Averaging to minimize or eliminate regression toward the mean to measure pure experimental effects

Psychological Reports

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 665-677

  Toh, Rex S ^a   Hu, Michael ^b  

^a SEATTLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DOCUMENTATION; HUMAN; MARKETING; PSYCHOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICS;

DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DOCUMENTATION; HUMANS; MARKETING; PSYCHOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY;

EID: 50249095225     PISSN: 00332941     EISSN: 1558691X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2466/PR0.102.3.665-677     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. ARNTZ, A. R., & LOUSBERG, G. R. (1990) The effects of underestimated pain and their relationship to habituation. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 28, 15-28.
2. ASHER, W., & VOCKELL, E. L. (1974) Errors in interpreting regression toward the mean: reply to Lytton, Croxen, and Pysh. Psychological Reports, 35, 192-194.
3. BEEBE, J. C. (1988) Medicare reimbursement and regression to the mean. Health Care Financing Review, 9(3), 9-22.
4. BERG, I., MITTERER, D., MAXWELL, J. O., & HARRIS, G. (1986) Estimates of frequency: attribute or attribution? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 496-508.
5. BLAIR, E., SUDMAN, S., BLACKBURN, N., & STOCKING, C. (1977) How to ask questions about drinking and sex: response effects in measuring consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 316-321.
6. CHURCHILL, G. A. (1999) Marketing research: methodological foundations. (7th ed.) New York: Dryden.
7. COYLE, P. G. (1993) A critical analysis of Siegel's case for revision of the learning disability constraint. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 40(1), 5-21.
8. CRONBACH, L. J. (1949) Elements of psychological testing. New York: Harper.
9. DARLINGTON, R. B. (1990) Regression and linear models. New York: McGraw-Hill.
10. FIEDLER, K., & ARMBRUSTER, T. (1994) Two halves may be more than one whole: category-split effects on frequency illusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 633-665.
11. FISHER, R. (1993) Social desirability bias and the validity of indirect questioning. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 303-315.
12. FURBY, L. (1973) Interpreting regression toward the mean in development research. Developmental Psychology, 8, 172-179.
13. GALTON, F. (1886) Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 15, 246-263.
14. GILOVICH, T. (1984) Biased valuations and persistence in gambling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1110-1126.
15. GORFEIN, D. (1962) Phenomenal regression and die need for control groups in attitude change studies. Psychological Reports, 11, 23-24.
16. GOTTMAN, J. M., & RUSHE, R. H. (1993) The analysis of change: issues, fallacies, and new ideas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 907-910.
17. GROOTEART, C. (1986) The use of multiple diaries in a household expenditure survey in Hong Kong. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81, 938-944.
18. HINTZMAN, D. L. (1969) Apparent frequency as a function of frequency and the spacing of repetitions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 139-145.
19. HINTZMAN, D. L. (1988) Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95, 528-551.
20. HOWELL, W. C. (1973) Storage of events and event frequencies: a comparison of two paradigms in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 98, 260-263.
21. HU, M. Y., TOH, R. S., & LEE, E. (1996) Impact of the level of aggregation on response accuracy in surveys of behavioral frequency. Marketing Letters, 7, 371-382.
22. HUMPHREYS, L. G. (1974) Statistical substitutes for experimental control. Psychological Reports, 35, 336-338.
23. LEE, E., HU, M. Y., & TOH, R. S. (2000) Are consumer survey results distorted? Systematic impact of behavioral frequency and duration on survey response errors. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(1), 125-133.
24. LEE, E., HU, M. Y., & TOH, R. S. (2004) Respondent non-cooperation in surveys and diaries: an analysis of item non-response and panel attrition. International Journal of Market Research, 46, 311-326.
25. MCKENZIE, J. (1983) The accuracy of telephone call data collected by diary methods. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(11), 417-427.
26. MENON, G. (1993) The effects of accessibility of information in memory on judgments of behavioral frequencies. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 431-440.
27. MENON, G. (1997) Are the parts better than the whole? The effects of decompositional questions on judgments of frequency behaviors. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(8), 335-346.
28. NESSELROADE, J. R., STIGLER, S. M., & BALTES, P. B. (1980) Regression toward the mean and the study of change. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 622-637.
29. NISBETT, R. E., KRANTZ, D. H., JEPSON, C., & KUNDA, Z. (1983) The use of statistical heuristics in everyday inductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 90, 339-363.
30. PARDUCCI, A., & WENDELL, D. H. (1968) The category effect with rating scales: number of categories, number of stimuli, and the method of presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 496-516.
31. PARK, R. E., MITCHELL, B. M., WETZEL, B. M., & ALLMAN, J. H. (1983) Charging for local telephone calls. Journal of Econometrics, 22, 339-364.
32. PAULHUS, D. (1991) Measure and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, 1. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Pp. 17-59.
33. ROGOSA, D. (1988) Myths about longitudinal research. In K. W. Schaie, R. T. Campbell, W. Meredith, & S. C. Rawlings (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research. New York: Springer. Pp. 171-210.
34. RULON, P. J. (1941) Problems of regression. Harvard Educational Review, 11(2), 213-223.
35. SANDAGE, C. H. (1956) Do market panels wear out? Journal of Marketing, 20(4), 397-401.
36. SCHILLER, B. R. (1977) Relative earnings mobility in the United States. American Economic Review, 67, 926-941.
37. STADT, H. V. D., & WANSBEEK, T. (1990) Regression effects in tabulating from panel data. Journal of Official Statistics, 6, 311-317.
38. STANTON, J. L., & TUCCI, L. A. (1982) The measurement of consumption: a comparison of surveys and diaries. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 274-277.
39. SUDMAN, S. (1964a) On the accuracy of recording of consumer panels: I. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(5), 4-20.
40. SUDMAN, S. (1964b) On the accuracy of recording of consumer panels: II. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(8), 69-83.
41. TAYLOR, J., & CUAVE, K. L. (1994) The sophomore slump among professional baseball players: real or imagined? International Journal of Sports Psychology, 25, 230-239.
42. TAYLOR, S. (1994) The over-prediction of fear: is it a form of regression toward the mean? Behavioral Research and Therapy, 32, 753-757.
43. THORNDIKE, R. L. (1942) Regression fallacies in the matched groups experiment. Psychometrika, 7, 85-102.
44. TOH, R. S., & HU, M. Y. (1996) Natural mortality and participation fatigue as potential biases in diary panels: impact of some demographic factors and behavioral characteristics on systematic attrition. Journal of Business Research, 35, 129-138.
45. TOH, R. S., LEE, E., & HU, M. Y. (2006) Social desirability bias in diary panels is evident in panelists' behavioral frequency. Psychological Reports, 99, 322-334.
46. WILLIAMS, K. W., & DURSO, F. T. (1986) Judgment category frequency: automaticity or availability? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 387-396.
47. WIND, Y., & LERNER, D. (1979) On the measurement of purchase data: surveys versus purchase diaries. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(2), 39-47.
48. ZIMBARDO, P. G. (1960) Involvement and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion conformity. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 60, 86-94.
49. ZUROFF, D. C. (1989) Judgments of frequency of social stimuli: how schematic is person memory? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 890-898.