Among long-term crack smokers, who avoids and who succumbs to cocaine addiction?

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 98, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 24-29

  Falck, Russel S ^a   Wang, Jichuan ^a   Carlson, Robert G ^a  

^a WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Comorbidity; Crack cocaine; Dependence; Race ethnicity; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; COCAINE; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; OPIATE;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CANNABIS ADDICTION; CAUCASIAN; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; COMORBIDITY; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG ABUSE; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPATHY; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ALCOHOLISM; ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; CRACK COCAINE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; OHIO; RISK FACTORS; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

CANNABIS;

EID: 50249160563     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.004     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Adair E.B.G., Craddock S.G., Miller H.G., and Turner C.F. Assessing consistency of responses to questions on cocaine use. Addiction 90 (1995) 1497-1502
2. Agar M.H., and Reisinger H.S. Open marginality: heroin epidemics in different groups. J. Drug Issues 31 (2001) 729-746
3. Ball S.A., Carroll K.M., Babor T., and Rounsaville B.J. Sub-types of cocaine abusers: support for a Type A-Type B distinction. J. Consult. Psychol. 63 (1995) 115-124
4. Broz D., and Ouellet L.J. Racial and ethnic changes in heroin injection in the United States: implications for the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend. 94 (2008) 221-233
5. Carlson R.G., and Siegal H.A. The crack life: an ethnographic overview of crack use and sexual behavior among African-Americans in a Midwest metropolitan city. J. Psychoactive Drugs 23 (1991) 11-20
6. Carlson R.G., Wang J., Siegal H.A., Falck R.S., and Guo J. An ethnographic approach to targeted sampling: problems and solutions in AIDS prevention research among injection drug and crack-cocaine users. Hum. Org. 53 (1994) 279-286
7. Chen C.-Y., and Anthony J.C. Epidemiological estimates of risk in the process of becoming dependent upon cocaine: cocaine hydrochloride powder versus crack cocaine. Psychopharmacology 172 (2004) 78-86
8. Compton W.M., Cottler L.B., Abdallah A.B., Phelps D.L., Spitznagel E.L., and Horton J.C. Substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: race and gender correlates. Am. J. Addict. 9 (2000) 113-125
9. Compton W.M., Thomas Y.F., Stinson F.S., and Grant B.F. Prevalence, correlates, disability and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64 (2007) 566-576
10. Cornish J., and O'Brien C. Crack-cocaine abuse: an epidemic with many public health consequences. Annu. Rev. Public Health 17 (1996) 259-273
11. Darke S. Self-report among injecting drug users: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 51 (1998) 253-263
12. Darke S., Kaye S., and Topp L. Cocaine use in New South Wales, Australia 1996-2000: 5 year monitoring of trends in price, purity, availability and use from the illicit drug reporting system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 26 (2002) 81-88
13. Falck R.S., Wang J., and Carlson R.G. Crack cocaine trajectories among users in a midwestern American city. Addiction 102 (2007) 1421-1431
14. Fendrich M., Johnson T.P., Sudman S., Wislar J.S., and Spiehler V. Validity of drug use reporting in a high-risk community sample: a comparison of cocaine and heroin survey reports with hair tests. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149 (1999) 955-962
15. Fischer B., and Coghlan M. Crack use in North American cities: the neglected 'epidemic'. Addiction 102 (2007) 1340-1341
16. Fischer B., Rehm J., Patra J., Kalousek K., Haydon E., Tyndall M.W., and El-Guebaly N. Crack across Canada: comparing crack users and crack non-users in a Canadian multi-city cohort of illicit opioid users. Addiction 101 (2006) 1760-1770
17. Gawin F.H., and Ellinwood E.H. Cocaine and other stimulants: actions, abuse and treatment. N. Eng. J. Med. 318 (1988) 1173-1182
18. Haasen C., Prinzleve M., Zurhold H., Rehm J., Guttinger F., and Fischer G. Cocaine use in Europe-a multi-centre study. Methodology and prevalence estimates. Eur. Addict. Res. 10 (2004) 139-146
19. Hasin D.S., Hatzenbueler M., Smith S., and Grant B.F. Co-occurring DSM-IV drug abuse in DSM-IV drug dependence: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 80 (2005) 117-123
20. Hasin D.S., Stinson F.S., Ogburn E., and Grant B.F. Prevalence, correlates, disability and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64 (2007) 830-842
21. Hatsukami D.K., and Fischman M.W. Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride: are the differences myth or reality?. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 276 (1996) 1580-1588
22. Inciardi J.A. The War on Drugs II: The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime, AIDS, and Public Policy (1992), Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, CA
23. Johnson W.A., and Sterk C.E. Late-onset crack users: an emergent HIV risk group. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 33 Suppl. 2 (2003) 229-232
24. Kessler R.C., Nelson C.B., McGonagle K.A., Edlund M.J., Frank R.G., and Leaf P.J. The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 66 (1996) 17-31
25. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merkinangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 (2005) 593-602
26. Khantzian E.J. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 4 (1997) 231-244
27. Langbehn D.R., Cadoret R.J., Caspers K., Troughton E.P., and Yucuis R. Genetic and environmental risk factors for the onset of drug use and problems in adoptees. Drug Alcohol Depend. 69 (2003) 151-167
28. Levin F.R., Evans S.M., and Kleber H.D. Prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among cocaine abusers seeking treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 52 (1998) 15-25
29. McKinley J.C. Drug Trade, Once Passing by, Takes Root in Mexico (2007), New York Times, New York
30. National Institute on Drug Abuse Community Epidemiology Workgroup. Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse, volume II. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group. NewNational Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (2006)
31. Ribeiro M., Dunn J., Laranjeira R.R., and Sesso R. High mortality among young crack cocaine users in Brazil: a 5-year follow-up study. Addiction 99 (2004) 1133-1135
32. Richardson J., Fendrich M., and Johnson T.P. Neighborhood effects on drug reporting. Addiction 98 (2003) 1705-1711
33. Robins L.N., Cottler L.B., Bucholz K.K., Compton W.B., North C.S., and Rourke K.M. Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (2000), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
34. Robins L.N. The intimate connection between antisocial personality and substance abuse. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 33 (1998) 393-399
35. Siegal H.A., Falck R.S., Carlson R.G., Wang J., and Rahman A.M. Health services research among crack-cocaine users: a case study from the Midwest. Am. Behav. Sci. 41 (1998) 1063-1078
36. Stinson F.S., Grant B.F., Dawson D.A., Raun W.A., Huang B., and Saha T. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 80 (2005) 105-116
37. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2005. The NSDUH Report. Cocaine Use: 2002 and 2003. Rockville, MD.
38. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2007a. Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Illicit Drug Use Tables. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k6nsduh/tabs/2k6tabs.pdf, accessed January 3, 2008.
39. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2007b. Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Incidence Tables. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k6nsduh/tabs/Sect4peTabs12.pdf, accessed January 3, 2008.
40. Tang Y.-L., Kranzler H.R., Gelernter J., Farrer L.A., and Cubells J.F. Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and their association with cocaine-induced psychosis in cocaine-dependent subjects. Am. J. Addictions 16 (2007) 343-351
41. Vivancos R., Maskrey V., Rumball D., Harvey I., and Holland R. Crack/cocaine use in a rural country of England. J. Public Health 28 (2006) 96-103
42. Watters J.K., and Biernacki P. Targeted sampling: options for study of hidden populations. Soc. Probl. 36 (1989) 416-430
43. Wilens T.E.M. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: the nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 27 (2004) 283-301