L-carnitine supplementation: Influence upon physiological function

Current Sports Medicine Reports

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 218-223

  Kraemer, William J ^a   Volek, Jeff S ^a   Dunn Lewis, Courtenay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARNITINE; CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE I; FATTY ACID; LYSINE; METHIONINE;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; ARTICLE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LIPID METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

CARNITINE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EXERCISE; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EID: 50349099788     PISSN: 1537890X     EISSN: 15378918     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e318180735c     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Kraemer, W.J., and J.S. Volek. L-Carnitine supplementation for the athlete. A new perspective. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 44:75-96, 2000.
2. Iyer, R.N., A.A. Khan, A. Gupta, et al. L-carnitine moderately improves the exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina. J. Assoc. Physicians India. 48:1050-1052, 2000.
3. El-Beshlawy, A., R. El Accaoui, M. Abd El-Sattar, et al. Effect of L-carnitine on the physical fitness of thalassemic patients. Ann. Hematol. 86:31-34, 2007.
4. Rubin, M.R., J.S. Volek, A.L. Gomez, et al. Safety measures of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation in healthy men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 15:486-490, 2001.
5. Colombani, P., C. Wenk, I. Kunz, et al. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained athletes: a double-blind crossover field study. Eur. J.Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 73:434-439, 1996.
6. Drãgan, I.G., A. Vasiliu, E. Georgescu, and N. Eremia. Studies concerning chronic and acute effects of L-carnitina in elite athletes. Physiologie. 26:111-129, 1989.
7. Arenas, J., J.R. Ricoy, A.R. Encinas, et al. Carnitine in muscle, serum, and urine of nonprofessional athletes: effects of physical exercise, training, and L-carnitine administration. Muscle Nerve. 14:598-604, 1991.
8. Decombaz, J., B. Gmuender, G. Sierro, and P. Cerretelli. Muscle carnitine after strenuous endurance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 72: 423-427, 1992.
9. Spriet, L.L., C.G. Perry, and J.L. Talanian. Legal pre-event nutritional supplements to assist energy metabolism. Essays Biochem. 44:27-44, 2008.
10. Vukovich, M.D., D.L. Costill, and W.J. Fink. Carnitine supplementation: effect on muscle carnitine and glycogen content during exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26:1122-1129, 1994.
11. Starling, R.D., D.L. Costill, and W.J. Fink. Relationships between muscle carnitine, age and oxidative status. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 71:143-146, 1995.
12. Barnett, C., D.L. Costill, M.D. Vukovich, et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation during high-intensity sprint cycling. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4:280-288, 1994.
13. Trappe, S.W., D.L. Costill, B. Goodpaster, et al. The effects of L- carnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimming. Int. J. Sports Med. 15:181-185, 1994.
14. Friden, J., and R.L. Lieber. Eccentric exercise-induced injuries to contractile and cytoskeletal muscle fibre components. Acta Physiol. Scand. 171:321-326, 2001.
15. Yu, J.G., L. Carlsson, and L.E. Thornell. Evidence for myofibril remodeling as opposed to myofibril damage in human muscles with DOMS: an ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic study. Histochem. Cell Biol. 121:219-227, 2004.
16. Kano, Y., K. Sampei, and H. Matsudo. Time course of capillary structure changes in rat skeletal muscle following strenuous eccentric exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 180:291 -299, 2004.
17. Bailey, D.M., B. Davies, I.S. Young, et al. A potential role for free radical-mediated skeletal muscle soreness in the pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 72:513-521, 2001.
18. Tegeder, L., J. Zimmermann, S.T. Meller, and G. Geisslinger. Release of algesic substances in human experimental muscle pain. Inflamm. Res. 51:393-402, 2002.
19. Appell, H.J., J.M. Soares, and J.A. Duarte. Exercise, muscle damage and fatigue. Sports Med. 13:108-115, 1992.
20. Volek, J.S., W.J. Kraemer, M.R. Rubin, et al. L-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stress. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 282:E474-E482, 2002.
21. Bloomer, R.J. The role of nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of resistance exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury. Sports Med. 37:519-532, 2007.
22. Kraemer, W.J., J.S. Volek, D.N. French, et al. The effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recovery. J. Strength Cond. Res. 17:455-462, 2003.
23. Spiering, B.A., W.J. Kraemer, J.L. Vingren, et al. Responses of criterion variables to different supplemental doses of L-carnitine L-tartrate. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21:259-264, 2007.
24. Kraemer, W.J., B.A. Spiering, J.S. Volek, et al. Androgenic responses to resistance exercise: effects of feeding and L-carnitine. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38:1288-1296, 2006.
25. Karlic, H., and A. Lohninger. Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense? Nutrition. 20:709-715, 2004.
26. Oyono-Enguelle, S., H. Freund, C. Ott, et al. Prolonged submaximal exercise and L-carnitine in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 58:53-61, 1988.
27. Roepstorff, C., N. Halberg, T. Hillig, et al. Malonyl-CoA and carnitine in regulation of fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288:E133-E142, 2005.
28. Sachan, D.S., N. Hongu, and M. Johnsen. Decreasing oxidative stress with choline and carnitine in women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 24:172-176, 2005.
29. Lee, J.K., J.S. Lee, H. Park, et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation and aerobic training on FABPc content andbeta-HAD activity in human skeletal muscle. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 99:193-199, 2007.
30. Heinonen, O.J. Carnitine and physical exercise. Sports Med. 22:109-132, 1996.
31. Abramowicz, W.N., and S.D. Galloway. Effects of acute versus chronic L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on metabolic responses to steady state exercise in males and females. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 15:386-400, 2005.
32. Allard, M.L., K.N. Jeejeebhoy, and M.J. Sole. The management of conditioned nutritional requirements in heart failure. Heart Failure Rev. 11:75-82, 2006.
33. Vescovo, G., B. Ravara, V. Gobbo, et al. L-carnitine: a potential treatment for blocking apoptosis and preventing skeletal muscle myopathy in heart failure. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 283: C802-C810, 2002.
34. Hiatt, W.R. Carnitine and peripheral arterial disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1033:92-98, 2004.
35. Barker, G.A., S. Green, C.D. Askew, et al. Effect of propionyl-L- carnitine on exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33:1415-1422, 2001.
36. Iyer, R.N., A.A. Khan, A. Gupta, et al. L-carnitine moderately improves the exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina. J. Assoc. Physicians India. 48:1050-1052, 2000.
37. Loster, H., K. Miehe, M. Punzel, et al. Prolonged oral L-carnitine substitution increases bicycle ergometer performance in patients with severe, ischemically induced cardiac insufficiency. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 13:537-546, 1999.
38. Borghi-Silva, A., V. Baldissera, L.M. Sampaio, et al. L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 39:465-474, 2006.
39. Lee, P.J., E.L. Harrison, M.G. Jones, et al. L-carnitine and exercise tolerance in medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase MCAD) deficiency: a pilot study. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis.28: 141 -152, 2005.
40. El-Beshlawy, A., R. El Accaoui, M. Abd El-Sattar, et al. Effect of L-carnitine on the physical fitness of thalassemic patients. Ann. Hematol. 86:31 -34, 2007.
41. Vaux, E.C., D.J. Taylor, P. Altmann, et al. Effects of carnitine supplementation on muscle metabolism by the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy in end-stage renal disease. Nephron. Clin. Pract. 97:c33-c48, 2004.
42. Karlic, H., and A. Lohninger. Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense? Nutrition. 20:709-715, 2004.
43. Nuesch, R., M. Rossetto, and B. Martina. Plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in well-trained athletes at rest and after exercise. Influence of L-carnitine intake. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 25:167-171, 1999.
44. Brass, E.P., A.M. Scarrow, L.J. Ruff, et al. Carnitine delays rat skeletal muscle fatigue in vitro. J. Appl. Physiol. 75:1595-1600, 1993.
45. Marconi, C., G. Sassi, A. Carpinelli, et al. Effects of L-carnitine loading on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of endurance athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 54:131-135, 1985.
46. Panjwani, U., L. Thakur, J.P. Anand, et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on endurance exercise in normobaric/normoxic and hypobaric/ hypoxic conditions. Wilderness Environ. Med.18:169-176, 2007.
47. Smith, W.A., A.C. Fry, L.C. Tschume, et al. Effect of glycinepropionyl- L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 18:19-36, 2008.
48. Broad, E.M., R.J. Maughan, and S.D. Galloway. Effects of four weeks L- carnitine L-tartrate ingestion on substrate utilization during prolonged exercise. 15:665-679, 2005.
49. Stuessi, C., P. Hofer, C. Meier, et al. L -Carnitine and the recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 95:431-435, 2005.
50. Stephens, F.B., D. Constantin-Teodosiu, D. Laithwaite, et al. Insulin stimulates L-carnitine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 20:377-379, 2006.