On turbulence and mixing in the free atmosphere inferred from high-resolution soundings

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 833-852

  Clayson, Carol Anne ^a   Kantha, Lakshmi ^b  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UCB 450   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MIXING; RADAR; SATELLITE OBSERVATORIES; TURBULENCE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

HIGH RESOLUTIONS; IN-SITU;

RADAR MEASUREMENT;

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; ATMOSPHERIC MOTION; DISSIPATION; ECHO SOUNDING; PARAMETERIZATION; RADIOSONDE; RICHARDSON NUMBER; TURBULENCE; TURBULENT DIFFUSION; TURBULENT MIXING; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

EID: 51749122651     PISSN: 07390572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2007JTECHA992.1     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bertin, F., J. Barat, and R. Wilson, 1997: Energy dissipation rates, eddy diffusivity and the Prandtl number: An in situ experimental approach and its consequences on radar estimate of turbulent parameters. Radio Sci., 32, 791-804.
2. Cadet, D., 1977: Energy dissipation within intermittent clear air turbulence patches. J. Atmos. Sci., 34 137-142.
3. Caldwell, D. R., 1983: Oceanic turbulence: Big bangs or continuous creation? J. Geophys. Res., 88, 7453-7550.
4. Carter, G. S., and M. C. Gregg, 2002: Intense and variable mixing near the head of the Monterey submarine canyon. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3145-3165.
5. Cohn, S. A., 1995: Radar measurements of turbulent eddy dissipation rate in the troposphere: A comparison of techniques. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 85-95.
6. Dillon, T. M., 1982: Vertical overturns: A comparison of Thorpe and Ozmidov length scales. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9601-9613.
7. Ellsaesser, H. W., 1969: A climatology of epsilon (atmospheric dissipation). Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 415-423.
8. Fer, L., R. Skogseth, and P. M. Haugan, 2004: Mixing of the Storfjorden overflow (Svalbard Archipelago) inferred from density overturns. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01005, doi:10.1029/2003JC001968.
9. Ferron, B., H. Mercier, K. Speer, A. Gargett, and K. Polzin, 1998: Mixing in the Romanche fracture zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1929-1945.
10. Fukao, S., and Coauthors, 1994: Seasonal variability of vertical eddy diffusivity in the middle atmosphere, 1. Three-year observations by the middle and upper atmosphere radar. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18 973-18 987.
11. Gage, K. S., 1990: Radar observations of the free atmosphere: Structure and dynamics. Radar in Meteorology: Battan Memorial and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 534-565.
12. Gage, K. S., and E. E. Gossard, 2003: Recent developments in observation, modeling, and understanding atmospheric turbulence and waves. Radar and Atmospheric Science: A Collection of Essays in Honor of David Atlas, Meteor. Monogr., No. 30, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 139-150.
13. Gage, K. S., J. L. Green, and T. E. VanZandt, 1980: Use of Doppler radar for the measurement of atmospheric turbulence parameters from the intensity of clear-air echoes. Radio Sci., 15, 407-416.
14. Galbraith, P. S., and D. E. Kelly, 1996: Identifying overturns in CTD profiles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 688-702.
15. Garett, C., and W. Munk, 1975: Space-time scales of internal waves. Progress report. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 291-297.
16. Gargett, A. E., 1999: Velcro measurements of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1973-1993.
17. Gavrilov, N. M., H. Luce, M. Crochet, F. Dalaudier, and S. Fukao, 2005: Turbulence parameter estimations from high-resolution balloon temperature measurements of the MUTSI-2000 campaign. Ann. Geophys., 23, 2401-2413.
18. Ghosh, A. K., A. R. Jain, and V. Sivakumar, 2003: Simultaneous MST radar and radiosonde measurements at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) 2. Determination of various atmospheric turbulence parameters. Radio Sci., 38, 1014, doi:10.1029/2000RS002528.
19. Hocking, W. K., 1985: Measurement of turbulent eddy dissipation rates in the middle atmosphere by radar techniques: A review. Radio Sci., 20, 1403-1422.
20. Hong, S.-Y., and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322-2339.
21. Hooper, D. A., and L. Thomas, 1998: Complementary criteria for identifying regions of intense atmospheric turbulence using lower VHF radar. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 60, 49-61.
22. Hooper, D. A., A. J. McDonald, E. Pavelin, T. K. Carey-Smith, and C. L. Pascoe, 2005: The signature of mid-latitude convection observed by VHF wind-profiling radar. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04808, doi:10.1029/2004GL020401.
23. Johansson, C., B. Hennemuth, J. Bosenberg, H. Linne, and A. Smedman, 2005: Double-layer structure in the boundary layer over the Baltic Sea. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 114, 389-412.
24. Kantha, L. H., 2003: On an improved model for the turbulent PBL. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2239-2246.
25. Kantha, L. H., and C. A. Clayson, 1994: An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25 235-25 266.
26. Kantha, L. H., and C. A. Clayson, 2000: Small Scale Processes in Geophysical Fluid Flows. Academic Press, 888 pp.
27. Kantha, L. H., and C. A. Clayson, 2004: On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in an oceanic mixed layer. Ocean Modell., 6, 101-124.
28. Kellogg, W. W., 1956: Diffusion of smoke in the stratosphere. J. Meteor., 13, 241-250.
29. Kim, J., 1991: Turbulent and gravity wave transport in the free atmosphere. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, 103 pp.
30. Kung, E. C., 1966: Large-scale balance of kinetic energy in the atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 94, 627-640.
31. Kurosaki, S., M. D. Yamanaka, H. Hashiguchi, T. Sato, and S. Fukao, 1996: Vertical eddy diffusivity in the lower and middle atmosphere: A climatology based on the MU radar observations during 1986-1992. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 727-734.
32. Lilly, D. K., D. E. Waco, and S. I. Adelfang, 1974: Stratosphere mixing estimated from high altitude turbulence measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 488-493.
33. Losleben, M., and N. Pepin, 2000: Thermal wind frequency on the east slope of the Colorado Front Range. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 82 (Fall Meeting Suppl.), Abstract U22A-03.
34. 2 estimation using a horizontal pair of sensors. Radio Sci., 32, 1261-1268.
35. Luce, H., S. Fuka, F. Dalandier, and M. Crochet, 2002: Strong mixing events observed near the tropopause with the MU radar and high-resolution balloon techniques. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2885-2896.
36. McDonald, A. J., T. K. Carey-Smith, D. A. Hooper, G. J. Fraser, and B. P. Lublow, 2004: The effect of precipitation on wind-profiler clear air returns. Ann. Geophys., 22, 3959-3970.
37. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.
38. Moeng, C.-H., and P. P. Sullivan, 1994: Comparison of shear- and buoyancy-driven planetary boundary layer flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 999-1022.
39. Moum, J. N., 1996: Energy-containing scales of turbulence in the ocean thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14 095-14 101.
40. Nastrom, G. D., and F. D. Eaton, 1997: Turbulence eddy dissipation rates from radar observations at 5-20 km at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19 495-19 505.
41. Nastrom, G. D., and F. D. Eaton, 2005: Seasonal variability of turbulence parameters at 2 to 21 km from MST radar measurements at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19110, doi:10.1029/2005JD005782.
42. Osborn, T. R., 1980: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89.
43. Peters, H., M. C. Gregg, and J. M. Toole, 1988: On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1199-1218.
44. Phillips, O. M., 1977: The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean. Cambridge University Press, 336 pp.
45. Piera, J., E. Roget, and J. Catalan, 2002: Turbulent patch identification in microstructure profiles: A method based on wavelet denoising and Thorpe displacement analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1390-1402.
46. Rao, N. D., P. Kishore, T. N. Rao, S. V. B. Rao, K. K. Reddy, M. Yarraiah, and M. Hareesh, 1997: Studies on refractivity constant, eddy dissipation rate and momentum flux at a tropical latitude. Radio Sci., 32, 1375-1389.
47. Rao, N. D., T. N. Rao, M. Venkataratnam, S. Tulasiraman, and S. V. B. Rao, 2001: Diurnal and seasonal variability of turbulence parameters observed with Indian MST radar. Radio Sci., 36, 1439-1457.
48. Smyth, W. D., and J. N. Moum, 2000: Length scales of turbulence in stably stratified mixing layers. Phys. Fluids, 12, 1327-1342.
49. Thorpe, S. A., 1977: Turbulence and mixing in a Scottish Loch. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 286A, 125-181.
50. Thorpe, S. A., 2005: The Turbulent Ocean. Cambridge University Press, 439 pp.
51. Trout, D., and H. A. Panofsky, 1969: Energy dissipation near the tropopause. Tellus, 21, 355-358.
52. Wesson, J. C., and M. C. Gregg, 1994: Mixing in the Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9847-9878.
53. Whiteway, J. A., E. G. Pavelin, R. Busen, J. Hacker, and S. Vosper, 2003: Airborne measurements of gravity wave breaking at the tropopause. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2070, doi:10.1029/2003GL018207.
54. Wilkins, E. M., 1958: Effective coefficients of diffusivity for atom bomb clouds at one thousand to two thousand miles. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 39, 58-59.
55. Wilson, R., 2004: Turbulent diffusivity in the free atmosphere inferred from MST radar measurements: A review. Ann. Geophys., 22, 3869-3887.
56. Wilson, R., F. Dalaudier, and F. Bertin, 2005: Estimate of the turbulent fraction in the free atmosphere from MST radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1326-1339.
57. Woods, J. D., 1968: Wave-induced shear instability in the summer thermocline. J. Fluid Mech., 32, 791-800.
58. Worthington, R. M., 1998: Tropopausal turbulence caused by the breaking of mountain waves. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 60, 1543-1547.
59. Zink, F., R. A. Vincent, E. Murphy, and O. Cote, 2004: Comparison of radar and in situ measurements of atmospheric turbulence. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003991.