Root reinforcement in plantations of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don: effect of tree age and stand structure on slope stability

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 256, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1517-1526

  Genet, Marie ^a   Kokutse, Nomessi ^a,b   Stokes, Alexia ^c,d   Fourcaud, Thierry ^c,d   Cai, Xiaohu ^e   Ji, Jinnan ^f   Mickovski, Slobodan ^g  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE LOMÉ   (France)

^c UMR AMAP   (France)

^d INSTITUTE OF AUTOMATION   (China)

^e Sichuan Academy of Forestry   (China)

^f BEIJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY   (China)

^g Jacobs UK Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Additional cohesion; Japanese cedar; Landslides; Root biomass; Soil fixation; Tensile strength

Indexed keywords

ADHESION; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; FORESTRY; LANDSLIDES; REINFORCEMENT; SAFETY FACTOR; SHEAR STRENGTH; SLOPE PROTECTION; SOILS; VEGETATION;

ADDITIONAL COHESION; FINITE ELEMENT CODES; JAPANESE CEDARS; ROOT BIOMASS; ROOT TENSILE STRENGTH; SOIL FIXATION; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES; TWO DIMENSIONAL MODEL;

TENSILE STRENGTH;

BIOMASS; COHESION; LANDSLIDE; MASS MOVEMENT; ROOT; SLOPE STABILITY; STAND STRUCTURE; TENSILE STRENGTH; TREE;

BIOMASS; CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA; EARTH MOVEMENT; FORESTRY; PLANTS; REINFORCEMENT; SHEAR STRENGTH; SOIL; TENSILE STRENGTH;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; SICHUAN;

CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA;

EID: 50849096714     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.050     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Abernethy B., and Rutherfurd I.D. The distribution and strength of riparian tree roots in relation to riverbank reinforcement. Hydrol. Process. 15 (2001) 63-79
2. Anderson M.G., and Richards K.S. Slope Stability: Geotechnical Engineering and Geomorphology (1987), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 585 pp.
3. Anon., 1996. Survey, Observation and Analysis of Terrestrial Biocommunities. Standards Press of China, Dongming, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
4. Berish C.W. Root biomass and surface area in three successional tropical forests. Can. J. For. Res. 12 (1982) 699-704
5. Böhm, W., 1979. Methods of Studying Root Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Ecol. Stud. 33, 151 pp.
6. Bouillet J.P., Laclau J.P., Arnaud M., M'Bou A.T., Saint-André L., and Jourdan C. Changes with age in the spatial distribution of root of Eucalyptus clone in Congo: impact on water and nutrient uptake. For. Ecol. Manage. 171 (2002) 43-57
7. Bischetti G.B., Chiaradia E.A., Simonato T., Speziali B., Vitali B., Vullo P., and Zocco A. Root strength and root area of forest species in Lombardy. Plant Soil. 278 (2005) 11-22
8. Brinkgreeve, R.B.J., Vermeer, P.A., 1998. Plaxis, Finite element code for soil and rock analysis. Professional Version 7.2, Usage Manuel.
9. Burroughs, E.R., Thomas, B.R., 1977. Declining root strength in Douglas fir after felling as a factor in slope stability. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper INT-190, 27 pp.
10. Cammeraat L.H., Van Beek R., and Kooijman A. Vegetation succession and its consequences for slope stability in SE Spain. Plant Soil 278 (2005) 135-147
11. Chiatante D., Sarnataro M., Fusco S., Di Iorio A., and Scippa G.S. Modification of root morphological parameters and root architecture in seedlings of Fraxinus ornus L. and Spartium junceum L. growing on slopes. Plant Biosyst. 137 (2003) 47-56
12. Claus A., and George E. Effect of stand age on fine-root biomass and biomass distribution in three European forest chronosequences. Can. J. For. Res. 35 (2005) 1617-1625
13. Commandeur P.R., and Pyles M.R. Modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of Douglas fir roots. Can. J. For. Res. 21 (1991) 48-52
14. Coppin N.J., and Richards I.G. Use of Vegetation in Civil Engineering (1990), Butterworth, London 272 pp.
15. Craig R.F. Craig's Soil Mechanics (2004), Spon Press, London 447 pp.
16. Danjon F., Barker D.H., Drexhage M., and Stokes A. Using 3D plant root architecture in models of shallow-slope stability. Ann. Bot. 101 (2008) 1281-1293
17. De Baets S., Poesen J., Knapen A., Barberá G.G., and Navarro J.A. Root characteristics of representative Mediterranean plant species and their erosion-reducing potential during concentrated runoff. Plant Soil 294 (2007) 169-183
18. Démurger S., Fournier M., and Shen G. Les politiques de conservation de la forêt en Chine: Directives nationales et mise en œuvre locale dans le Nord du Sichuan. Perspect. Chinoises. 88 (2005) 2-13
19. Drexhage M., and Gruber F. Architecture of the skeletal root system of 40-year-old Picea abies on strongly acidified soils in the Harz Mountains (Germany). Can. J. For. Res. 28 (1998) 13-22
20. Fujimaki R., Tateno R., and Tokuchi N. Root development across a chronosequence in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation. J. For. Res. 12 (2007) 96-102
21. Gale M.R., and Grigal D.F. Vertical distribution of northern tree species in relation to successional status. Can. J. For. Res. 17 (1987) 829-834
22. Genet M., Stokes A., Salin F., Mickovski S.B., Fourcaud T., Dumail J.F., and Van Beek R. The influence of cellulose content on tensile strength in tree roots. Plant Soil 278 (2005) 1-9
23. Genet, M., Stokes, A., Fourcaud, T., Hu, X., Lu, Y., 2006. Soil fixation by tree roots: changes in root reinforcement parameters with age in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. plantations. In: Marui, H., Marutani, T., Watanabe, N., Kawabe, H., Gonda, Y., Kimura, M., Ochiai, H., Ogawa, K., Fiebiger, G., Heumader, J., Rudolf-Miklau, F., Kienholz, H., Mikos, M. (Eds.), Interpraevent 2006, Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides. September 25-27, 2006, Niigata, Japan. Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan, ISBN 4-946443-98-3, pp. 535-542.
24. Gray D.H., and Oashi H. Mechanics of fibre reinforcement in sand. J. Geotech. Eng. 109 (1983) 335-353
25. Gray D.H., and Sotir R.D. Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization (1996), John Wiley and Sons, NY 369 pp.
26. Greenway D.R. Vegetation and slope stability. In: Anderson M.G., and Richards K.S. (Eds). Slope Stability (1987), John Wiley and Sons, NY 187-230
27. Helmisaari H.S., Makkonen K., Kellomäki S., Valtonen E., and Mälkönen E. Below- and above-ground biomass, production and nitrogen use in Scots pine stands in eastern Finland. For. Ecol. Manage. 165 (2002) 317-326
28. Idol T.W., Pope P.E., and Ponder F. Fine root dynamics across a chronosequence of upland temperate deciduous forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 127 (2000) 153-167
29. John B., Pandey H.N., and Tripathi R.S. Vertical distribution and seasonal changes of fine and coarse root mass in Pinus kesiya Royle Ex. Gordon forest of three different ages. Acta Oecol. 22 (2001) 293-300
30. Karizumi N. The mechanism and function of tree root in the process of forest production. II. Root biomass and distribution in stands. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Sta. 267 (1974) 1-88
31. Keyes M.R., and Grier C.C. Above- and below-ground net production in 40-years-old Douglas-fir stands on low and high productivity sites. Can. J. For. Res. 11 (1981) 599-605
32. Khuder H., Danjon F., Stokes A., and Fourcaud T. Growth response and root architecture of Black locust seedlings growing on slopes and subjected to mechanical perturbation. In: Salmen L. (Ed). Proceedings "5th Plant Biomechanics Conference". Sweden, 28 August-1 September, 2006 (2006) 299-304
33. Konôpka B., Noguchi K., Sakata T., Takahashi M., and Konôpkova Z. Fine root dynamics in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation throughout the growing season. For. Ecol. Manage. 225 (2006) 278-286
34. Kokutse, N., Fourcaud, T., Kokou, K., Neglo, K., Lac, P., 2006. 3D Numerical modelling and analysis of the influence of forest structure on hill slopes stability. In: Marui, H., Marutani, T., Watanabe, N., Kawabe, H., Gonda, Y., Kimura, M., Ochiai, H., Ogawa, K., Fiebiger, G., Heumader, J., Rudolf-Miklau, F., Kienholz, H., Mikos, M., (Eds), Interpraevent 2006, Disaster Mitigation of Debris Flows, Slope Failures and Landslides. 25-27 September, 2006, Niigata, Japan. Universal Academy Press, Inc., Tokyo, Japan, ISBN 4-946443-98-3, pp. 561-567.
35. Köstler, J.N., Bruckner, E., Bibelriether, H., 1968. Die Wurzeln der Waldbaume edn. Verlag Paul Parey, 280 pp.
36. Kurz W.A., Beukema S.J., and Apps M.J. Estimation of root biomass and dynamics for the carbon budget model of the Canadian forest sector. Can. J. Forest. Res. 26 (1996) 1973-1979
37. Lindström A., and Rune G. Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: effects on root growth, tree stability and stem straightness. Plant Soil 217 (1999) 29-37
38. Marler T.E., and Discekici H.M. Root development of 'Red Lady' papaya plants grown on a hillside. Plant Soil 195 (1997) 37-42
39. Mattia C., Bischetti G.B., and Gentile F. Biotechnical characteristics of root systems of typical Mediterranean species. Plant Soil 278 (2005) 23-32
40. Mickovski S.B., Bengough A.G., Bransby M.F., Davies M.C.R., Hallett P.D., and Sonnenberg R. Material stiffness, branching pattern and soil matric potential affect the pullout resistance of model root systems. European Journal of Soil Science 58 (2007) 1471-1481
41. Mulder H.F.H.M. Assessment of Landslide Hazard (1991), Faculty of geographical science, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands 149 pp.
42. Mickovski, S.B., Bengough, A.G., Bransby, M.F., Davies, M.C.R., Hallett, P.D., Sonnenberg, R., 2008. The effect of willow roots on the shear strength of soil. In: Dazzi, C., Constantini, T. (Eds.), Advances in GeoEcology 41: Soils of tomorrow. Catena Verlag Gmbh. In press.
43. Mund M., Kummetz E., Hein M., Bauer G.A., and Schulze E.D. Growth and carbon stocks of a spruce forest chronosequence in central Europe. For. Ecol. Manage. 171 (2002) 275-296
44. Nicoll B.C., Berthier S., Achim A., Gouskou K., Danjon F., and Van Beek L.P.H. The architecture of Picea sitchensis structural root systems on horizontal and sloping terrain. Trees-Struct. Funct. 20 (2006) 701-712
45. Nilaweera N.S., and Nutalaya P. Role of tree roots in slope stabilisation. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 57 (1999) 337-342
46. Noguchi K., Sakata T., Mizoguchi T., and Takahashi M. Estimating the production and mortality of fine roots in a Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation using a minirhizotron technique. J. For. Res. 10 (2005) 435-441
47. Operstein V., and Frydman S. The influence of vegetation on soil strength. Ground Imp. 4 (2000) 81-89
48. O'Loughlin C., and Ziemer R.R. The importance of root strength and deterioration rates upon edaphic stability in steepland forests. Proceedings of IUFRO. Workshop P.1.07-00 Ecology of Subalpine Ecosystems as a Key to Management (1982), Oregon State University, Oregon 70-78
49. Peichl M., and Arain M.A. Above- and belowground ecosystem biomass and carbon pools in an age-sequence of temperate pine plantation forests. Agric. Forest Meterol. 140 (2006) 51-63
50. Philipponnat G., and Hubert B. Fondations et ouvrages en terre (2003), Eyrolles, Paris 548 pp.
51. Pollen N., and Simon A. Estimating the mechanical effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability using a fiber bundle model. Water Resour. Res. 41 (2005) W07025 10.1029/2004WR003801
52. Reubens B., Poesen J., Danjon F., Geudens G., and Muys B. The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture: a review. Trees-Struct. Funct. 21 (2007) 385-402
53. Roering J.J., Schmidt K.M., Stock J.D., Dietrich W.E., and Montgomery D.R. Shallow landsliding, root reinforcement, and the spatial distribution of trees in the Oregon Coast Range. Can. Geotech. J. 40 (2003) 237-253
54. Richardson S.D. Forests and Forestry in China Changing Patterns of Resource Development (1990), Island Press, Washington, DC 22 pp.
55. Saint-Andre L., M'Bou A.T., Mabiala A., Mouvondy W., Jourdan C., Roupsard O., Deleporte P., Hamel O., and Nouvellon Y. Age-related equations for above- and below-ground biomass of a Eucalyptus hybrid in Congo. For. Ecol. Manage. 205 (2005) 199-214
56. Sakals M.E., and Sidle R. A spatial and temporal model of root cohesion in forest soils. Can. J. For. Res. 34 (2004) 950-958
57. Scippa G.S., Di Michele M., Di Iorio A., Costa A., Lasserre B., and Chiatante D. Root response to slope: anchorage and gene factors involved. Ann. Bot.-Lond. 97 (2006) 857-866
58. Schmid I. The influence of soil type and interspecific competition on the fine root system of Norway spruce and European beech. Basic. Appl. Ecol. 3 (2002) 339-346
59. Schmidt K.M., Roering J.J., Stock J.D., Dietrich W.E., Montgomery D.R., and Schaub T. Root cohesion variability and shallow landslide susceptibility in the Oregon Coast Range. Can. Geotech. J. 38 (2001) 995-1024
60. Silva J.S., and Rego F.C. Root distribution of a Mediterranean shrubland in Portugal. Plant Soil 255 (2003) 529-540
61. Stokes, A., Chen, Y., Huang, H., Lin, S. 2008a. Climate change and land degradation in China: challenges for soil conservation. In: Grover, V.I. (Ed.), Global Warming and Climate Change. Science Publishers Inc., USA, pp. 655-672.
62. Stokes A., Lucas A., and Jouneau L. Plant biomechanical strategies in response to frequent disturbance: uprooting of Phyllostachys nidularia (Poaceae) growing on landslide prone slopes in Sichuan, China. Am. J. Bot. 94 (2007) 1129-1136
63. Stokes A., Norris J.E., Van Beek L.P.H., Bogaard T., Cammeraat L.H., Mickovski S.B., Jenner A., Di Iorio A., and Fourcaud T. How vegetation reinforces soil on slopes. In: Norris J.E., Stokes A., Mickovski S.B., Cammeraat L.H., Van Beek L.P.H., Nicoll B., and Achim A. (Eds). Slope Stability and Erosion Control: Ecotechnological Solutions (2008), Springer 65-118
64. In: Stokes A., Spanos I., Norris J., and Cammeraat L.H. (Eds). Eco- and Ground Bio-Engineering: The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences vol. 103 (2007), Springer, Dordrecht 460 pp.
65. Sudmeyer R.A., Speijers J., and Nicholas B.D. Root distribution of Pinus pinaster, P. radiata, Eucalyptus globulus and E. kochii and associated soil chemistry in agricultural land adjacent to tree lines. Tree Physiol. 24 (2004) 1333-1346
66. Turmanina V. On the strength of tree roots. Bull. Moscow Soc. Nat. Biol. Sect. 70 (1965) 36-45
67. Van Beek L.P.H., Wint J., Cammeraat L.H., and Edwards J.P. Observation and simulation of root reinforcement on abandoned Mediterranean slopes. Plant Soil 278 (2005) 55-74
68. Vanninen P., Ylitalo H., Sievänen R., and Mäkelä A. Effects of age and site quality on the distribution of biomass in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Trees-Struct. Funct. 10 (1996) 231-238
69. Vogt K.A., Moore E.E., Vogt D.J., Redlin M.R., and Edmonds R.L. Conifer fine root and mycorrhizal root biomass within the forest floors of Douglas-fir stands of different ages and site productivities. Can. J. For. Res. 13 (1983) 429-437
70. Vogt K.A., Grier C.C., and Vogt D.J. Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above- and belowground detritus of world forests. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15 (1986) 303-377
71. Vogt K.A., Vogt D.J., Moore E.E., Fatuga B.A., Redlin M.R., and Edmonds R.L. Conifer and angiosperm fine-root biomass in relation to stand age and site productivity in Douglas-Fir forests. J. Ecol. 75 (1987) 857-870
72. Waldron L.J. The shear resistance of root-permeated homogeneous and stratified soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41 (1977) 843-849
73. Wu, T.H., 1976. Investigation of Landslides on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Ohio State University, Department of Civil Engineering, Geotech. Eng. Rpt. No. 5, 93 pp.
74. Wu T.H., McKinnell III W.P., and Swantson D.N. Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Can. Geotech. J. 16 (1979) 19-33
75. Wu T.H. Root reinforcement analyses and experiments. In: Stokes A., Spanos I., Norris J.E., and Cammeraat L.H. (Eds). Eco- and Ground Bio-Engineering: The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences vol. 103 (2007), Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands 21-30
76. Xu Z., Bennett M.T., Tao R., and Xu J. China's sloping land conversion program four years on current situation, pending issues. Int. For. Rev. 6 (2004) 317-326
77. Yanai R.D., Park B.B., and Hamburg S.P. The vertical and horizontal distribution of roots in northern hardwood stands of varying age. Can. J. For. Res. 36 (2006) 450-459
78. Yin X., Pery J.A., and Dixon R.K. Fine-root dynamics and biomass distribution in a Quercus ecosystem after harvest. For. Ecol. Manage. 27 (1989) 159-177
79. Zhang B., Zhang S., and Zhou W. Investigation and assessment of landslides and debris flows in Sichuan province of China by remote sensing technique. Chin. Geo. Sci. 16 (2006) 223-228