The detection and significance of melanoma micrometastases in sentinel nodes

Surgical Oncology

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 165-174

  Scolyer, Richard A ^a,b   Murali, Rajmohan ^a,b   Satzger, Imke ^c   Thompson, John F ^a,b  

^a ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b University of Sydney   (Australia)

^c HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Accuracy; Diagnosis; Lymph node; Melanoma; Micrometastasis; Pathology; Prognosis; Sentinel node; Staging; Treatment

Indexed keywords

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; EVALUATION; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MELANOMA; MICROMETASTASIS; MICROSCOPY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; STAINING; TUMOR VOLUME;

HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MELANOMA; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY;

EID: 50049106425     PISSN: 09607404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2008.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. McCarthy W.H., Shaw H.M., Cascinelli N., Santinami M., and Belli F. Elective lymph node dissection for melanoma: two perspectives. World J Surg 16 2 (1992) 203-213
2. Urist M.M., Maddox W.A., Kennedy J.E., and Balch C.M. Patient risk factors and surgical morbidity after regional lymphadenectomy in 204 melanoma patients. Cancer 51 11 (1983) 2152-2156
3. Morton D.L., Wen D.R., Wong J.H., Economou J.S., Cagle L.A., Storm F.K., et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127 4 (1992) 392-399
4. Reintgen D., Cruse C.W., Wells K., Berman C., Fenske N., Glass F., et al. The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases. Ann Surg 220 6 (1994) 759-767
5. Thompson J.F., McCarthy W.H., Bosch C.M., O'Brien C.J., Quinn M.J., Paramaesvaran S., et al. Sentinel lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph nodes. Melanoma Res 5 4 (1995) 255-260
6. Thompson J.F., Scolyer R.A., and Kefford R.F. Cutaneous melanoma. Lancet 365 9460 (2005) 687-701
7. Amersi F., and Morton D.L. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of melanoma. Adv Surg 41 (2007) 241-256
8. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Gershenwald J.E., Thompson J.F., Reintgen D.S., Cascinelli N., et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 19 16 (2001) 3622-3634
9. Morton D.L., Thompson J.F., Cochran A.J., Mozzillo N., Elashoff R., Essner R., et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. New Engl J Med 355 13 (2006) 1307-1317
10. Gimotty P.A., Yoon F., Hammond R., Rosenbaum P., and Guerry D. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) improves survival among SEER patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol 26 May 20 Suppl. (2008) [abstract 9005]
11. Starz H., Balda B.R., Kramer K.U., Buchels H., and Wang H. A micromorphometry-based concept for routine classification of sentinel lymph node metastases and its clinical relevance for patients with melanoma. Cancer 91 11 (2001) 2110-2121
12. Reeves M.E., Delgado R., Busam K.J., Brady M.S., and Coit D.G. Prediction of nonsentinel lymph node status in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 10 1 (2003) 27-31
13. Salti G.I., and Das Gupta T.K. Predicting residual lymph node basin disease in melanoma patients with sentinel lymph node metastases. Am J Surg 186 2 (2003) 98-101
14. Cochran A.J., Wen D.R., Huang R.R., Wang H.J., Elashoff R., and Morton D.L. Prediction of metastatic melanoma in nonsentinel nodes and clinical outcome based on the primary melanoma and the sentinel node. Mod Pathol 17 7 (2004) 747-755
15. Dewar D.J., Newell B., Green M.A., Topping A.P., Powell B.W., and Cook M.G. The microanatomic location of metastatic melanoma in sentinel lymph nodes predicts nonsentinel lymph node involvement. J Clin Oncol 22 16 (2004) 3345-3349
16. Scolyer R.A., Li L.X., McCarthy S.W., Shaw H.M., Stretch J.R., Sharma R., et al. Micromorphometric features of positive sentinel lymph nodes predict involvement of nonsentinel nodes in patients with melanoma. Am J Clin Pathol 122 4 (2004) 532-539
17. Lee J.H., Essner R., Torisu-Itakura H., Wanek L., Wang H., and Morton D.L. Factors predictive of tumor-positive nonsentinel lymph nodes after tumor-positive sentinel lymph node dissection for melanoma. J Clin Oncol 22 18 (2004) 3677-3684
18. Fink A.M., Weihsengruber F., Spangl B., Feichtinger H., Lilgenau N., Rappersberger K., et al. S-classification of sentinel lymph node biopsy predicts the results of complete regional lymph node dissection. Melanoma Res 15 4 (2005) 267-271
19. Sabel M.S., Griffith K., Sondak V.K., Lowe L., Schwartz J.L., Cimmino V.M., et al. Predictors of nonsentinel lymph node positivity in patients with a positive sentinel node for melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 201 1 (2005) 37-47
20. Vuylsteke R.J., Borgstein P.J., van Leeuwen P.A., et al. Sentinel lymph node tumor load: an independent predictor of additional lymph node involvement and survival in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 12 6 (2005) 440-448
21. Pearlman N.W., McCarter M.D., Frank M., Hurtubis C., Merkow R.P., Franklin W.A., et al. Size of sentinel node metastases predicts other nodal disease and survival in malignant melanoma. Am J Surg 192 6 (2006) 878-881
22. Debarbieux S., Duru G., Dalle S., Beatrix O., Balme B., and Thomas L. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma: a micromorphometric study relating to prognosis and completion lymph node dissection. Br J Dermatol 157 1 (2007) 58-67
23. Govindarajan A., Ghazarian D.M., McCready D.R., and Leong W.L. Histological features of melanoma sentinel lymph node metastases associated with status of the completion lymphadenectomy and rate of subsequent relapse. Ann Surg Oncol 14 2 (2007) 906-912
24. Satzger I., Volker B., Meier A., Schenck F., Kapp A., and Gutzmer R. Prognostic significance of isolated HMB45 or Melan A positive cells in Melanoma sentinel lymph nodes. Am J Surg Pathol 31 8 (2007) 1175-1180
25. Satzger I., Volker B., Al Ghazal M., Meier A., Kapp A., and Gutzmer R. Prognostic significance of histopathological parameters in sentinel nodes of melanoma patients. Histopathology 50 6 (2007) 764-772
26. Satzger I., Volker B., Meier A., Kapp A., and Gutzmer R. Criteria in sentinel lymph nodes of melanoma patients that predict involvement of nonsentinel lymph nodes. Ann Surg Oncol 15 6 (2008) 1723-1732
27. van Akkooi A.C., de Wilt J.H., Verhoef C., Schmitz P.I., van Geel A.N., Eggermont A.M., et al. Clinical relevance of melanoma micrometastases (<0.1 mm) in sentinel nodes: are these nodes to be considered negative?. Ann Oncol 17 10 (2006) 1578-1585
28. Gadd M.A., Cosimi A.B., Yu J., et al. Outcome of patients with melanoma and histologically negative sentinel lymph nodes. Arch Surg 134 4 (1999) 381-387
29. Statius Muller M.G., Borgstein P.J., Pijpers R., van Leeuwen P.A., van Diest P.J., Gupta A., et al. Reliability of the sentinel node procedure in melanoma patients: analysis of failures after long-term follow up. Ann Surg Oncol 7 6 (2000) 461-468
30. Clary B.M., Mann B., Brady M.S., Lewis J.J., and Coit D.G. Early recurrence after lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in patients with primary extremity melanoma: a comparison with elective lymph node dissection. Ann Surg Oncol 8 4 (2001) 328-337
31. Nowecki Z.I., Rutkowski P., Nasierowska-Guttmejer A., and Ruka W. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma patients with clinically negative regional lymph nodes - one institution's experience. Melanoma Res 13 (2002) 35-43
32. Estourgie S.H., Nieweg O.E., Valdes Olmos R.A., Hoefnagel C.A., and Kroon B.B.R. Review and evaluation of sentinel node procedures in 250 melanoma patients with a median follow-up of 6 years. Ann Surg Oncol 10 6 (2003) 681-688
33. Li L.-X.L., Scolyer R.A., Ka V.S., McKinnon J.G., Shaw H.M., McCarthy S.W., et al. Pathologic review of negative sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma patients with regional recurrence: a clinicopathologic study of 1152 patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol 27 9 (2003) 1197-1202
34. Morton D.L., Cochran A.J., Thompson J.F., Elashoff R., Essner R., Glass E.C., et al. Sentinel node biopsy for early-stage melanoma: accuracy and morbidity in MSLT-I, an international multicenter trial. Ann Surg 242 3 (2005) 302-311
35. Yee V.S., Thompson J.F., McKinnon J.G., Scolyer R.A., Li L.X., McCarthy W.H., et al. Outcome in 846 cutaneous melanoma patients from a single center after a negative sentinel node biopsy. [erratum appears in Ann Surg Oncol 2005 Oct;12(10):843]. Ann Surg Oncol 12 6 (2005) 429-439
36. Cecchi R., De Gaudio C., Buralli L., and Innocenti S. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of primary cutaneous melanoma: report of a single-centre experience. Tumori 92 2 (2006) 113-117
37. Corrigan M.A., Coffey J.C., O'Sullivan M.J., Fogarty K.M., and Redmond H.P. Sentinel lymph node biopsy: is it possible to reduce false negative rates by excluding patients with nodular melanoma?. Surgeon 4 3 (2006) 153-157
38. van Akkooi A.C., de Wilt J.H., Verhoef C., Graveland W.J., van Geel A.N., Kliffen M., et al. High positive sentinel node identification rate by EORTC melanoma group protocol. Prognostic indicators of metastatic patterns after sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 42 3 (2006) 372-380
39. Rossi C.R., De Salvo G.L., Bonandini E., Mocellin S., Foletto M., Pasquali S., et al. Factors predictive of nonsentinel lymph node involvement and clinical outcome in melanoma patients with metastatic sentinel lymph node. Ann Surg Oncol 15 4 (2008) 1202-1210
40. Gershenwald J.E., Colome M.I., Lee J.E., Mansfield P.F., Tseng C., Lee J.J., et al. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 16 6 (1998) 2253-2260
41. Thompson J.F., and Scolyer R.A. Cooperation between surgical oncologists and pathologists: a key element of multidisciplinary care for patients with cancer. Pathology 36 5 (2004) 496-503
42. Karim R.Z., Scolyer R.A., Li W., Yee V.S., McKinnon J.G., Li L.X., et al. False negative sentinel lymph node biopsies in melanoma may result from deficiencies in nuclear medicine, surgery or pathology. Ann Surg 247 6 (2008) 1003-1010
43. Dawson M., Doble P., Beavis A., Li L.X., Soper R., Scolyer R.A., et al. Antimony by ICP-MS as a marker for sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma patients. Analyst 128 3 (2003) 217-219
44. Scolyer R.A., Thompson J.F., Li L.X., Beavis A., Dawson M., Doble P., et al. Antimony concentrations in nodal tissue can confirm sentinel node identity. Mod Pathol 17 10 (2004) 1191-1197
45. Scolyer R.A., Thompson J.F., Li L.X., Beavis A., Dawson M., Doble P., et al. Failure to remove true sentinel nodes can cause failure of the sentinel node biopsy technique: evidence from antimony concentrations in false-negative sentinel nodes from melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 11 3 Suppl. (2004) 174S-178S
46. Thompson J.F., Uren R.F., Scolyer R.A., and Stretch J.R. Selective sentinel lymphadenectomy: progress to date and prospects for the future. Cancer Treat Res 127 (2005) 269-287
47. Thompson J.F., and Uren R.F. Lymphatic mapping in management of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. [see comment]. Lancet Oncol 6 11 (2005) 877-885
48. de Wilt J.H., Thompson J.F., Uren R.F., Ka V.S., Scolyer R.A., McCarthy W.H., et al. Correlation between preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and metastatic nodal disease sites in 362 patients with cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck. Ann Surg 239 4 (2004) 544-552
49. Thompson J.F., Scolyer R.A., and Uren R.F. Surgical management of primary cutaneous melanoma: excision margins and the role of sentinel lymph node examination. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 15 2 (2006) 301-318
50. Thompson J.F., Stretch J.R., Uren R.F., Ka V.S., and Scolyer R.A. Sentinel node biopsy for melanoma: where have we been and where are we going?. Ann Surg Oncol 11 3 (2004) 147S-151S
51. Scolyer R.A., Li L.X., McCarthy S.W., Shaw H.M., Stretch J.R., Sharma R., et al. Immunohistochemical stains fail to increase the detection rate of micrometastatic melanoma in completion regional lymph node dissection specimens. Melanoma Res 14 4 (2004) 263-268
52. Cochran A.J., Wen D.R., and Morton D.L. Occult tumor cells in the lymph nodes of patients with pathological stage I malignant melanoma. An immunohistological study. Am J Surg Pathol 12 8 (August 1988) 612-618
53. Cook M.G., Green M.A., Anderson B., Eggermont A.M., Ruiter D.J., Spatz A., et al. The development of optimal pathological assessment of sentinel lymph nodes for melanoma. J Pathol 200 3 (2003) 314-319
54. Gietema H.A., Vuylsteke R.J., de Jonge I.A., van Leeuwen P.A., Molenkamp B.G., van der Sijp J.R., et al. Sentinel lymph node investigation in melanoma: detailed analysis of the yield from step sectioning and immunohistochemistry. J Clin Pathol 57 6 (2004) 618-620
55. Abrahamsen H.N., Hamilton-Dutoit S.J., Larsen J., and Steiniche T. Sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma: extended histopathologic evaluation improves diagnostic precision. Cancer 100 8 (2004) 1683-1691
56. Spanknebel K., Coit D.G., Bieligk S.C., Gonen M., Rosai J., and Klimstra D.S. Characterization of micrometastatic disease in melanoma sentinel lymph nodes by enhanced pathology: recommendations for standardizing pathologic analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 29 3 (2005) 305-317
57. Yu L.L., Flotte T.J., Tanabe K.K., Gadd M.A., Cosimi A.B., Sober A.J., et al. Detection of microscopic melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer 86 4 (1999) 617-627
58. Baisden B.L., Askin F.B., Lange J.R., and Westra W.H. HMB-45 immunohistochemical staining of sentinel lymph nodes: a specific method for enhancing detection of micrometastases in patients with melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 24 8 (2000) 1140-1146
59. Messina J.L., Glass L.F., Cruse C.W., Berman C., Ku N.K., and Reintgen D.S. Pathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node in malignant melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 23 6 (1999) 686-690
60. Cochran A.J., Roberts A., Wen D.R., Huang R.R., Itakura E., Luo F., et al. Update on lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the management of patients with melanocytic tumours. Pathology 36 5 (2004) 478-484
61. Nowecki Z.I., Rutkowski P., Nasierowska-Guttmejer A., and Ruka W. Survival analysis and clinicopathological factors associated with false-negative sentinel lymph node biopsy findings in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 13 12 (2006) 1655-1663
62. Caraco C., Marone U., Celentano E., Botti G., and Mozzillo N. Impact of false-negative sentinel lymph node biopsy on survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 14 9 (2007) 2662-2667
63. Roulin D., Matter M., Bady P., Lienard D., Gugerli O., Boubaker A., et al. Prognostic value of sentinel node biopsy in 327 prospective melanoma patients from a single institution. Eur J Surg Oncol 34 6 (2008) 673-679
64. Roka F., Mastan P., Binder M., Okamoto I., Mittlboeck M., Horvat R., et al. Prediction of non-sentinel node status and outcome in sentinel node-positive melanoma patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 34 1 (2007) 82-88
65. Murali R., Cochran A.J., Cook M.G., Karim R., Starz H., Moncrieff M., et al. Interobserver reproducibility of the assessment of morphometric features of sentinel lymph nodes containing metastatic melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 15 Suppl. 1 (2008) 29-30
66. Bouffard D., Barnhill R.L., Mihm M.C., and Sober A.J. Very late metastasis (27 years) of cutaneous malignant melanoma arising in a halo giant congenital nevus. Dermatology 189 2 (1994) 162-166
67. Scheri R.P., Essner R., Turner R.R., Ye X., and Morton D.L. Isolated tumor cells in the sentinel node affect long-term prognosis of patients with melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 14 10 (2007) 2861-2866
68. Wagner J.D., Gordon M.S., Chuang T.Y., Coleman J.J., Hayes J.T., Jung S.H., et al. Predicting sentinel and residual lymph node basin disease after sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma. Cancer 89 2 (2000) 453-462
69. McMasters K.M., Wong S.L., Edwards M.J., Chao C., Ross M.I., Noyes R.D., et al. Frequency of nonsentinel lymph node metastasis in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 9 2 (2002) 137-141
70. Starz H., Siedlecki K., and Balda B.R. Sentinel lymphonodectomy and s-classification: a successful strategy for better prediction and improvement of outcome of melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 11 3 Suppl. (2004) 162S-168S
71. Page A.J., Carlson G.W., Delman K.A., Murray D., Hestley A., and Cohen C. Prediction of nonsentinel lymph node involvement in patients with a positive sentinel lymph node in malignant melanoma. Am Surg 73 7 (2007) 674-678 [discussion 678-9]