Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of fear of flying

Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 79, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 899-903

  Da Costa, Rafael T ^a   Sardinha, Aline ^a   Nardi, Antonio E ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Case studies; Flying phobia; Group therapy; Virtual reality

Indexed keywords

AVIATION; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEAR; HUMAN; MEDLINE; PHOBIA; PSYCHOEDUCATION; REVIEW; VIRTUAL REALITY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; AEROSPACE MEDICINE; AIRCRAFT; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DATABASES AS TOPIC; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEAR; HUMANS; HYPERGRAVITY; PSYCHOTHERAPY, GROUP; PUBMED; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 51149098146     PISSN: 00956562     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3357/ASEM.2277.2008     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Agras S, Sylvester D, Oliveau D. The epidemiology of common fears and phobias. Compr Psychiatry 1969; 10:151-6.
2. Algina J, Keselman HJ, Penfield RD. Confidence interval coverage for Cohen's effect size statistic. Educ Psychol Meas 2006; 66:945-60.
3. th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
4. Anderson P, Jacobs C, Rothbaum BO. Computer-supported cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychol 2004; 60:253-67.
5. Andrews T, Baños RM, Botella C, Emmelkamp PMG, Gamberini L, Spagnolli A, et al. Commentary on Riva G, virtual reality in psychotherapy. Cyberpsychol Behav 2005; 8:231-40.
6. Baños RM, Botella C, Perpina C, Alcaniz M, Lozano JA, Osma J, Gallardo M. Virtual reality treatment of flying phobia. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2002; 6:206-12.
7. Beckham JC, Vrana SR, May JG, Gustafson DJ, Smith GR. Emotional processing and fear measurement synchrony as indicators of treatment outcome in fear of flying. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1990; 21:153-62.
8. Bornas X, Fullana MA, Tortella-Feliu M, Llabrés J, de la Banda GG. Computer-assisted therapy in the treatment of flight phobia: a case report. Cogn Behav Pract 2001; 8:234-40.
9. Bornas X, Tortella-Feliu M, Garcia G, Fullana MA, Llabrés J. Anfilisis factorial del cuestionario de miedo a volar (QPV) [Factor analysis of the Fear of Flying Questionnaire]. Anl Modif Conduct 1999; 25:805-7.
10. Brown TA, DiNardo EA, Barlow DH. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-1V (ADIS-IV), adult version. Albany, NY: Graywind Publications; 1994.
11. Burdea G. Virtual rehabilitation - benefits and challenges. IMIA Yearbook 2003:1-7.
12. Cohen J. Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1998.
13. Côté S, Bouchard S. Documenting the efficacy of virtual reality exposure with psychophysiological and information processing measures. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2005; 30:217-32.
14. Emmelkamp PMG, Krijn M, Hulsbosch AM, de Vries S, Schuemie MJ, van der Mast CAG. Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:509-16.
15. Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull 1986; 99:20-35.
16. Girodo M, Roehl J. Cognitive preparation and coping self-talk: anxiety management during the stress of flying. J Consult Clin Psychol 1978; 46:978-89.
17. Gregg L, Tarrier N. Virtual reality in mental health: a review of the literature. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007; 42:343-54.
18. Hedges LV, Olkin L. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1985.
19. Hodges LF, Watson BA, Kessler GD, Rothbaum BO, Opdyke D. Virtually conquering fear of flying. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 1996; 16:42-9.
20. Howard WA, Murphy SM, Clarke JC. The nature and treatment of fear of flying: a controlled investigation. Behavior Therapy 1983; 14:557-67.
21. Ichimura A, Nakajima I, Juzoji H. Investigation and analysis of a reported incident resulting in an actual airline hijacking due to a fanatical and engrossed VR state. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001; 4:355-63.
22. Jang DP, Kim IY, Nam SW, Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD, Kim SI. Analysis of physiological response to two virtual environments: driving and flying simulation. Cyberpsychol Behav 2002; 5:11-8.
23. Kahan M, Tanzer J, Darvin D, Borer F. Virtual reality-assisted cognitive-behavioral treatment for fear of flying: acute treatment and follow-up. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 2000; 3:387-92.
24. Klein RA. Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 2000; 30:195-207.
25. Krijn M, Emmelkamp PMG, Biemond R, de Ligny CW, Schuemie MJ, van der Mast CAPG. Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: the role of immersion and presence. Behav Res Ther 2004; 42:229-39.
26. Krijn M, Emmelkamp PMG, Olafsson RP, Biemond R. Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clin Psychol Rev 2004; 24:259-81.
27. Krijn M, Emmelkamp PM, Olafsson RP, Bouwman M, van Gerwen LJ, Spinhoven P, et al. Fear of flying treatment methods: virtual reality exposure vs. cognitive behavioral therapy. Aviat Space Environ Med 2007; 78:121-8.
28. Maltby N, Kirsch I, Mayers M, Allen GJ. Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of fear of flying: a controlled investigation. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70:1112-8.
29. McNally RJ, Louro CE. Fear of flying in agoraphobia and simple phobia: distinguishing features. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1992; 6:319-24.
30. Mendlowicz MV, Nardi AE, Figueira I, Marques C, Versiani M. Medo de voar: considerações clínicas, nosológicas e terapêuticas [Fear of flying: clinic, nosologic and therapeutic considerations]. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 1996; 45:719-24.
31. Muhlberger A, Herrmann MJ, Wiedemann G, Ellgring H, Pauli P. Repeated exposure of flight phobies to flights in virtual reality. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39:1033-50.
32. Mühlberger A, Weik A, Pauli P, Wiedemann G. One-session virtual reality exposure treatment for fear of flying: 1-year follow-up and graduation flight accompaniment effects. Psychotherapy Research 2006; 16:26-40.
33. Mühlberger A, Wiedemann G, Pauli P. Efficacy of a one-session virtual reality exposure treatment for fear of flying. Psychotherapy Research 2003; 13:323-36.
34. North MM, North SM, Coble JR. Virtual reality therapy: an effective treatment for psychological disorders. Stud Health Technol Inform 1997; 44:59-70.
35. North MM, North SM, Coble JR. Virtual reality therapy for fear of flying. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:130.
36. Orwin RG. A Fail-Safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics 1983; 8:157-9.
37. Pull CB. Current status of virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: editorial review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18:7-14.
38. Reeves JL, Mealiea WL. Biofeedback-assisted cue-controlled relaxation for the treatment of flight phobias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1975; 6:105-9.
39. Riva G. Virtual reality for health care: the status of research. Cyberpsychol Behav 2002; 5:219-25.
40. Riva G. Virtual reality in psychotherapy [Review]. Cyberpsychol Behav 2005; 8:220-30.
41. Riva G, Wiederhold BK. Introduction to the special issue on virtual reality environments in behavioral sciences. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2002; 6:193-7.
42. Roberts RJ. Passenger fear of flying: behavioral treatment with extensive in vivo exposure and group support. Aviat Space Environ Med 1989; 60:342-8.
43. Rothbaum BO, Anderson P, Zimand E, Hodges L, Lang D, Wilson J. Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behav Ther 2006; 37:80-90.
44. Rothbaum BO, Hodges LF. The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Behav Modif 1999; 23:507-25.
45. Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Anderson PL, Price L, Smith S. Twelve-month follow-up of virtual reality and standard exposure therapies for the fear of flying. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70:428-32.
46. Rothbaum BO, Hodges LF, Kooper R. Virtual reality exposure therapy. J Psychother Pract Res 1997; 6:219-26.
47. Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Smith S. Virtual reality exposure therapy abbreviated treatment manual: fear of flying application. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 1999; 6:234-44.
48. Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Smith S, Lee JH, Price L. A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:1020-6.
49. Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Watron BA, Kessler GD, Opdyke D. Virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying: a case report. Behav Res Ther 1996; 34:477-81.
50. Walder CP, McCracken JS, Herbert M, James PT, Brewitt N. Psychological intervention in civilian flying phobia evaluation and a three-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151:494-8.
51. Wiederhold BK, Gevirtz RN, Spira JL. Virtual reality exposure therapy vs. imagery desensitization in the treatment of flying phobia. In: Riva G, Galimberti C, eds. Towards cyberpsychology: mind, cognitions and society in the internet age . Amsterdam: IOS press; 2001:253-72.
52. Wiederhold BK, Jang DP, Gevirtz RG, Kim SI, Kim IY, Wiederhold MD. The treatment of fear of flying: a controlled study of imaginai and virtual reality graded exposure therapy. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2002; 6:218-23.
53. Wiederhold BK, Rizzo AS. Virtual Reality and applied psychophysiology. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2005; 30:183-5.
54. Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD. A review of virtual reality as a psychotherapeutic tool. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 1998; 1:45-52.
55. Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD. Clinical observations during virtual reality therapy for specific phobias. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 1999; 2:161-8.
56. Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD. Three-year follow-up for virtual reality exposure for fear of flying. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003; 6:441-5.
57. Wilhelm FH, Pfaltz MC, Gross JJ, Mauss IB, Kim SI, Wiederhold BK. Mechanisms of virtual reality exposure therapy: the role of the behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2005; 30:271-84.