Conventional tourism and ecotourism in Phuket, Thailand: Conflicting paradigms or symbiotic partners?

Journal of Ecotourism

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 87-108

  Kontogeorgopoulos, Nick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PUGET SOUND   (United States)

Author keywords

Conventional tourism; Ecotourism; Mass ecotourism; Thailand

Indexed keywords

ECOTOURISM; REGIONAL PATTERN; STRATEGIC APPROACH; TOURISM MANAGEMENT;

ASIA; EURASIA; PHUKET; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SOUTHERN REGION; THAILAND;

EID: 5044221070     PISSN: 14724049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14724040408668152     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Acott, T.G., La Trobe, H.L. and Howard, S.H. (1998) An evaluation of deep ecotourism and shallow ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6 (3), 238-253.
2. Amaro, B. (1999) Ecotourism and ethics. Earth Island Journal 14 (3), 16-17.
3. Ayala, H. (1996) Resort ecotourism: A paradigm for the 21st century. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 37 (5), 46-53.
4. Blamey, R.K. (1997) Ecotourism: The search for an operational definition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5 (2), 109-130.
5. Braaten, R.O. and Flaherty, M. (2001) Salt balances of inland shrimp ponds in Thailand: Implications for land and water salinisation. Environmental Conservation 28 (4), 357-367.
6. Brandon, K. (1993) Basic steps toward encouraging local participation in nature tourism projects. In K. Lindberg and D. Hawkins (eds) Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers (pp. 134-151). North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society.
7. Buckley, R. (2003) Case Studies in Ecotourism. Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing.
8. Burton, F. (1998) Can ecotourism objectives be achieved? Annals of Tourism Research 25 (3), 755-757.
9. Butler, R.W. (1990) Alternative tourism: Pious hope or Trojan horse? Journal of Travel Research 28 (3), 40-45.
10. Butler, R.W. (1998) Looking backwards in order to progress? In C. Michael Hall and Alan Lew (eds) Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (pp. 25-34). Harlow, UK: Addison Wesley Longman.
11. Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1988) The future of ecotourism. Mexico Journal (January), 13-14.
12. Cohen, E. (1996) Thai Tourism: Hill Tribes, Islands, and Open-Ended Prostitution. Bangkok: White Lotus.
13. Cole, V. and Sinclair, A.J. (2002) Measuring the ecological footprint of a Himalayan tourist center. Mountain Research and Development 22 (2), 132-141.
14. Diamantis, D. (1999) The concept of ecotourism: Evolution and trends. Current Issues in Tourism 2 (2&3), 93-122.
15. Dowling, R.K. (2000) Ecotourism in Southeast Asia: A golden opportunity for local communities. In K.S. Chon (ed.) Tourism in Southeast Asia: A New Direction (pp. 1-20). New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
16. Dwyer, L. and Edwards, D. (2000) Nature-based tourism on the edge of urban development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8 (4), 267-287.
17. Fennell, D.A. (1999) Ecotourism: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
18. Fennell, D.A. (2001) A content analysis of ecotourism definitions. Current Issues in Tourism 4 (5), 403-421.
19. Fennell, D.A. and Malloy, D.C. (1995) Ethics and ecotourism: A comprehensive ethical model. Journal of Applied Recreation Research 20 (3), 163-184.
20. Goodwin, H. (1996) In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiversity and Conservation 5 (3), 277-291.
21. Herath, G. (2002) Research methodologies for planning ecotourism and nature conservation. Tourism Economics 8 (1), 77-102.
22. Higham, J. and Lück, M. (2002) Urban ecotourism: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Ecotourism 1 (1), 36-51.
23. Honey, M. (1999) Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, DC: Island Press.
24. Khan, M. (1997) Tourism development and dependency theory: Mass tourism versus ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 24 (4), 988-991.
25. Kimmel, J.R. (1999) Ecotourism as environmental learning. Journal of Environmental Education 30 (2), 40-45.
26. Kutay, K. (1989) The new ethic in adventure travel. Buzzworm: The Environmental Journal 1 (4), 31-36.
27. Laarman, J.G. and Durst, P.B. (1987) Nature travel in the tropics. Journal of Forestry 85 (5), 43-46.
28. Lew, A. (1998) Ecotourism trends. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (3), 742-746.
29. Lindberg, K. (1991) Policies for Maximising Nature Tourism's Ecological and Economic Benefits. Washington, DC: World Resource Institute.
30. Lück, M. (2002) Large-scale ecotourism: A contradiction in itself? Current Issues in Tourism 5 (3&4), 361-370.
31. Ludwig, H. (1976) Environmentalism and Phuket: A case study. Sawaddi (May/June), 14-17 & 22-25.
32. Mann, M. (2002) The Good Alternative Travel Guide (2nd edn). London: Earthscan and Tourism Concern.
33. Mastny, L. (2001) Traveling Light: New Paths for International Tourism. Washington, DC: Worldwatch.
34. McLaren, D. (1998) Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel. West Hartford: Kumarian Press.
35. Mecir, A. (2000) Into Thailand's lost world. International Wildlife 30 (6), 28-36.
36. Miles, J. (1991) Viewpoint: Teaching in wilderness. The Journal of Environmental Education 22 (4), 5-9.
37. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. (1998) Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.
38. National Statistical Office (1999) Report of the 1998 Household Socio-Economic Survey: Southern Region. Bangkok: National Statistical Office, Office of the Prime Minister.
39. Neale G. (1999) The Green Travel Guide. London: Earthscan.
40. Nelson, J.G. (1994) The spread of ecotourism: Some planning implications. Environmental Conservation 21 (3), 248-256.
41. Orams, M.B. (1995) Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism. Tourism Management 16 (1), 3-8.
42. Park, J. and Honey, M. (1999) The paradox of paradise. Environment 41 (8), 4-5.
43. Pleumarom, A. (2001) Mekong Tourism - Model or Mockery? A Case Study on 'Sustainable Tourism'. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network.
44. Poon, A. (1993) Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies. Oxon, UK: CAB International.
45. Rakkit R. (1992) Phuket: Holiday paradise where locals are banned. Contours 5 (8), 13-15.
46. Ritzer, G. (1998) The McDonaldisation Thesis: Explorations and Extensions. London: Sage.
47. Ross, S. and Wall, G. (1999), Ecotourism: Towards congruence between theory and practice. Tourism Management 20 (1), 123-132.
48. Ryan, C., Hughes, K. and Chirgwin, S. (2000) The gaze, spectacle and ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 27 (1), 148-163.
49. Scheyvens, R. (1999) Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management 20 (2), 245-249.
50. Seabrook, J. (2001) Travels in the Skin Trade: Tourism and the Sex Trade. London: Pluto.
51. Shepherd, N. (2002) How ecotourism can go wrong: The cases of SeaCanoe and Siam Safari, Thailand. Current Issues in Tourism 5 (3), 309-318.
52. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) (1993) Statistical Report 1992. Bangkok: TAT.
53. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) (1997) Internal Documents from Statistics and Research Division (given to author at TAT headquarters, Bangkok).
54. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) (2002) Statistical Report 2001. Bangkok: TAT.
55. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) (2003) Domestic Tourism in Phuket 2001. Tourism Authority of Thailand, Southern Office, Region 4. Http://phukettourism.org/contact-us/stat-pk2001.htm [7 February 2003].
56. Van Oosterzee, P. (2000) Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation - two way track. Pacific Conservation Biology 6 (2), 89-93.
57. Viviano, L. (2002) Escaping from reality. The Ecologist 32 (2), 26-31.
58. Wall, G. (1994) Ecotourism: Old wine in new bottles? Trends 3 (2), 4-9.
59. Wallace, G.N. and Pierce, S.M. (1996) An evaluation of ecotourism in Amazonas, Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research 23 (4), 843-873.
60. Wearing, S. and Wearing, M. (1999) Decommodifying ecotourism: Rethinking global-local interactions with host communities. Society and Leisure 22 (1), 39-70.
61. Weaver, D.B. (1998) Ecotourism in the Less Developed World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
62. Weaver, D.B. (2001a) Ecotourism. Brisbane: John Wiley and Sons.
63. Weaver, D.B. (2001b) Ecotourism as mass tourism: Contradiction or reality? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 42 (2), 104-112.
64. Weaver, D.B. (2002) Asian ecotourism: Patterns and themes. Tourism Geographies 4 (2), 153-172.
65. Western, D. (1993) Defining ecotourism. In K. Lindberg and D.E. Hawkins (eds) Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers (pp. 7-11). North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society.
66. Wight, P. (1993) Ecotourism: Ethics or eco-sell? Journal of Travel Research 31 (3), 3-9. World. London: Routledge.
67. Ziffer, K. (1989) Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Washington, DC: Conservation International.