메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 371-379

The relationship between bullying and animal abuse behaviors in adolescents: The importance of witnessing animal abuse

Author keywords

Adolescents; Aggression; Animal abuse; Bullying; Victimization

Indexed keywords


EID: 51749096614     PISSN: 01933973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.004     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (68)

References (76)
  • 3
    • 0031492473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of violent movies and trait hostility on hostile feelings and aggressive thoughts
    • Anderson C.A. Effects of violent movies and trait hostility on hostile feelings and aggressive thoughts. Aggressive Behavior 23 (1997) 161-178
    • (1997) Aggressive Behavior , vol.23 , pp. 161-178
    • Anderson, C.A.1
  • 4
    • 51749095607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anderson, C.A. (2000). Violence and aggression. In A.E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology, 8 (pp. 162-169). NY: Oxford University Press and the American Psychological Association.
    • Anderson, C.A. (2000). Violence and aggression. In A.E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology, 8 (pp. 162-169). NY: Oxford University Press and the American Psychological Association.
  • 6
    • 84949793961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human aggression: A social-cognitive view
    • Hogg M.A., and Cooper J. (Eds), Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Anderson C.A., and Huesmann L.R. Human aggression: A social-cognitive view. In: Hogg M.A., and Cooper J. (Eds). The Sage handbook of social psychology (2003), Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 296-323
    • (2003) The Sage handbook of social psychology , pp. 296-323
    • Anderson, C.A.1    Huesmann, L.R.2
  • 7
    • 0033196084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of animal abuse to violence and other forms of antisocial behavior
    • Arluke A., Levin J., Luke C., and Ascione F. The relationship of animal abuse to violence and other forms of antisocial behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14 (1999) 963-975
    • (1999) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.14 , pp. 963-975
    • Arluke, A.1    Levin, J.2    Luke, C.3    Ascione, F.4
  • 8
    • 85050715022 scopus 로고
    • Children who are cruel to animals: A review of research and implications for developmental psychopathology
    • Ascione F.R. Children who are cruel to animals: A review of research and implications for developmental psychopathology. Anthrozoös 6 4 (1993) 226-247
    • (1993) Anthrozoös , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 226-247
    • Ascione, F.R.1
  • 11
    • 0032391845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying among Italian middle school students: Combining methods to understand aggressive behaviors and victimization
    • Baldry A.C. Bullying among Italian middle school students: Combining methods to understand aggressive behaviors and victimization. School Psychology International 19 4 (1998) 361-374
    • (1998) School Psychology International , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 361-374
    • Baldry, A.C.1
  • 12
    • 0037287236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal abuse and exposure to interparental violence in Italian youth
    • Baldry A.C. Animal abuse and exposure to interparental violence in Italian youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18 3 (2003) 258-281
    • (2003) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 258-281
    • Baldry, A.C.1
  • 13
    • 0042623449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence
    • Baldry A.C. Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse and Neglect 27 (2003) 713-732
    • (2003) Child Abuse and Neglect , vol.27 , pp. 713-732
    • Baldry, A.C.1
  • 14
    • 2542624574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of the P.E.T. scale for the measurement of physical and emotional tormenting against animals in adolescence
    • Baldry A.C. The development of the P.E.T. scale for the measurement of physical and emotional tormenting against animals in adolescence. Society and Animals 12 1 (2004) 1-17
    • (2004) Society and Animals , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Baldry, A.C.1
  • 15
    • 24044493214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home
    • Baldry A.C. Animal abuse among preadolescents directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 15 2 (2005) 97-110
    • (2005) Criminal Behavior and Mental Health , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-110
    • Baldry, A.C.1
  • 17
    • 33748412939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence (Author Abstract)
    • Bauer N.S., Herrenkohl T.I., Lozano P., Rivara F.P., Hill K.G., and Hawkins J.D. Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence (Author Abstract). Pediatrics 118 2 (2006) 766-767
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.118 , Issue.2 , pp. 766-767
    • Bauer, N.S.1    Herrenkohl, T.I.2    Lozano, P.3    Rivara, F.P.4    Hill, K.G.5    Hawkins, J.D.6
  • 19
    • 51749113039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Betts, J., Gullone, E., & Allen, J. S. (in press). Emotion regulation, temperament and parenting: Predictors of adolescent depression risk status. British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
    • Betts, J., Gullone, E., & Allen, J. S. (in press). Emotion regulation, temperament and parenting: Predictors of adolescent depression risk status. British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
  • 20
    • 26444516600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary on childhood cruelty to animals: Assessing cruelty dimensions and motivations
    • Boat B.W. Commentary on childhood cruelty to animals: Assessing cruelty dimensions and motivations. Anthrozoös 10 4 (1997) 178-179
    • (1997) Anthrozoös , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 178-179
    • Boat, B.W.1
  • 21
    • 33846058331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the Gatehouse Bullying Scale and the Peer Relations Questionnaire for students in secondary school
    • Bond L., Wolfe S., Tollit M., Butler H., and Patton G. A comparison of the Gatehouse Bullying Scale and the Peer Relations Questionnaire for students in secondary school. Journal of School Health 77 2 (2007) 75-79
    • (2007) Journal of School Health , vol.77 , Issue.2 , pp. 75-79
    • Bond, L.1    Wolfe, S.2    Tollit, M.3    Butler, H.4    Patton, G.5
  • 22
    • 0033441182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students
    • Bosworth K., Espelage D.L., and Simon T.R. Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence 19 3 (1999) 341-362
    • (1999) Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 341-362
    • Bosworth, K.1    Espelage, D.L.2    Simon, T.R.3
  • 23
    • 0031302124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Family Environment Scale: Reliability and normative data for an adolescent sample
    • Boyd C.P., Gullone E., Needleman G.L., and Burt T. The Family Environment Scale: Reliability and normative data for an adolescent sample. Family Process 36 (1997) 369-373
    • (1997) Family Process , vol.36 , pp. 369-373
    • Boyd, C.P.1    Gullone, E.2    Needleman, G.L.3    Burt, T.4
  • 24
    • 84929029983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study
    • Broidy L.M., Nagin D., Tremblay R.E., Bates J.E., Braume B., Dodge K.A., et al. Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology 39 2 (2003) 222-245
    • (2003) Developmental Psychology , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 222-245
    • Broidy, L.M.1    Nagin, D.2    Tremblay, R.E.3    Bates, J.E.4    Braume, B.5    Dodge, K.A.6
  • 25
    • 0024984671 scopus 로고
    • Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression
    • Bushman B.J., and Geen R.G. Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 1 (1990) 156-163
    • (1990) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 156-163
    • Bushman, B.J.1    Geen, R.G.2
  • 26
    • 33744925718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the individual: A consideration of context for the development of aggression
    • Cohen R., Hsueh Y., Russell K.M., and Ray G.E. Beyond the individual: A consideration of context for the development of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior 11 (2006) 341-351
    • (2006) Aggression and Violent Behavior , vol.11 , pp. 341-351
    • Cohen, R.1    Hsueh, Y.2    Russell, K.M.3    Ray, G.E.4
  • 27
    • 0000075360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggression and antisocial behavior
    • Handbook of child psychology. 5th ed. Damon W., and Eisenberg N. (Eds), John Wiley & Sons, NY
    • Coie J.D., and Dodge K.A. Aggression and antisocial behavior. In: Damon W., and Eisenberg N. (Eds). Handbook of child psychology. 5th ed. Social, emotional, and personality development Vol. 3 (1998), John Wiley & Sons, NY 779-862
    • (1998) Social, emotional, and personality development , vol.3 , pp. 779-862
    • Coie, J.D.1    Dodge, K.A.2
  • 28
    • 33744479213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: A nation wide longitudinal study of Canadian children
    • Côté S.M., Vaillancourt T., LeBlanc J.C., Nagin D., and Tremblay R.E. The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: A nation wide longitudinal study of Canadian children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 34 (2006) 71-85
    • (2006) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 71-85
    • Côté, S.M.1    Vaillancourt, T.2    LeBlanc, J.C.3    Nagin, D.4    Tremblay, R.E.5
  • 31
    • 0038258669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing is believing: How viewing violence alters attitudes and aggressive behavior
    • Bohart A.C., and Stipek D.J. (Eds), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
    • Eron L.D. Seeing is believing: How viewing violence alters attitudes and aggressive behavior. In: Bohart A.C., and Stipek D.J. (Eds). Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school and society (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 49-60
    • (2001) Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school and society , pp. 49-60
    • Eron, L.D.1
  • 32
    • 0042573807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domestic violence and animal cruelty: Untangling the web of abuse
    • Faver C.A., and Strand E.B. Domestic violence and animal cruelty: Untangling the web of abuse. Journal of Social Work Education 39 2 (2003) 237-253
    • (2003) Journal of Social Work Education , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-253
    • Faver, C.A.1    Strand, E.B.2
  • 33
    • 0002286630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the link between corporal punishment and children's cruelty to animals
    • Flynn C.P. Exploring the link between corporal punishment and children's cruelty to animals. Journal of Marriage and the Family 61 4 (1999) 971-981
    • (1999) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 971-981
    • Flynn, C.P.1
  • 34
    • 14744278709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Battered women and their animal companions: symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman animals
    • Flynn C.P. Battered women and their animal companions: symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman animals. Society and Animals 8 2 (2000) 99-127
    • (2000) Society and Animals , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-127
    • Flynn, C.P.1
  • 35
    • 0033622337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why family professionals can no longer ignore violence toward animals
    • Flynn C.P. Why family professionals can no longer ignore violence toward animals. Family Relations 49 1 (2000) 87-95
    • (2000) Family Relations , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-95
    • Flynn, C.P.1
  • 36
    • 0027222817 scopus 로고
    • Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample
    • Frick P.J., Lahey B.B., Loeber R., Tannenbaum L., Van Horn Y., Christ M.A.G., et al. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample. Clinical Psychology Review 13 (1993) 319-340
    • (1993) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.13 , pp. 319-340
    • Frick, P.J.1    Lahey, B.B.2    Loeber, R.3    Tannenbaum, L.4    Van Horn, Y.5    Christ, M.A.G.6
  • 38
    • 2542467635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research
    • Griffin R.S., and Gross A.M. Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior 9 (2004) 379-400
    • (2004) Aggression and Violent Behavior , vol.9 , pp. 379-400
    • Griffin, R.S.1    Gross, A.M.2
  • 42
    • 15844407155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to animal abuse and group context: Two factors affecting participation in animal abuse
    • Henry B.C. Exposure to animal abuse and group context: Two factors affecting participation in animal abuse. Anthrozoös 17 4 (2004) 290-305
    • (2004) Anthrozoös , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 290-305
    • Henry, B.C.1
  • 43
    • 13444263774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between animal cruelty, delinquency, and attitudes toward the treatment of animals
    • Henry B.C. The relationship between animal cruelty, delinquency, and attitudes toward the treatment of animals. Society & Animals 12 3 (2004) 185-207
    • (2004) Society & Animals , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 185-207
    • Henry, B.C.1
  • 44
    • 33746507895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between peer nominations, teacher ratings, self-reports, and observations of malicious and disruptive behavior
    • Henry D.B. Associations between peer nominations, teacher ratings, self-reports, and observations of malicious and disruptive behavior. Assessment 13 3 (2006) 241-252
    • (2006) Assessment , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 241-252
    • Henry, D.B.1
  • 46
    • 0001686542 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood
    • Huesmann L.R. (Ed), Plenum, NY
    • Huesmann L.R., and Miller L.S. Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In: Huesmann L.R. (Ed). Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (1994), Plenum, NY 153-186
    • (1994) Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives , pp. 153-186
    • Huesmann, L.R.1    Miller, L.S.2
  • 47
    • 27744502381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of aggressive behavior from childhood to middle age in men and women
    • Kokko K., and Pulkkinen L. Stability of aggressive behavior from childhood to middle age in men and women. Aggressive Behavior 31 1 (2005) 407-509
    • (2005) Aggressive Behavior , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 407-509
    • Kokko, K.1    Pulkkinen, L.2
  • 48
    • 0033162167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annotation: The development of antisocial behavior: An integrative causal model
    • Lahey B.B., Waldman I.D., and McBurnett K. Annotation: The development of antisocial behavior: An integrative causal model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 5 (1999) 669-682
    • (1999) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 669-682
    • Lahey, B.B.1    Waldman, I.D.2    McBurnett, K.3
  • 49
    • 10844282681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to media violence and bullying at school: Mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends
    • Lee E., and Kim M. Exposure to media violence and bullying at school: Mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends. Psychological Reports 95 2 (2004) 659-672
    • (2004) Psychological Reports , vol.95 , Issue.2 , pp. 659-672
    • Lee, E.1    Kim, M.2
  • 51
    • 0031012030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reports of severe physical punishment and exposure to animal cruelty by inmates convicted of felonies and by university students
    • Miller K.S., and Knutson J.F. Reports of severe physical punishment and exposure to animal cruelty by inmates convicted of felonies and by university students. Child Abuse and Neglect 21 1 (1997) 59-82
    • (1997) Child Abuse and Neglect , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-82
    • Miller, K.S.1    Knutson, J.F.2
  • 55
    • 19644392345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities and differences between aggressive and delinquent children and adolescents in a national survey
    • Rey J.M., Sawyer M.G., and Prior M.R. Similarities and differences between aggressive and delinquent children and adolescents in a national survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39 (2005) 366-372
    • (2005) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 366-372
    • Rey, J.M.1    Sawyer, M.G.2    Prior, M.R.3
  • 58
    • 0030268671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of bullying at school and low self-esteem to acts of delinquency among Australian teenagers
    • Rigby K., and Cox I. The contribution of bullying at school and low self-esteem to acts of delinquency among Australian teenagers. Personality and Individual Differences 21 4 (1996) 609-612
    • (1996) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 609-612
    • Rigby, K.1    Cox, I.2
  • 61
    • 0033744615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying a review: Presentations to an adolescent psychiatric service and within a school for emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children
    • Salmon G., James A., Cassidy E.L., and Javaloyes M.A. Bullying a review: Presentations to an adolescent psychiatric service and within a school for emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 5 4 (2000) 563-579
    • (2000) Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 563-579
    • Salmon, G.1    James, A.2    Cassidy, E.L.3    Javaloyes, M.A.4
  • 62
    • 0033820483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community violence exposure and children's social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition
    • Schwartz D., and Proctor L.J. Community violence exposure and children's social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 4 (2000) 670-683
    • (2000) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 670-683
    • Schwartz, D.1    Proctor, L.J.2
  • 63
    • 0031203946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying
    • Schwartz D., Dodge K.A., Pettit G.S., and Bates J.E. The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying. Child Development 68 4 (1997) 665-675
    • (1997) Child Development , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 665-675
    • Schwartz, D.1    Dodge, K.A.2    Pettit, G.S.3    Bates, J.E.4
  • 64
    • 0035091804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between exposure to violence and social information processing among incarcerated adolescents
    • Shahinfar A., Kupersmidt J.B., and Matza L.S. The relation between exposure to violence and social information processing among incarcerated adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 1 (2001) 136-141
    • (2001) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.110 , Issue.1 , pp. 136-141
    • Shahinfar, A.1    Kupersmidt, J.B.2    Matza, L.S.3
  • 69
    • 1642532579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promotion of empathy and prosocial behavior in children through humane education
    • Thompson K., and Gullone E. Promotion of empathy and prosocial behavior in children through humane education. Australian Psychologist 38 (2003) 175-182
    • (2003) Australian Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 175-182
    • Thompson, K.1    Gullone, E.2
  • 70
    • 51749097913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation into the association between the witnessing of animal abuse and adolescents' behavior toward animals
    • Thompson K., and Gullone E. An investigation into the association between the witnessing of animal abuse and adolescents' behavior toward animals. Society and Animals 14 (2006) 223-243
    • (2006) Society and Animals , vol.14 , pp. 223-243
    • Thompson, K.1    Gullone, E.2
  • 71
    • 1842590320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey research and societal change
    • Tourangeau R. Survey research and societal change. Annual Review of Psychology 55 (2004) 775-801
    • (2004) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 775-801
    • Tourangeau, R.1
  • 72
    • 0001519731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of aggressive behavior during childhood: What have we learned in the past century?
    • Tremblay R.E. The development of aggressive behavior during childhood: What have we learned in the past century?. International Journal of Behavioral Development 24 2 (2000) 129-141
    • (2000) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-141
    • Tremblay, R.E.1
  • 73
    • 23844480727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents
    • Veenstra R., Lindenberg S., Oldehinkel A.J., De Winter A.F., Verhulst F.C., and Ormel J. Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. Developmental Psychology 41 4 (2005) 672-682
    • (2005) Developmental Psychology , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 672-682
    • Veenstra, R.1    Lindenberg, S.2    Oldehinkel, A.J.3    De Winter, A.F.4    Verhulst, F.C.5    Ormel, J.6
  • 74
    • 30544452780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullying behaviors in female and male adolescent offenders: Prevalence, types, and association with psychosocial adjustment
    • Viljoen J.L., O'Neill M.L., and Sidhu A. Bullying behaviors in female and male adolescent offenders: Prevalence, types, and association with psychosocial adjustment. Aggressive Behavior 00 (2005) 1-16
    • (2005) Aggressive Behavior , vol.0 , pp. 1-16
    • Viljoen, J.L.1    O'Neill, M.L.2    Sidhu, A.3
  • 75
    • 51749106495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volant, A., Johnson, J., Gullone, E., & Coleman, G. (in press). The relationship between family violence and animal abuse: An Australian study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.
    • Volant, A., Johnson, J., Gullone, E., & Coleman, G. (in press). The relationship between family violence and animal abuse: An Australian study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.
  • 76
    • 0034524169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and correlates of agreement between parent, teacher, and male adolescent ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems
    • Youngstrom E., Loeber R., and Stouthamer-Loeber M. Patterns and correlates of agreement between parent, teacher, and male adolescent ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 6 (2000) 1038-1050
    • (2000) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.68 , Issue.6 , pp. 1038-1050
    • Youngstrom, E.1    Loeber, R.2    Stouthamer-Loeber, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.