support for organ retrieval (EISOR). ASAIO J. 2006 ; 52: 119-122.
35. Younger JG, Schreiner RJ, Swaniker F., Hirschl RB, Chapman RA, Bartlett RH Extracorporeal resuscitation of cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med. 1999 ; 6: 700-707.
36. Mégarbane B., Leprince P., Deye N., et al. Emergency feasibility in medical intensive care unit of extracorporeal life support for refractory cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2007 ; 33: 758-764.
37. Angona R., Abt P., Younan D., et al. Modification of a biventricular assist device to facilitate preservative infusion and organ recovery in a nonheart-beating donor. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2006 ; 38: 157-160.
38. Whetstine L., Streat S., Darwin M., Crippen D. Pro/con ethics debate: when is dead really dead ? Crit Care. 2005 ; 9: 538-542
39. Chiong W. Brain death without definitions. Hastings Cent Rep. 2005 ; 35: 20-30.
40. Rady MY, Verheijde JL, McGregor J. Organ donation after cardiocirculatory death. Can Med Assoc J. 2007 ; 176: 1735-1736.
41. Crippen D., Whetstine L. Ethics review: dark angels- the problem of death in intensive care. Crit Care. 2007 ; 11: 202.
42. Bennett M., Kissoon N. Is cardiopulmonary resuscitation warranted in children who suffer cardiac arrest post trauma ? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 ; 23: 267-272.
43. Bracco D., Noiseux N., Hemmerling T. The thin line between life and death. Intensive Care Med. 2007 ; 33: 751-754.
44. Martin GB, Rivers EP, Paradis NA, Goetting MG, Morris DC, Nowak RM Emergency department cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of human cardiac arrest. Chest. 1998 ; 113: 743-751.
45. Revelly J-P., Imperatori L., Maravic P., Schaller M-D., ChiolAro R. Are terminally ill patients dying in the ICU suitable for non-heart beating organ donation ? Intensive Care Med. 2006 ; 32: 708-712.
46. Gratrix AP, Pittard AJ, Bodenham AR Outcome after admission to ITU following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: are non-survivors suitable for non-heart-beating organ donation ? Anaesthesia. 2007 ; 62: 434-437.
47. Keenan SP, Mawdsley C., Plotkin D., Sibbald W., for the Critical Care Research Network. Interhospital variability in satisfaction with withdrawal of life support: room for improvement ? Crit Care Med. 2003 ; 31: 626-631.
48. Steinbrook R. Organ donation after cardiac death. N Engl J Med. 2007 ; 357: 209-213.
49. Cook D., Rocker G., Marshall J., et al. Withdrawal of mechanical ventilation in anticipation of death in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 349: 1123-1132.
50. Zingmond DS, Wenger NS Regional and institutional variation in the initiation of early do-not-resuscitate orders. Arch Intern Med. 2005 ; 165: 1705-1712.
51. Hemphill JC, III. Do-not-resuscitate orders, unintended consequences, and the ripple effect. Crit Care. 2007 ; 11: 121.
52. Youngner SJ, Arnold RM Ethical, psychosocial, and public policy implications of procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors. JAMA. 1993 ; 269: 2769-2774.
53. Salim A., Velmahos G., Brown C., Belzberg H., Demetriades D. Aggressive organ donor management significantly increases the number of organs available for transplantation. J Trauma. 2005 ; 58: 991-994.
54. Doig CJ Is the Canadian health care system ready for donation after cardiac death? A note of caution. Can Med Assoc J. 2006 ; 175: 905.
55. Devictor D. Organ donation after cardiac death: the subtle line between patient and donor care. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007 ; 8: 290-291.
56. Salim A., Brown C., Inaba K., et al. Improving consent rates for organ donation: the effect of an inhouse coordinator program. J Trauma. 2007 ; 62: 1411-1415.
57. Ranjan D., Schmonsky K., Johnston T., Jeon H., Bouneva I., Erway E. Financial analysis of potential donor management at a Medicare-approved transplant hospital. Am J Transplant. 2006 ; 6: 199-204.
58. Field M., Cassel C. Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.. Washington, DC: National Academies Press ; 1997.
59. Last Acts Committee. Means to a Better End. A Report in Dying in America Today. http://www.rwjf.org/files/publications/other/meansbetterend.pdf. Accessed June 25, 2006.
60. Wennberg JE, Fisher ES, Stukel TA, Skinner JS, Sharp SM, Bronner KK Use of hospitals, physician visits, and hospice care during last six months of life among cohorts loyal to highly respected hospitals in the United States. BMJ. 2004 ; 328: 607-610.
61. United Network for Organ Sharing-Donor Management Critical Pathway. Donor Management Critical Pathway. http://www.unos.org/resources/donorManagement.asp? index=2. Accessed June 25, 2007.
62. Phua J., Lim T., Zygun D., Doig C. Pro/con debate: in patients who are potential candidates for organ donation after cardiac death, starting medications and/or interventions for the sole purpose of making the organs more viable is an acceptable practice. Crit Care. 2007 ; 11: 211. http://ccforum.com/content/11/2/211
63. Rady MY, Verheijde JL, McGregor J. Organ donation after circulatory death: the forgotten donor. Crit Care. 2006 ; 10: 166-169. http://ccforum.com/ content/10/5/166.
64. Motta ED The ethics of heparin administration to the potential non-heart-beating organ donor. J Prof Nurs. 2005 ; 21: 97-102.
65. Beckstrand RL, Kirchhoff KT Providing end-of-life care to patients: critical care nurses' perceived obstacles and supportive behaviors. Am J Crit Care. 2005 ; 14: 395-403.
66. Lautrette A., Darmon M., Megarbane B., et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2007 ; 356: 469-478.
67. Merion RM, Pelletier SJ, Goodrich N., Englesbe MJ, Delmonico FL Donation after cardiac death as a strategy to increase deceased donor liver availability. Ann Surg. 2006 ; 244: 555-562.
68. Chapman J., Bock A., Dussol B., et al. Follow-up after renal transplantation with organs from donors after cardiac death. Transplant Int. 2006 ; 19: 715-719.
69. Merion RM, Ashby VB, Wolfe RA, et al. Deceased-donor characteristics and the survival benefit of kidney transplantation. JAMA. 2005 ; 294: 2726-2733.
70. Rao PS, Schaubel DE, Jia X., Li S., Port FK, Saran R. Survival on dialysis post-kidney transplant failure: results from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 ; 49: 294-300.
71. Jeloka TK, Ross H., Smith R., et al. Renal transplant outcome in high-cardiovascular risk recipients. Clin Transplant. 2007 ; 21: 609-614.
72. Doshi MD, Hunsicker LG Short- and long-term outcomes with the use of kidneys and livers donated after cardiac death. Am J Transplant. 2007 ; 7: 122-129.
73. Estraviz B., Quintana JM, Valdivieso A., et al. Factors influencing change in health-related quality of life after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2007 ; 21: 481-499.
74. Magee JC, Barr ML, Basadonna GP, et al. Repeat organ transplantation in the United States, 1996-2005. Am J Transplant. 2007 ; 7: 1424-1433.
75. De Vita MA, Brooks MM, Zawistowski C., et al. Donors after Cardiac Death: Validation of Identification Criteria(DVIC) study for predictors of rapid death. Am J Transplant. 2008 ; 8: 432-441