Randomized controlled trial of a pictogram-based intervention to reduce liquid medication dosing errors and improve adherence among caregivers of young children

Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

Volumn 162, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 814-822

  Yin, H Shonna ^a,b   Dreyer, Benard P ^a   Van Schaick, Linda ^a   Foltin, George L ^a   Dinglas, Cheryl ^a   Mendelsohn, Alan L ^a  

^a BELLEVUE HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; CHILD CARE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INFANT; KNOWLEDGE; MALE; MEDICATION ERROR; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COUNSELING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SCHOOL CHILD;

CAREGIVERS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DOSAGE FORMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MEDICATION ERRORS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); SOCIAL CLASS; TEACHING;

EID: 50949107982     PISSN: 10724710     EISSN: 15383628     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.162.9.814     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Phillips J, Beam S, Brinker A, et al. Retrospective analysis of mortalities associated with medication errors [published correction appears in Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(22):2130]. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(19):1835-1841.
2. Sawyer SM, Aroni RA. Sticky issue of adherence. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003; 39(1):2-5.
3. Matsui DM. Drug compliance in pediatrics: clinical and research issues. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;44(1):1-14.
4. Henretig FM, Selbst SM, Forrest C, et al. Repeated acetaminophen overdosing causing hepatotoxicity in children: clinical reports and literature review. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1989;28(11):525-528.
5. Rivera-Penera T, Gugig R, David J, et al. Outcome of acetaminophen overdose in pediatric patients and factors contributing to hepatotoxicity. J Pediatr. 1997;130(2):300-304.
6. Frush KS, Luo X, Hutchinson P, Higgins JN. Evaluation of a method to reduce over-the-counter medication dosing error. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(7):620-624.
7. Li SF, Lacher B, Crain EF. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen dosing by parents. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000;16(6):394-397.
8. McMahon SR, Rimsza ME, Bay RC. Parents can dose liquid medication accurately. Pediatrics. 1997;100(3, pt 1):330-333.
9. Simon HK, Weinkle DA. Over-the-counter medications: do parents give what they intend to give? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(7):654-656.
10. Hyam E, Brawer M, Herman J, Zvieli S. What's in a teaspoon? underdosing with acetaminophen in family practice. Fam Pract. 1989;6(3):221-223.
11. Gribetz B, Cronley SA. Underdosing of acetaminophen by parents. Pediatrics. 1987;80(5):630-633.
12. Winnick S, Lucas DO, Hartman AL, Toll D. How do you improve compliance? Pediatrics. 2005;115(6):e718-e724. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1133.
13. Van Sciver MM, D'Angelo EJ, Rappaport L, Woolf AD. Pediatric compliance and the roles of distinct treatment characteristics, treatment attitudes, and family stress: a preliminary report. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995;16(5):350-358.
14. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487-497.
15. Shope JT. Medication compliance. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1981;28(1):5-21.
16. Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(5):267-273.
17. Kaushal R, Jaggi T, Walsh K, et al. Pediatric medication errors: what do we know? what gaps remain? Ambul Pediatr. 2004;4(1):73-81.
18. Madlon-Kay DJ, Mosch FS. Liquid medication dosing errors. J Fam Pract. 2000;49(8):741-744.
19. Litovitz T. Implication of dispensing cups in dosing errors and pediatric poisonings: a report from the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26(7-8):917-918.
20. Fernandez CV, Gillis-Ring J. Strategies for the prevention of medical error in pediatrics. J Pediatr. 2003;143(2):155-162.
21. McKenzie M. Administration of oral medications to infants and young children. US Pharm. June/July 1981;6:55-67.
22. Eisen SA, Miller DK, Woodward RS, Spitznagel E, Przybeck TR. The effect of prescribed daily dose frequency on patient medication compliance. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(9):1881-1884.
23. Markello JR. Factors influencing pediatric compliance. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985;4(5):579-583.
24. Selbst SM, Levine S, Mull C, Bradford K, Friedman M. Preventing medical errors in pediatric emergency medicine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004;20(10):702-709.
25. Dowse R, Ehlers M. Medicine labels incorporating pictograms: do they influence understanding and adherence? Patient Educ Couns. 2005;58(1):63-70.
26. Mansoor LE, Dowse R. Effect of pictograms on readability of patient information materials. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(7-8):1003-1009.
27. Dowse R, Ehlers MS. The evaluation of pharmaceutical pictograms in a lowliterate South African population. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;45(2):87-99.
28. Dowse R, Ehlers M. Pictograms in pharmacy. Int J Pharm Pract. 1998;6:109-118.
29. Houts PS, Doak CC, Doak LG, Loscalzo MJ. The role of pictures in improving health communication: a review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;61(2):173-190.
30. Katz MG, Kripalani S, Weiss BD. Use of pictorial aids in medication instructions: a review of the literature. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(23):2391-2397.
31. Houts PS, Witmer JT, Egeth HE, Loscalzo MJ, Zabora JR. Using pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions II. Patient Educ Couns. 2001;43(3):231-242.
32. Morrow DG, Hier CM, Menard WE, Leirer VO. Icons improve older and younger adults' comprehension of medication information. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998;53(4):P240-P254.
33. Ngoh LN, Shepherd MD. Design, development, and evaluation of visual aids for communicating prescription drug instructions to nonliterate patients in rural Cameroon. Patient Educ Couns. 1997;30(3):257-270.
34. Delp C, Jones J. Communicating information to patients: the use of cartoon illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3(3):264-270.
35. Austin PE, Matlack R, Dunn KA, Kesler C, Brown CK. Discharge instructions: do illustrations help our patients understand them? Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25 (3):317-320.
36. Hanson EC. Evaluating cognitive services for non-literate and visually impaired patients in community pharmacy rotation sites Am J Pharm Educ. 1995;59 (1):48-55.
37. Michielutte R, Bahnson J, Dignan MB, Schroeder EM. The use of illustrations and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure. J Cancer Educ. 1992;7(3):251-260.
38. Schillinger D, Piette J, Grumbach K, et al. Closing the loop: physician communication with diabetic patients who have low health literacy. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(1):83-90.
39. Mayeaux EJ Jr, Murphy PW, Arnold C, Davis TC, Jackson RH, Sentell T. Improving patient education for patients with low literacy skills. Am Fam Physician. 1996;53(1):205-211.
40. Physicians' Desk Reference. 60th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson; 2006.
41. Taketomo C, Hodding J, Kraus D. Pediatric Dosage Handbook. 13th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp; 2006.
42. Miaskowski C, Dodd M, West C, et al. Lack of adherence with the analgesic regimen: a significant barrier to effective cancer pain management. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(23):4275-4279.
43. Gunn VL, Taha SH, Liebelt EL, Serwint JR. Toxicity of over-the-counter cough and cold medications. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):e52. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.e52.
44. Heubi JE, Barbacci MB, Zimmerman HJ. Therapeutic misadventures with acetaminophen: hepatoxicity after multiple doses in children. J Pediatr. 1998;132 (1):22-27.
45. New York State Department of Education, Office of the Professions Commissioner's Regulations, Part 63, Pharmacy, §63.6 b 8 (i) a and b. http://www.op.nysed.gov/part63.htm. Accessed June 6, 2007.
46. Hollingshead A. Four Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven, CT: Yale University; 1975.
47. Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients' literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10(10):537-541.
48. Nurss J, Parker R, Baker D. TOFHLA: Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Snow Camp, NC: Peppercorn Books & Press; 1995.
49. Gazmararian J, Baker D, Parker R, Blazer DG. A multivariate analysis of factors associated with depression: evaluating the role of health literacy as a potential contributor. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(21):3307-3314.
50. Schillinger D, Grumbach K, Piette J. Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA. 2002;288(4):475-482.
51. Schwartzberg JG, Van Geest JB, Wang CC, eds. Understanding Health Literacy: Implications for Medicine and Public Health. Chicago, IL: AMA Press; 2005.
52. Aguirre AC, Ebrahim N, Shea JA. Performance of the English and Spanish S-TOFHLA among publicly insured Medicaid and Medicare patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;56(3):332-339.
53. Kozer E, Scolnik D, Macpherson A, et al. Variables associated with medication errors in pediatric emergency medicine. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):737-742.
54. Katon W, Cantrell CR, Sokol MC, Chiao E, Gdovin JM. Impact of antidepressant drug adherence on comorbid medication use and resource utilization. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(21):2497-2503.
55. Lau DT, Nau D. Oral antihyperglycemic medication nonadherence and subsequent hospitalization among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(9):2149-2153.
56. Wei L, Wang J, Thompson P, Wong S, Struthers A, MacDonald T. Adherence to statin treatment and readmission of patients after myocardial infarction: a sixyear follow-up study. Heart. 2002;88(3):229-233.
57. Edwards M, Pathy MS. Drug counselling in the elderly and predicting compliance. Practitioner. 1984;228(1389):291-300.
58. Dawson A, Newell R. The extent of parental compliance with timing of administration of their children's antibiotics. J Adv Nurs. 1994;20(3):483-490.
59. Paasche-Orlow MK, Cheng DM, Palepu A, Meli S, Faber V, Samet JH. Health literacy, antiretroviral adherence, and HIV-RNA suppression: a longitudinal perspective. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(8):835-840.
60. Beck DE, Fennell RS, Yost RL, Robinson JD, Geary D, Richards GA. Evaluation of an educational program on compliance with medication regimens in pediatric patients with renal transplants. J Pediatr. 1980;96(6):1094-1097.
61. Bernardini C, Ambrogi V, Perioli LC, Tiralti MC, Fardella G. Comprehensibility of the package leaflets of all medicinal products for human use: a questionnaire survey about the use of symbols and pictograms. Pharmacol Res. 2000;41 (6):679-688.
62. Houts PS, Bachrach R, Witmer JT, Tringali CA, Bucher JA, Localio RA. Using pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions. Patient Educ Couns. 1998;35(2):83-88.
63. Filippatou D, Pumfrey PD. Pictures, titles, reading accuracy and reading comprehension: a research review (1973-95). Educ Res. 1996;38(3):259-291. doi: 10.1080/0013188960380302.
64. Patel VL, Eisemon TO, Arocha JF. Comprehending instructions for using pharmaceutical products in rural Kenya. Instr Sci. 1990;19:71-84. doi:10.1007/BF00377986.