On the effective atomic number and electron density: A comprehensive set of formulas for all types of materials and energies above 1 keV

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

Volumn 266, Issue 18, 2008, Pages 3906-3912

  Manohara, S R ^a   Hanagodimath, S M ^a   Thind, K S ^b   Gerward, L ^c  

^a GULBARGA UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Alloys; Bio molecules; Effective atomic number; Electron density; Glasses; Liquids; Minerals; X ray and gamma ray interaction with matter

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC PHYSICS; CARRIER CONCENTRATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES; ELECTRON DENSITY MEASUREMENT; ELECTRONS; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; MINERALS; PHOTONS; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIATION SHIELDING; SHIELDING;

ALLOYS; BIO-MOLECULES; EFFECTIVE ATOMIC NUMBER; ELECTRON DENSITY; GLASSES; LIQUIDS; X-RAY AND GAMMA RAY INTERACTION WITH MATTER;

ATOMS;

EID: 50949131973     PISSN: 0168583X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2008.06.034     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Hine G.J. Phys. Rev. 85 (1952) 725
2. Jackson D.F., and Hawkes D.J. Phys. Rep. 70 (1981) 169
3. M.J. Berger, J.H. Hubbell, XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database, Web Version 1.2, available at http://physics.nist.gov/xcom (1999). Originally published as NBSIR 87-3597 XCOM: Photon Cross Sections on a Personal Computer, Washington, DC, 1987.
4. Gerward L., Guilbert N., Jensen K.B., and Levring H. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 60 (2001) 23
5. Gerward L., Guilbert N., Jensen K.B., and Levring H. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 71 (2004) 653
6. Puumalainen P., Olkkonen H., and Sikanen P. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 28 (1977) 785
7. Yang N.C., Leichner P.K., and Hawkins W.G. Med. Phys. 14 (1987) 759
8. Kumar T.K., and Reddy K.V. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 50 (1997) 545
9. Singh K., Singh H., Sharma V., Nathuram R., Khanna A., Kumar R., Bhatti S.S., and Sahota H.S. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 194 (2002) 1
10. Singh H., Singh K., Sharma G., Gerward L., Nathuram R., Lark B.S., Sahota H.S., and Khanna A. Phys. Chem. Glasses 44 (2003) 5
11. Singh H., Singh K., Gerward L., Singh K., Sahota H.S., and Nathuram R. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 207 (2003) 257
12. Singh K., Singh H., Sharma G., Gerward L., Khanna A., Kumar R., Nathuram R., and Sahota H.S. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 72 (2005) 225
13. Manjunathaguru V., and Umesh T.K. J. Phys. B: Atom Mol. Opt. Phys. 39 (2006) 3969
14. Manjunathaguru V., and Umesh T.K. J. Phys. B: Atom Mol. Opt. Phys. 40 (2007) 3707
15. Manohara S.R., and Hanagodimath S.M. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B. 258 (2007) 321
16. Manohara S.R., and Hanagodimath S.M. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B. 264 (2007) 9
17. Manohara S.R., Hanagodimath S.M., and Gerward L. Med. Phys. 35 (2008) 388
18. A. Kumar, S. Singh, G.S. Mudahar, K.S. Thind, submitted for publication.
19. Grinyov B., Ryzhikov V., Lecoq P., Naydenov S., Opolonin A., Lisetskaya E., Galkin S., and Shumeiko N. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. 580 (2007) 50
20. Torikoshi M., Ohno Y., Natsuhori M., Ito N., Uesugi K., Yagi N., Tsunoo T., De M., and Endo M. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 580 (2007) 996
21. Compton A.H., and Allison S.K. X-Rays in Theory and Experiment (1935), D. Van Nostrand Company Inc., Princeton p. 525
22. J.H. Hubbell, S.M. Seltzer, Tables of X-ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeV for Elements Z = 1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric Interest, NISTIR 5632, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, 1995.
23. Sandhu G.K., Singh K., Lark B.S., and Gerward L. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 65 (2002) 211
24. Parthasaradhi J. Ind. J. Pure Appl. Phys. 6 (1968) 609
25. El-Kateb A.H., Rizk R.A.M., and Abdul-Kader A.M. Ann. Nucl. Energy 27 (2000) 1333
26. Murty V.R.K. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 71 (2004) 667
27. Icelli O., Erzeneoglu S., Karahan I.H., and Cankaya G. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 91 (2005) 485
28. Kumar T.K., Venkataratnam S., and Keddy K.V. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 48 (1996) 707
29. Gill H., Kaur G., Singh K., Kumar V., and Singh J. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 51 (1998) 671
30. Mudahar G.S., Modi S., and Singh M. Ind. J. Phys. B 65 (1991) 226
31. Singh K., Gagandeep K., Sahota H.S., and Lark B.S. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 132 (1999) 58
32. Gagandeep K., Singh K., Lark B.S., and Sahota H.S. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 134 (2000) 208
33. Gagandeep K., Singh K., Lark B.S., and Sahota H.S. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 58 (2000) 315
34. Kumar A., Singh S., Mudahar G.S., and Thind K.S. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 155 (2007) 102
35. Gerward L. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41 (1993) 783
36. Hubbell J.H. Phys. Med. Biol. 44 (1999) R1
37. Hubbell J.H. Phys. Med. Biol. 51 (2006) R245