Diagnosis and laparoscopic treatment of surgical diseases during pregnancy: An evidence-based review

Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques

Volumn 22, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1917-1927

  Jackson, Heidi ^a   Granger, Steven ^a   Price, Raymond ^b   Rollins, Michael ^c   Earle, David ^d   Richardson, William ^e   Fanelli, Robert ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b INTERMOUNTAIN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c PRIMARY CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d BAYSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e OCHSNER CLINIC FOUNDATION   (United States)

^f BERKSHIRE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Appendectomy; Cholecystectomy; Guidelines; Laparoscopy; Pregnancy; Radiology

Indexed keywords

TECHNETIUM 99M; UTERUS SPASMOLYTIC AGENT;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE ABDOMEN; ADNEXA DISEASE; ADRENALECTOMY; AERATION; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; APPENDECTOMY; APPENDICITIS; AUTOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA; CAPNOGRAPHY; CARBON DIOXIDE MEASUREMENT; CHOLANGIOGRAPHY; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CHOLEDOCHOTOMY; COMMON BILE DUCT STONE; COMPRESSION THERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CUSHING SYNDROME; DECISION MAKING; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; FETUS HEART; FETUS MONITORING; FETUS MORTALITY; GALLBLADDER DISEASE; HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LAPAROSCOPY; LAPAROTOMY; NEPHRECTOMY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OVARIECTOMY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT POSITIONING; PATIENT SELECTION; PEROPERATIVE CARE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPLENECTOMY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TERATOGENESIS;

ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS; CAPNOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EMERGENCIES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; FETUS; HUMANS; LAPAROSCOPY; OBSTETRIC LABOR, PREMATURE; PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MINIMALLY INVASIVE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TOCOLYTIC AGENTS;

EID: 51349095035     PISSN: 09302794     EISSN: 14322218     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-9989-6     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Kammerer WS (1979) Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. Med Clin North Am 63(6):1157-1164
2. B Kort VL Katz WJ Watson 1993 The effect of nonobstetric operation during pregnancy Surg Gynecol Obstet 177 4 371 376
3. WF Fallon Jr 1995 The surgical management of intra-abdominal inflammatory conditions during pregnancy Surg Clin North Am 75 1 15 31
4. AD Eyvazzadeh D Levine 2006 Imaging of pelvic pain in the first trimester of pregnancy Radiol Clin North Am 44 6 863 877
5. Medical radiation exposure of pregnant and potentially pregnant women (1977) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements report no. 54, Bethesda, MD
6. A Kennedy 2000 Assessment of acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient Semin Ultrasound CT MR 21 1 64 77
7. KS Toppenberg DA Hill DP Miller 1999 Safety of radiographic imaging during pregnancy Am Fam Physician 59 7 1813 1818 1820
8. C Moore SB Promes 2004 Ultrasound in pregnancy Emerg Med Clin North Am 22 3 697 722
9. HK Lim SH Bae GS Seo 1992 Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnant women: value of sonography AJR Am J Roentgenol 159 3 539 542
10. MJ Nelson 1986 Cysts in pregnancy discovered by sonography J Clin Ultrasound 14 7 509 512
11. JK Timins 2001 Radiation during pregnancy N J Med 98 6 29 33
12. PA Karam 2000 Determining and reporting fetal radiation exposure from diagnostic radiation Health Phys 79 5 Suppl S85 S90
13. R Doll R Wakeford 1997 Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation Br J Radiol 70 130 139
14. EK Osei K Faulkner 1999 Fetal doses from radiological examinations Br J Radiol 72 860 773 780
15. SA Lowe 2004 Diagnostic radiography in pregnancy: risks and reality Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 44 3 191 196
16. CO Menias 2007 CT of pregnancy-related complications Emerg Radiol 13 6 299 306
17. LM Hurwitz 2005 Radiation dose to the fetus from body MDCT during early gestation AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 3 871 876
18. DH Forsted CL Kalbhen 2002 CT of pregnant women for urinary tract calculi, pulmonary thromboembolism, and acute appendicitis AJR Am J Roentgenol 178 5 1285
19. JP De Wilde AW Rivers DL Price 2005 A review of the current use of magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy and safety implications for the fetus Prog Biophys Mol Biol 87 2-3 335 353
20. F Garcia-Bournissen A Shrim G Koren 2006 Safety of gadolinium during pregnancy Can Fam Physician 52 309 310
21. M Nagayama 2002 Fast MR imaging in obstetrics Radiographics 22 3 563 580 discussion 580-2
22. JR Leyendecker V Gorengaut JJ Brown 2004 MR imaging of maternal diseases of the abdomen and pelvis during pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period Radiographics 24 5 1301 1316
23. DA McKenna 2007 The use of MRI to demonstrate small bowel obstruction during pregnancy Br J Radiol 80 949 e11 e14
24. Adelstein 1999 Administered radionuclides in pregnancy Teratology 59 4 236 239
25. A Andriulli 2007 Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies Am J Gastroenterol 102 8 1781 1788
26. WA Qureshi 2005 ASGE guideline: guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women Gastrointest Endosc 61 3 357 362
27. WL Quan CK Chia HB Yim 2006 Safety of endoscopical procedures during pregnancy Singapore Med J 47 6 525 528
28. MB Reedy B Kallen TJ Kuehl 1997 Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a study of five fetal outcome parameters with use of the Swedish Health Registry Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 3 673 679
29. MB Reedy 1997 Laparoscopy during pregnancy. A survey of laparoendoscopic surgeons J Reprod Med 42 1 33 38
30. AT Gurbuz ME Peetz 1997 The acute abdomen in the pregnant patient. Is there a role for laparoscopy? Surg Endosc 11 2 98 102
31. KB Buser 2002 Laparoscopic surgery in the pregnant patient-one surgeon's experience in a small rural hospital JSLS 6 2 121 124
32. E Lachman 1999 Pregnancy and laparoscopic surgery J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 6 3 347 351
33. M Fatum N Rojansky 2001 Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol Surv 56 1 50 59
34. MJ Curet 1996 Laparoscopy during pregnancy Arch Surg 131 5 546 550 discussion 550-1
35. RW Conron Jr 1999 Laparoscopic procedures in pregnancy Am Surg 65 3 259 263
36. H Al-Fozan T Tulandi 2002 Safety and risks of laparoscopy in pregnancy Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14 4 375 379
37. JD Amos 1996 Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy Am J Surg 171 4 435 437
38. FR Nezhat 1997 Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a literature review JSLS 1 1 17 27
39. Guidelines for laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy 1998 Surg Endosc 12 2 189 190
40. AG Rizzo 2003 Laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: long-term follow-up J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 13 1 11 15
41. M Andreoli 1999 Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 6 2 229 233
42. DC Shay K Bhavani-Shankar S Datta 2001 Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy Anesthesiol Clin North Am 19 1 57 67
43. G Oelsner 2003 Pregnancy outcome after laparoscopy or laparotomy in pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10 2 200 204
44. DP McKellar 1992 Cholecystectomy during pregnancy without fetal loss Surg Gynecol Obstet 174 6 465 468
45. RE Glasgow 1998 Changing management of gallstone disease during pregnancy Surg Endosc 12 3 241 246
46. DG Affleck 1999 The laparoscopic management of appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy Am J Surg 178 6 523 529
47. JE Barone 1999 Outcome study of cholecystectomy during pregnancy Am J Surg 177 3 232 236
48. Rollins MD, Chan KJ, Price RR (2003) Laparoscopy for appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy: a new standard of care. Surg Endosc
49. JP Geisler 1998 Non-gynecologic laparoscopy in second and third trimester pregnancy: obstetric implications JSLS 2 3 235 238
50. K Stepp T Falcone 2004 Laparoscopy in the second trimester of pregnancy Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 31 3 485 496 vii
51. A Davis VL Katz R Cox 1995 Gallbladder disease in pregnancy J Reprod Med 40 11 759 762
52. J Muench 2001 Delay in treatment of biliary disease during pregnancy increases morbidity and can be avoided with safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy Am Surg 67 6 539 542 discussion 542-543
53. BC Visser 2001 Safety and timing of nonobstetric abdominal surgery in pregnancy Dig Surg 18 5 409 417
54. RO Pucci RW Seed 1991 Case report of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the third trimester of pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 2 401 402
55. AM Weber 1991 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 78 5 Pt 2 958 959
56. JK Williams 1995 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy A case report. J Reprod Med 40 3 243 245
57. D Arvidsson E Gerdin 1991 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy Surg Laparosc Endosc 1 3 193 194
58. GN Costantino 1994 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy J Laparoendosc Surg 4 2 161 164
59. D Soriano 1999 Laparoscopy versus laparotomy in the management of adnexal masses during pregnancy Fertil Steril 71 5 955 960
60. MJ Curet 2000 Special problems in laparoscopic surgery. Previous abdominal surgery, obesity, and pregnancy Surg Clin North Am 80 4 1093 1110
61. Elkayam U GN (1982) Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. In: Elkayam U GN (ed) Cardiac problems in pregnancy: diagnosis and management of maternal and fetal disease. Alan R Liss, New York, p 5
62. SL Clark 1991 Position change and central hemodynamic profile during normal third-trimester pregnancy and post partum Am J Obstet Gynecol 164 3 883 887
63. Gordon MC (2002) Maternal physiology in pregnancy. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL (eds) Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 63-91
64. JD Friedman 2002 Pneumoamnion and pregnancy loss after second-trimester laparoscopic surgery Obstet Gynecol 99 3 512 513
65. NB Halpern 1998 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy: a review of published experiences and clinical considerations Semin Laparosc Surg 5 2 129 134
66. BM Lemaire WF van Erp 1997 Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy Surg Endosc 11 1 15 18
67. M Canis 2002 Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses: a gold standard? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14 4 423 428
68. MA Malangoni 2003 Gastrointestinal surgery and pregnancy Gastroenterol Clin North Am 32 1 181 200
69. CJ Wang 2002 Minilaparoscopic cystectomy and appendectomy in late second trimester JSLS 6 4 373 375
70. S Akira 1999 Gasless laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy during pregnancy: comparison with laparotomy Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 3 Pt 1 554 557
71. T Murakami 2003 Cul-de-sac packing with a metreurynter in gasless laparoscopic cystectomy during pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10 3 421 423
72. T Schmidt 2001 Gasless laparoscopy as an option for conservative therapy of adnexal pedical torsion with twin pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8 4 621 622
73. T Romer B Bojahr G Schwesinger 2002 Treatment of a torqued hematosalpinx in the thirteenth week of pregnancy using gasless laparoscopy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 9 1 89 92
74. L Melgrati 2005 Isobaric (gasless) laparoscopic myomectomy during pregnancy J Minim Invasive Gynecol 12 4 379 381
75. T Matsumoto 1999 Laparoscopic treatment of uterine prolapse during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 93 5 Pt 2 849
76. H Oguri K Taniguchi T Fukaya 2005 Gasless laparoscopic management of ovarian cysts during pregnancy Int J Gynaecol Obstet 91 3 258 259
77. MD Iafrati R Yarnell SD Schwaitzberg 1995 Gasless laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy J Laparoendosc Surg 5 2 127 130
78. Hume RF, Killiam AP (1990) Maternal physiology, in obstetrics and gynecology. In: Scott JR, KiSaia J, Hammon DB (eds) JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 93-100
79. Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) 1998 Guidelines for laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy Surg Endosc 12 2 189 190
80. JG Hunter L Swanstrom K Thornburg 1995 Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum induces fetal acidosis in a pregnant ewe model Surg Endosc 9 3 272 227 discussion 277-9
81. MB Reedy 1995 Maternal and fetal effects of laparoscopic insufflation in the gravid baboon J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2 4 399 406
82. 2 pneumoperitoneum in pregnant ewes J Surg Res 63 1 339 344
83. JM Barnard 1995 Fetal response to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in the pregnant ewe Obstet Gynecol 85 5 Pt 1 669 674
84. AM Cruz 1996 Intraabdominal carbon dioxide insufflation in the pregnant ewe. Uterine blood flow, intraamniotic pressure, and cardiopulmonary effects Anesthesiology 85 6 1395 1402
85. NJ Soper JG Hunter RH Petrie 1992 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy Surg Endosc 6 3 115 117
86. JB Comitalo D Lynch 1994 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pregnant patient Surg Laparosc Endosc 4 4 268 271
87. K Bhavani-Shankar 2000 Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure difference during laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy Anesthesiology 93 2 370 373
88. DM Melnick WL Wahl VK Dalton 2004 Management of general surgical problems in the pregnant patient Am J Surg 187 2 170 180
89. JO Jorgensen 1994 Venous stasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy Surg Laparosc Endosc 4 2 128 133
90. Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group 1992 Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients BMJ 305 6853 567 574
91. HL Casele 2006 The use of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy Clin Obstet Gynecol 49 4 895 905
92. JR Hiatt 1986 Biliary disease in pregnancy: strategy for surgical management Am J Surg 151 2 263 265
93. E Ghumman M Barry PA Grace 1997 Management of gallstones in pregnancy Br J Surg 84 12 1646 1650
94. T Chamogeorgakis 1999 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy: three case reports JSLS 3 1 67 69
95. RA Steinbrook DC Brooks S Datta 1996 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Review of anesthetic management, surgical considerations Surg Endosc 10 5 511 515
96. LD Scott 1992 Gallstone disease and pancreatitis in pregnancy Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21 4 803 815
97. KJ Printen RA Ott 1978 Cholecystectomy during pregnancy Am Surg 44 7 432 424
98. G Graham L Baxi T Tharakan 1998 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy: a case series and review of the literature Obstet Gynecol Surv 53 9 566 574
99. GR DeVore 1980 Acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient due to pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, or peptic ulcer disease Clin Perinatol 7 2 349 369
100. ML Borum 1998 Hepatobiliary diseases in women Med Clin North Am 82 1 51 75
101. JJ Tuech 2000 Management of choledocholithiasis during pregnancy by magnetic resonance cholangiography and laparoscopic common bile duct stone extraction Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10 5 323 325
102. J Baillie 1990 Endoscopic management of choledocholithiasis during pregnancy Surg Gynecol Obstet 171 1 1 4
103. P Sungler 2000 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and interventional endoscopy for gallstone complications during pregnancy Surg Endosc 14 3 267 271
104. CA Cosenza 1999 Surgical management of biliary gallstone disease during pregnancy Am J Surg 178 6 545 548
105. JS Barthel T Chowdhury BW Miedema 1998 Endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy Surg Endosc 12 5 394 399
106. E Scapa 1995 To do or not to do an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute biliary pancreatitis? Surg Laparosc Endosc 5 6 453 454
107. M Andreoli 1996 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for recurrent gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy South Med J 89 11 1114 1115
108. BS Schwartzberg JA Conyers JA Moore 1997 First trimester of pregnancy laparoscopic procedures Surg Endosc 11 12 1216 1217
109. SJ Thomas P Brisson 1998 Laparoscopic appendectomy and cholecystectomy during pregnancy: six case reports JSLS 2 1 41 46
110. SL Barnes 2004 Laparoscopic appendectomy after 30 weeks pregnancy: report of two cases and description of technique Am Surg 70 8 733 736
111. M de Perrot 2000 Laparoscopic appendectomy during pregnancy Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10 6 368 371
112. JH Schreiber 1990 Laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnancy Surg Endosc 4 2 100 102
113. RI Mazze B Kallen 1991 Appendectomy during pregnancy: a Swedish registry study of 778 cases Obstet Gynecol 77 6 835 840
114. FG Cunningham JH McCubbin 1975 Appendicitis complicating pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 45 4 415 420
115. B Andersen TF Nielsen 1999 Appendicitis in pregnancy: diagnosis, management and complications Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78 9 758 762
116. MD Horowitz 1985 Acute appendicitis during pregnancy. Diagnosis and management Arch Surg 120 12 1362 1367
117. J Mourad 2000 Appendicitis in pregnancy: new information that contradicts long-held clinical beliefs Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 5 1027 1029
118. S Mahmoodian 1992 Appendicitis complicating pregnancy South Med J 85 1 19 24
119. MS Cappell D Friedel 2003 Abdominal pain during pregnancy Gastroenterol Clin North Am 32 1 1 58
120. IL Tamir FS Bongard SR Klein 1990 Acute appendicitis in the pregnant patient Am J Surg 160 6 571 575 discussion 575-6
121. AB Weingold 1983 Appendicitis in pregnancy Clin Obstet Gynecol 26 4 801 809
122. AL Shalhav 2000 Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosteronism during pregnancy J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 10 3 169 171
123. G Finkenstedt 1999 Pheochromocytoma and sub-clinical Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: diagnosis, medical pre-treatment and cure by laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy J Endocrinol Invest 22 7 551 557
124. M Aishima 2000 Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a pregnant woman with Cushing's syndrome J Urol 164 3 Pt 1 770 771
125. CY Lo CM Lo KY Lam 2002 Cushing's syndrome secondary to adrenal adenoma during pregnancy Surg Endosc 16 1 219 220
126. G Janetschek 1998 Laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma: adrenalectomy, partial resection, excision of paragangliomas J Urol 160 2 330 334
127. MJ Demeure 1998 Laparoscopic removal of a right adrenal pheochromocytoma in a pregnant woman J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 8 5 315 319
128. DE Pace 2002 Minimally invasive adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma during pregnancy Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 12 2 122 125
129. M Gagner 1996 Is laparoscopic adrenalectomy indicated for pheochromocytomas? Surgery 120 6 1076 1079 discussion 1079-1080
130. A Wolf 2004 Pheochromocytoma during pregnancy: laparoscopic and conventional surgical treatment of two cases Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 112 2 98 101
131. PT Kim 2006 Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma in pregnancy Can J Surg 49 1 62 63
132. J Griffiths 2005 Laparoscopic splenectomy for the treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy J Obstet Gynaecol Can 27 8 771 774
133. RH Hardwick 1999 Laparoscopic splenectomy in pregnancy J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 9 5 439 440
134. CF Allran Jr CA Weiss 3rd AE Park 2002 Urgent laparoscopic splenectomy in a morbidly obese pregnant woman: case report and literature review J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 12 6 445 447
135. K Iwase 2001 Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 11 1 53 56
136. BV Anglin 2001 Immune thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy: laparoscopic treatment JSLS 5 1 63 67
137. JP O'Connor 2004 Laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal-cell carcinoma during pregnancy J Endourol 18 9 871 874
138. DC Sainsbury 2004 Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in first-trimester pregnancy Urology 64 6 1231 e7-8
139. M Bozzo M Buscaglia E Ferrazzi 1997 The management of persistent adnexal masses in pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 4 981 982
140. JG Thornton M Wells 1987 Ovarian cysts in pregnancy: does ultrasound make traditional management inappropriate? Obstet Gynecol 69 5 717 21
141. WH Grimes Jr 1954 Ovarian cyst complicating pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 68 2 594 605
142. GB Sherard 3rd 2003 Adnexal masses and pregnancy: a 12-year experience Am J Obstet Gynecol 189 2 358 362 discussion 362-3
143. LW Hess 1988 Adnexal mass occurring with intrauterine pregnancy: report of fifty-four patients requiring laparotomy for definitive management Am J Obstet Gynecol 158 5 1029 1034
144. KM Schmeler 2005 Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation Obstet Gynecol 105 5 Pt 1 1098 1103
145. G Zanetta 2003 A prospective study of the role of ultrasound in the management of adnexal masses in pregnancy BJOG 110 6 578 583
146. G Condous 2004 Should we be examining the ovaries in pregnancy? Prevalence and natural history of adnexal pathology detected at first-trimester sonography Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24 1 62 66
147. ACOG Practice Bulletin (2007) Management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 110(1):201-214
148. F Nezhat 1991 Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy during pregnancy J Laparoendosc Surg 1 3 161 164
149. WH Parker 1994 A multicenter study of laparoscopic management of selected cystic adnexal masses in postmenopausal women J Am Coll Surg 179 6 733 737
150. SI Tazuke 1997 Laparoscopic management of pelvic pathology during pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 4 5 605 608
151. MK Chung RP Chung 2001 Laparoscopic extracorporeal oophorectomy and ovarian cystectomy in second trimester pregnant obese patients JSLS 5 3 273 277
152. PM Yuen AM Chang 1997 Laparoscopic management of adnexal mass during pregnancy Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76 2 173 176
153. FH Loh 1998 Case report of ruptured endometriotic cyst in pregnancy treated by laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy Singapore Med J 39 8 368 369
154. KJ Stepp 2003 Laparoscopy for adnexal masses in the second trimester of pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10 1 55 59
155. LL Neiswender DB Toub 1997 Laparoscopic excision of pelvic masses during pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 4 2 269 272
156. PM Yuen 2004 Outcome in laparoscopic management of persistent adnexal mass during the second trimester of pregnancy Surg Endosc 18 9 1354 1357
157. J Parker 1995 Laparoscopic adnexal surgery during pregnancy: a case of heterotopic tubal pregnancy treated by laparoscopic salpingectomy Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 35 2 208 210
158. RD Moore WG Smith 1999 Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnant women J Reprod Med 44 2 97 100
159. YH Lin 2003 Successful laparoscopic management of a huge ovarian tumor in the 27th week of pregnancy A case report. J Reprod Med 48 10 834 836
160. P Mathevet 2003 Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnancy: a case series Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 108 2 217 222
161. AP Struyk PE Treffers 1984 Ovarian tumors in pregnancy Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63 5 421 424
162. DH Nichols PJ Julian 1985 Torsion of the adnexa Clin Obstet Gynecol 28 2 375 380
163. G Mage 1989 Laparoscopic management of adnexal torsion. A review of 35 cases J Reprod Med 34 8 520 524
164. S Garzarelli N Mazzuca 1994 One laparoscopic puncture for treatment of ovarian cysts with adnexal torsion in early pregnancy. A report of two cases J Reprod Med 39 12 985 986
165. P Morice 1997 Laparoscopy for adnexal torsion in pregnant women J Reprod Med 42 7 435 439
166. A Abu-Musa 2001 Laparoscopic unwinding and cystectomy of twisted dermoid cyst during second trimester of pregnancy J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8 3 456 464
167. S Bassil U Steinhart J Donnez 1999 Successful laparoscopic management of adnexal torsion during week 25 of a twin pregnancy Hum Reprod 14 3 855 857
168. PA Argenta 2000 Torsion of the uterine adnexa. Pathologic correlations and current management trends J Reprod Med 45 10 831 836
169. HM Tarraza RD Moore 1997 Gynecologic causes of the acute abdomen and the acute abdomen in pregnancy Surg Clin North Am 77 6 1371 139
170. G Oelsner 1993 Long-term follow-up of the twisted ischemic adnexa managed by detorsion Fertil Steril 60 6 976 979
171. HT Sharp 2002 The acute abdomen during pregnancy Clin Obstet Gynecol 45 2 405 413
172. VL Katz RM Farmer 1999 Controversies in tocolytic therapy Clin Obstet Gynecol 42 4 802 1819
173. ND Berkman 2003 Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labor: a review of the evidence Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 6 1648 1659
174. TC Tan 2006 Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labour: a systematic review Singapore Med J 47 5 361 366
175. R Romero 2000 An oxytocin receptor antagonist (atosiban) in the treatment of preterm labor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with tocolytic rescue Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 5 1173 1183