Anterior knee-pain syndrome

Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 192-220

  Mann, Gideon ^a,b   Constantini, Naama ^c   Hetsroni, Iftach ^b   Meidan, Omer ^b   Dolev, Eran ^b   Morgenstern, David ^b   Mann, Ayala ^a   Nyska, Meir ^b  

^a WINGATE INSTITUTE   (Israel)

^b HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^c MEIR MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; HUMAN; PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; HUMANS; PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME;

EID: 49849099682     PISSN: 19344287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (274)

1. Radin EL. A rational approach to the treatment of patello-femoral pain. Clin Orthop. 1979; 144: 107-109
2. Fulkerson JP. Disorders of the Patello-femoral Joint. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004: 143-145
3. Grana WA, Kriegshauser LA. Scientific basis of extensor mechanism disorders. Clin Sports Med. 1985; 4: 247-257
4. Aglietti P, Insall JN, Cerulli G. Patellar pain and incongruence. I: measurements of incongruence. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983; (176): 217-224
5. Kujala UM, Osterman K, Kvist M, Aalto T, Friberg O. Factors predisposing to patellar chondropathy and patellar apicitis in athletes. Int Orthop. 1986; 10: 195-200
6. Bentley G, Dowd G. Current concepts of etiology and treatment of chondromalacia patellae. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; (189): 209-228
7. Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB, van Poortvliet JA, Phillips H. Mechanical factors in the incidence of knee pain in adolescents and young adults. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1984; 66: 685-693
8. Mann G. Anterior knee pain syndrome. In: Sports Injuries, Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery: Current Trends and Concepts. Doral MN, Leblebicioglu G, Atay OA, Baydar ML, eds. Ankara, Turkey: Ankara; 2000: 115-129
9. Micheli LJ. Patellofemoral disorders in children. In: Fox JM, Del-Pizzo W, eds. The Patellofemoral Joint. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc; 1993: 105-121
10. Finestone A, Radin EL, Lev B, Shlamkovitch N, Wiener M, Milgrom C. Treatment of overuse patellofemoral pain: prospective randomized clinical trial in a military setting. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993; (293): 208-210
11. Mann G, Ben Gal S, Finsterbush A, Frankel U, Matan Y. Anterior knee pain syndrome: prevention by using a knee support with a patellar guiding ring-a prospective and randomized study. Presented at: Congress International de Groupement Latin et Mediterranéen de Médecine du Sport; June 24-26, 1993; Montpellier, France
12. Finestone A, Shlamkovitch N, Eldad A, Karp A, Milgrom C. Patello-femoral pain caused by over-activity: a prospective study of the effect of the appropriateness of foot-shoe fit and training shoe type on the incidence of overuse injuries among military recruits. Mil Med. 1992; 157: 489-490
13. Mann G, Soran A, Borovski A, et al. Overuse Injuries in an elite antiterrorist fighting unit: relation to previous physical activity, relation to anthropometric, physimetric Spirometric and ergometric performance, and effect of a silicon heel shock absorber. Presented at: 5th Congress of European Society of Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy; May 25-29, 1992; Palma de Mallorca, Spain
14. Mann G, Ben Gal S, Finsterbush A, Frankl U, Matan Y. Anterior knee pain syndrome: prevention by using a knee support with a patellar guiding ring-a prospective and randomized study. Presented at: Combined Congress of the International Arthroscopy Association and the International Society of the Knee; May 27-31, 1995; Hong Kong
15. Lowe J, Mann G, Matan Y, et al. Shoe and insole effect on medical complaints, overuse injuries and stress fractures in infantry recruits: a prospective, randomized study-preliminary results. Presented at: Congress of the International Arthroscopy Association and the International Society of the Knee; May 27-31, 1995; Hong Kong
16. Hetsroni I, Finestone A, Milgrom C, et al. A prospective biomechanical study of the association between foot pronation and the incidence of anterior knee pain among military recruits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006; 88: 905-908
17. Agglieti P, Buzzi R, Insall J. Disorders of the patello-femoral joint. In: Insall JN, Scott WN, eds. Surgery of the Knee. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill-Livingstone; 2001: 922-923
18. Post WR, Fulkerson J. Knee pain diagrams: correlation with physical examination findings in patients with anterior knee pain. Arthroscopy. 1994; 10: 618-623
19. Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Zindel M. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology: 1. Functional anatomy of the patello-femoral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976; 58: 287-290
20. Hungerford DS, Lennox DW. Rehabilitation of the knee in disorders of the patellofemoral joint: relevant biomechanics. Orthop Clin North Am. 1983; 14: 397-402
21. Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Insall JN. Disorders of the patellofemoral joint. In: Insall JN, Windsor RE, Scott WN, eds. Surgery of the Knee. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1993: 241-385
22. Olerud C, Berg P. The variation of the Q angle with different positions of the foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; (191): 162-165
23. Woodland LH, Francis RS. Parameters and comparisons of the quadriceps angle of college-aged men and women in the supine and standing positions. Am J Sports Med. 1992; 20: 208-211
24. Beynnon BD. Relative biomechanics of the knee. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003: 1577-1595
25. Peterson L, Renström P. Sports Injuries: Their Prevention and Treatment. London, United Kingdom: Martin Dunitz; 1986: 303-305
26. Kelly MA. Algorithm for anterior knee pain. Instr Course Lect. 1998; 47: 339-343
27. Novacheck TF. Running injuries: a biomechanical approach. Instr Course Lect. 1998; 47: 397-406
28. Biedert RM, Stauffer E, Friederich NF. Occurrence of free nerve endings in the soft tissue of the knee joint: a histologic investigation. Am J Sports Med. 1992; 20: 430-433
29. Witonski D, Wagrowska-Danielewicz M. Distribution of substance-P nerve fibers in the knee joint in patients with anterior knee pain syndrome: a preliminary report Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrose. 1999; 7: 177-183
30. Dye SF, Vaupel GL, Dye CC, Allen GW, et al. Conscious neurosensory mapping of the internal structures of the human knee without intra-articular anesthesia. Presented at: First Biennial International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Congress; May 11-16, 1997; Buenos Aires, Argentina
31. Dye SF, Vaupel GL, Dye CC. Conscious neurosensory mapping of the internal structures of the human knee without intraarticular anesthesia. Am J Sports Med. 1998; 26: 773-777
32. Mori Y, Kuroki Y, Yamamoto R, Fujimoto A, Okumo H, Kubo M. Clinical and histological study of patellar chondropathy in adolescents. Arthroscopy. 1991; 7: 182-197
33. Hayes CW. MRI of the patellofemoral joint. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1994; 15: 383-395
34. Rose PM, Demlow TA, Szumowski J, Quinn SF. Chondromalacia patellae: fat-suppressed MR imaging. Radiology. 1994; 193: 437-440
35. Gagliardi JA, Chung EM, Chandnani VP, et al. Detection and staging of chondromalacia patellae: relative efficacies of conventional MR imaging, MR arthrography, and CT arthrography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994; 163: 629-636
36. Ettinger WH, Davis MA, Neuhaus JM, Mallon KP. Long-term physical functioning in persons with knee osteoarthritis from NHANES. I: effects of comorbid medical conditions. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994; 47: 809-815
37. Maffulli N, Testa V, Capasso G. Mediopatellar synovial plica of the knee in athletes: results of arthroscopic treatment Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25: 985-988
38. Shea KP, Fulkerson JP. Preoperative computed tomography scanning and arthroscopy in predicting outcome after lateral retinacular release. Arthroscopy. 1992; 8: 327-334
39. Abernethy PJ, Townsend PR, Rose RM, Radin EL. Is chondromalacia patellae a separate clinical entity? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978; 60: 205-210
40. Maquet P. Mechanics and osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979; (144): 70-73
41. Villar RN. Patellofemoral pain and the infrapatellar brace: a military view. Am J Sports Med. 1985; 13: 313-315
42. Mori Y, Kubo M, Shimokoube J, Kuroki Y. Osteochondritis dissecans of the patellofemoral groove in athletes: unusual cases of patellofemoral pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrose. 1994; 2: 242-244
43. Vaatainen U, Hakkinen T, Kiviranta I, Jaroma H, Inkinen R, Tammi M. Proteoglycan depletion and size reduction in lesions of early grade chondromalacia of the patella. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995; 54: 831-835
44. Post WR. Anterior knee pain: diagnosis and treatment J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005; 13: 534-543
45. Fulkerson JP, Tennant R, Jaivin JS, Grunnet M. Histologic evidence of retinacular nerve injury associated with patellofemoral malalignment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985; (197): 196-205
46. Post WR. History and physical examination. In: Fulkerson JP, ed. Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint. London, United Kingdom: Williams & Wilkins; 1997: 39-71
47. Fulkerson JP, Hungerford DS, Ficat RP. Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1990
48. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E, Monteagudo-Castro C, Esquerdo J. Quantitative analysis of nerve changes in the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patellofemoral malalignment: a preliminary study. Am J Sports Med. 1998; 26: 703-709
49. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E, Revert F. Neural growth factor expression in the lateral retinaculum in painful patellofemoral malalignment. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001; 72: 146-149
50. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E. Immunohistochemical analysis for neural markers of the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patello-femoral malalignment: a neruoanatomic basis for anterior knee pain in the active young patient. Am J Sports Med. 2000; 28: 725-731
51. Fulkerson JP. The etiology of patellofemoral pain in young, active patients: a prospective study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983; (179): 129-133
52. Krompinger WJ, Fulkerson JP. Lateral retinacular release for intractable lateral retinacular pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983; (179): 191-193
53. Chrisman OD. The role of articular cartilage in patellofemoral pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 1986; 17: 231-234
54. Insall J. Current concepts review: patellar pain. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982; 64: 147-152
55. Dzioba RB. Diagnostic arthroscopy and longitudinal open lateral release: a four year follow-up study to determine predictors of surgical outcome. Am J Sports Med. 1990; 18: 343-348
56. Jones RB, Barlett EC, Vainright JR, Carroll RG. CT determination of tibial tubercle lateralization in patients presenting with anterior knee pain. Skeletal Radiol. 1995; 24: 505-509
57. Fu FH, Maday MG. Arthroscopic lateral release and the lateral patellar compression syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am. 1992; 23: 601-612
58. Mori Y, Fujimoto A, Okumo H, Kuroki Y. Lateral retinaculum release in adolescent patellofemoral disorders: its relationship to peripheral nerve injury in the lateral retinaculum. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1991; 51: 218-229
59. Wojtys EM, Beaman DN, Glover RA, Janda D. Innervation of the human knee joint by substance-P fibers. Arthroscopy. 1990; 6: 254-263
60. Fulkerson JP. Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. In: Fulkerson JP, ed. Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint. London, United Kingdom: Williams & Wilkins; 1997: 23-38
61. Kasim N, Fulkerson JP. Resection of clinically localized segments of painful retinaculum in the treatment of selected patients with anterior knee pain. Am J Sports Med. 2000; 28: 811-814
62. Poehling GG, Pollock FE Jr, Koman LA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee after sensory nerve injury, Arthroscopy. 1988; 4: 31-35
63. Cooper DE, DeLee JC. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994; 2: 79-86
64. Cooper DE, DeLee JC, Ramamurthy S. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee: treatment using continuous epidural anesthesia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989; 71A: 365-369
65. Finsterbush A, Frankl U, Mann G, Lowe J. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the patellofemoral joint. Orthop Rev. 1991; 20: 877-885
66. Malhotra R, Dhingra SS, Padhy AK, Kumar R, Ravishankar U. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of patello-femoral joint: diagnosis and relevance. Clin Nucl Med. 1995; 20: 1058-1060
67. Fulkerson JP. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and chronic pain. In: Fulkerson JP, ed. Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint. London, United Kingdom: Williams & Wilkins; 1997: 337-351
68. Katz M, Hungerford DS. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy affecting the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987; 69: 797-803
69. Butler-Manuel PA, Justins D, Heatley FW. Sympathetically mediated anterior knee pain: scintigraphy and anesthetic blockade in 19 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992; 63: 90-93
70. Ben-Eliyahu DJ. Infrared thermographic imaging in the detection of sympathetic dysfunction in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome [published correction appears in J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992; 15:
71. preceding table of contents]. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992; 15: 164-170
72. Voight ML, Wieder DL. Comparative reflex response times of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis in normal subjects and subjects with extensor mechanism dysfunction: an electromyographic study. Am J Sports Med. 1991; 19: 131-137
73. Cesarelli M, Bifulco P, Bracale M. Quadriceps muscles activation in anterior knee pain during isokinetic exercise. Med Eng Phys. 1999; 21: 469-478
74. Witvrouw E, Lysens R, Bellemans J, Cambier D, Vanderstraeten G. Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2000; 28: 480-489
75. Cowan SM, Bennell KL, Hodges PW, Crossley KM, McConnell J. Delayed onset of electromyographic activity of vastus medialis obliquus relative to vastus lateralis in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001; 82: 183-189
76. Owings TM, Grabiner MD. Motor control of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles is disrupted during eccentric contractions in subjects with patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 2002; 30: 483-487
77. Smith AD, Stroud L, McQueen C. Flexibility and anterior knee pain in adolescent elite figure skaters. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991; 11: 77-82
78. Vaatainen U, Airaksinen O, Jaroma H, Kiviranta I. Decreased torque and electromyographic activity in the extensor thigh muscles in chondromalacia patellae, lnt J Sports Med. 1995; 16: 45-50
79. Duffey MJ, Martin DF, Cannon DW, Craven T, Messier SP. Etiologic factors associated with anterior knee pain in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 1825-1832
80. Butler JP, Saddler S, Hill JA. An intermeniscal fibrous band in a recreational runner. Arthroscopy. 1995; 11: 735-737
81. Campagnolo DI, Davis BA, Blacksin MF. Computed tomography-guided aspiration of a ganglion cyst of the anterior cruciate ligament: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996; 77: 732-733
82. Kang CN, Lee SB, Kin SW. Symptomatic ganglion cyst within the substance of the anterior cruciate ligament Arthroscopy. 1995; 11: 612-615
83. Elmer RM. Persistent congenital isolation of the suprapatellar pouch mimicking patellofemoral disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984; 4: 623-624
84. Keene GCR, Paterson RS. Arthroscopy computer database. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989; 71: 879
85. Nangle EJ. Pseudochondromalacia of the patella. Bone Joint Surg Br. 1972; 54: 382
86. Dorell ST. Proceedings British Ortho Society Sep 88. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989; 71: 875
87. Martens M. Tendinitis of the patellar tendon. Acta Orthop Belg. 1982; 48: 453-454
88. Ferretti A, Puddu G, Mariani PP, Neri M. The natural history of jumper's knee: patellar or quadriceps tendonitis, lnt Orthop. 1985; 8: 239-242
89. Popp JE, Yu JS, Kaeding CC. Recalcitrant patellar tendinitis: magnetic resonance imaging, histologic evaluation, and surgical treatment. Am J Sports Med. 1997; 25: 218-222
90. Hyman J. Patellofemoral tendinopathy. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practices. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003: 1840-1857
91. Magi M, Branca A, Bucea C, Langerame V. Hoffa disease. Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1991; 17: 211-216
92. Krebs VE, Parker RD. Arthroscopic resection of an extrasynovial ossifying chondroma of the infrapatellar fat pad: end-stage Hoffa's disease? Arthroscopy. 94; 10: 301-304
93. Jerosch JG, Castro WH, Jantea C. Stress fracture of the patella. Am J Sports Med. 1989; 17: 579-580
94. Ogata K. Painful bipartite patella: a new approach to operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994; 76: 573-578
95. Ireland ML, Chang JL. Acute fracture bipartite patella: case report and literature review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995; 27: 299-302
96. Lossifidis A, Brueton RN. Painful bipartite patella following injury. Injury. 1995; 26: 175-176
97. Voto SJ, Ewing JW. Retrotendinous calcification of the infrapatellar tendon: unusual cause of anterior knee pain syndrome. Arthroscopy. 1988; 4: 81-84
98. Sieben CH, Kaufmann A, Niedhart C, Heller KD. The quadriceps tendon cyst: an uncommon cause of chronic anterior knee pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrose. 1999; 7: 349-351
99. Pathak G, Atkinson RN. Patellar "entry" feature: a new arthroscopic anatomic finding. Knee. 2004; 11: 99-101
100. Romanoff ME, Cory PC Jr, Kalenak A, Keyser GC, Marshall WK. Saphenous nerve entrapment at the adductor canal. Am J Sports Med. 1989; 17: 478-481
101. Hodge JC, Ghelman B, O'Brien SJ, Wickiewicz TL. Synovial plicae and chondromalacia patellae: correlation of results of CT arthrography with results of arthroscopy. Radiology. 1993; 186: 827-831
102. Hansen H, Boe S. The pathological plica in the knee: results after arthroscopic resection. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1989; 108: 282-284
103. Baker V, Bennell K, Stillman B, Cowan S, Crossley K. Abnormal knee joint position sense in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Res. 2002; 20: 208-214
104. Watanabe BM, Howell SM. Arthroscopic findings associated with roof impingement of an anterior cruciate ligament graft. Am J Sports Med. 1995; 23: 616-625
105. Sachs RA, Daniel DM, Stone ML, Garfein RF. Patellofemoral problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1989; 17: 760-765
106. Tria AJ Jr, Alicea JF, Cody RP. Patella baja in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994; (299): 229-234
107. Kleipool AE, Van-Loon T, Marti RK. Pain after use of the central third of the patellar tendon for cruciate ligament reconstruction: 33 patients followed 2-3 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65: 62-66
108. Shino K, Nakagawa S, Inoue M, Horibe S, Yoneda M. Deterioration of patellofemoral articular surfaces after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21: 206-211
109. Rosenberg TD, Franklin JL, Baldwin GN, Nelson KA. Extensor mechanism function after patellar tendon graft harvest for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20: 519-525; discussion 525-526
110. Krahl H. Indications and experience with GORTEX knee ligament replacement. Presented at: 3rd International Jerusalem Symposium on Sports Medicine; January 19-20, 1987; Jerusalem, Israel
111. Kartus J, Magnusson L, Stener S, Brandsson S, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Complications following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 2-5-year follow-up of 604 patients with special emphasis on anterior knee pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrose. 1999;7: 2-8
112. Jarvela T, Kannus P, Jarvinen M. Anterior knee pain 7 years after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000; 10: 221-227
113. Fowler PJ, Lubliner JA. The predictive value of five clinical signs in the evaluation of meniscal pathology. Arthroscopy. 1989;5: 184-186
114. Lin D, Alavi A, Dalinka M. Bone scan evaluation of patellar activity. Int J Nucl Med Biol. 1981;8: 105-109
115. Dye SF, Boll DA. An analysis of objective measurements including radionuclide imaging in young patients with patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13: 432
116. Dye SF, Boll DA. Radionuclide imaging of the patellofemoral joint in young adults with anterior knee pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 1986;17: 249-262
117. Dye SF, Peartree MD. Sequential radionuclide imaging of the patellofemoral joint in symp-tomatic young adults. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17: 727
118. Heigaard H, Hortelus H. Measurements of the intraosseous pressure of the patella and phlebography in patients with patellofemoral pain. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54: 779-781
119. Hejgaard N, Arnoldi CC. Osteotomy of the patella in the patellofemoral pain syndrome: the significance of increased intraosseous pressure during sustained knee flexion. Int Orthop. 1984;8: 189-194
120. Hejgaard N, Larsen E. Value of early attention to spinal compression syndromes. Acta Orthop Scand. 1984;55: 234-237
121. Homminga GN, Mazee HA, Van der Linden ES, Van Ooy A. Delayed intraosseous venous blood flow does not correlate with patellar cartilage changes in anterior knee pain. Acta Orthop Belg. 1995;61: 79-82
122. Arnoldi CC, Linderholm H, Mussbichler H. Venous engorgement and intraosseous hyperten-sion in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1972;54: 409-421.
123. Phillips RS, Bulmer JH, Hoyle G, Davies W. Venous drainage in osteoarthritis of the hip: a study after osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49: 301-309
124. Phillips RS. Phlebography in osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1966;48: 280-288
125. Arnoldi CC, Lemperg R, Linderholm H. Immediate effect of osteotomy on the intramedullary pressure in the femoral head and neck in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Scand. 1971;42: 454-455
126. Arnoldi CC, Lemperg K, Linderholm H. Intraosseous hypertension and pain in the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;57: 360-363
127. Lemperg RK, Arnoldi CC. The significance of intraosseous pressure in normal and diseased states with special reference to the intraosseous engorgement-pain syndrome. Clin Ortho Relat Res. 1978;136: 143-156
128. Richard RN, Lonergan RP. Arthroscopic surgery for relief of pain in the osteoarthritic knee. Orthopedics. 1984;7: 1705-1707
129. Schneider U, Breusch SJ, Thomsen M, Wenz W, Graf J, Niethard FU. A new concept in the treatment of anterior knee pain: patellar hypertension syndrome. Orthopedics. 2000;23: 581-586
130. Miltner O, Siebert CH, Schneider U, Niethard FU, Graf J. Patellar hypertension syndrome in adolescence: a three-year follow up. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2003;123: 455-459
131. Post WR, Teitge R, Amis A. Patellofemoral malalignment: looking beyond the viewbox. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21: 521-546
132. Brody DM. Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner. Orthop Clin North Am. 1982;13: 541-558
133. Landry ME, Zebas C. Analysis of 100 knees in high school runners. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1985;75: 382-384
134. Kessler RM, Darlene H. Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Harper & Row; 1983
135. Carson WG Jr, James SL, Larson RL, Singer KM, Winternitz WW. Patellofemoral disorders: physical and radiographic evaluation. Part II: radiographic examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;(185): 178-186
136. Insall J, Falvo KA, Wise DW. Chondromalacia patellae: a prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58: 1-8
137. Lancourt JE, Cristini JA. Patella alta and patella infera: their etiological role in patellar dislocation, chondromalacia, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;57: 1112-1115
138. Marks KE, Bentley G. Patella alto and chondromalacia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60: 71-73
139. Novacheck TF. Walking, running, and sprinting: a three-dimensional analysis of kinematics and kinetics. Instr Course Lect. 1995;44: 497-506
140. Van Eijden TM, Kouwenhoven E, Weijs WA. Mechanics of the patellar articulation: effects of patellar ligament length studied with a mathematical model. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987;58: 560-566
141. Harper WM, Wray CC, Burden AC. An unusual cause of flexion deformity of the hips and knees: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71: 1418
142. Temple C. Sports injuries: hazards of jogging and marathon running. Br J Hosp Med. 1983; 29: 237-239
143. Friberg O. Leg length asymmetry in stress fractures: a clinical and radiological study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1982;22: 485-488
144. Friberg O. Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. Spine. 1983;8: 643-651
145. Gross RH. Leg length discrepancy in marathon runners. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11: 121-124
146. Reider B, Marshall JL, Warren RF. Clinical characteristics of patellar disorders in young athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1981;9: 270-274
147. Witonski D, Goraj B. Patellar motion analyzed by kinematic and dynamic axial magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anterior knee pain syndrome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999;119: 46-49.
148. Merchant AC, Mercer RL, Jacobsen RH, Cool CR. Roentgenographic analysis of patellofemo-ral congruence. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56: 1391-1396
149. Carson WG Jr, James SL, Larson RL, Singer KM, Winternitz WW. Patellofemoral disorders: physical and radiographic evaluation. Part I: physical examination. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;(185): 165-177
150. Shapiro D, Nahir M, Sharf I. The hypermobility syndrome [in Hebrew]. Harefuah. 1984; 106: 270-272
151. Kujala UM, Osterman K, Kormano M, Nelimarkka O, Hurme M, Taimela S. Patellofemoral relationships in recurrent patellar dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71: 788-792
152. Meister K, James SL. Proximal tibial derotation osteotomy for anterior knee pain in the miserably malaligned extremity. Am J Orthop. 1995;24: 149-155
153. Koskinen SK, Hurme M, Kujala UM, Kormano ML. Effect of lateral release on patellar motion in chondromalacia: an MRI study of 11 knees. Acta Orthop Scand. 1990;61: 311-312
154. Walker C, Cassar-Pullicino VN, Vaisha R, McCall IW. The patello-femoral joint: a critical appraisal of its geometric assessment utilizing conventional axial radiography and computed arthro-tomography. Br J Radiol. 1993; 66: 755-761
155. Pookarnjanamorakot C, Jaovisidha S, Apiyasawat P. The patellar tilt angle: correlation of MRI evaluation with anterior knee pain. J Med Assoc Thai. 1988; 81: 958-963
156. Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E, Martinez-Sanjuan V. Pathogenesis of anterior knee pain syndrome and functional patello-femoral instability in the active young. Am J Knee Surg. 1999; 12: 29-40
157. Fulkerson JP, Arendt EA. The female knee: anterior knee pain. Conn Med. 1999; 63: 661-664
158. Fulkerson JP, Arendt EA. Anterior knee pain in females. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000; (372): 69-73
159. Metin-Cubuk S, Šindel M, Karaali K, Arslan AG, Akyildiz F, Ozkan O. Tibial tubercle position and patellar height as indicators of malalignment in women with anterior knee pain. Clin Anat. 2000; 13: 199-203
160. Eckhoff DG, Montgomery WK, Kilcoyne RF, Stamm ER. Femoral morphometry and anterior knee pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994; (302): 64-68
161. Fulkerson JP, Shea KP. Disorders of patellofemoral alignment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990; 72: 1424-1429
162. Laprade J, Culham E. Radiographic measures in subjects who are asymptomatic and subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003; (414): 172-182
163. Caylor D, Fites R, Worrell TW. The relationship between quadriceps angle and anterior knee pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993; 17: 11-16
164. Livingston LA, Mandigo JL. Bilateral Q angle asymmetry and anterior knee pain syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1999; 14: 7-13
165. Quaile A. Measurement of the effects of lateral release. J R Nav Med Serv. 1989; 75: 159-163
166. Moller BN, Moller-Larsen F, Frich LH. Chondromalacia induced by patellar subluxation in the rabbit. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989; 60: 188-191
167. Finsterbush A, Pogrund H. The hypermobility syndrome: musculoskeletal complaints in 100 consecutive cases of generalized joint hypermobility. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982; (168): 124-127
168. Dandy DJ, Poirier H. Chondromalacia and the unstable patella. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975; 46: 695-699
169. Steinbruck K, Springorum HW. Contorsionists and athlete at competitive sports events: acquired hypermobUity (author's transi) [in German]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1980; 118: 751-760
170. Outerbridge RE, Dunlop JA. The problem of chondromalacia patellae. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975; (110): 177-196
171. Huberti HH, Hayes WC. Patellofemoral contact pressures: the influence of q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984; 66: 715-724
172. An KN, Chao EYS, Kaufman KR. Analysis of muscle and joint loads. In: Mow VC, Hayes WC, eds. Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991: 1-50
173. Grood ES, Suntay WJ, Noyes FR, Butler DL. Biomechanics of the knee-extension exercise: effect of cutting the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984; 66: 725-734
174. Nicholos H. The Spine & Lower Limb in Sport. St Louis: Mosby; 1986: 718-720
175. Nisell R. Mechanics of the knee: a study of joint and muscle load with clinical applications. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1985; 216: 1-42
176. Huberti HH, Hayes WC. Contact pressures in chondromalacia patellae and the effects of capsular reconstructive procedures. J Orthop Res. 1988; 6: 499-508
177. Zimmerman NB, Smith DG, Pottenger LA, Cooperman DR. Mechanical disruption of human patellar cartilage by repetitive loading in vitro. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988; (229): 302-307
178. Kahanovitz N, Bullough P, Jacobs RR. The effect of internal fixation without arthrodesis on human facet joint cartilage. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; (189): 204-208
179. Hehne HJ. Biomechanics of the patello-femoral joint and its clinical relevance. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990; (258): 73-85
180. Alexander CJ. Relationship between the utilisation profile of individual joints and their susceptibility to primary osteoarthritis. Skeletal Radiol. 1989; 18: 199-205
181. Hungerford DS, Barry M. Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979; (144): 9-15
182. Tammi M, Paukkonen K, Kiviranta I, et al. Joint loading-induced alterations in articular cartilage. In: Helminen HJ, Kiviranta I, Tammi M, Säämänen AM, Paukkonen K, Jurvelin J, eds. Joint Loading: Biology and Health of Articular Structures. Bristol, England: John Wright (Butterworths); 1987: 64-88
183. Helminen HJ, Kiviranta I, Säämänen AM, et al. Effect of motion and load on articular cartilage in animal models. In: Kuettner KE, Schleyerbach R, Peyron JG, Hascall VC, eds. Articular Cartilage and Osteoarthritis. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1992: 501-510
184. Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Woods C. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology. 2: chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976; 58: 291-299
185. Seedhom BB. Mechanical factors and osteoarthrosis I: hypothesis. In: Proceedings of the Israel Society of Sports Medicine. Tel Aviv, Israel: University of Tel Aviv Publisher; 1992: 24-25
186. Seedhom BB, Swann AC. Mechanical factors and osteoarthrosis II: does cartilage stiffness adapt to the prevalent stress? In: Proceedings of the Israel Society of Sports Medicine. Tel Aviv, Israel: University of Tel Aviv Publisher; 1992; 26
187. Panush RS, Schmidt C, Caldwell JR, et al. Is running associated with degenerative joint disease? JAAM. 1986; 255: 1152-1154
188. Lane NE, Bloch DA, Wood PD, Fries JF. Aging, long-distance running, and the development of musculoskeletal disabihty: a controlled study. Am J Med. 1987; 82: 772-780
189. Panush RS. Does exercise cause arthritis? Long-term consequences of exercise on the musculoskeletal system. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990; 16: 827-836
190. Lane NE, Bloch DA, Hubert HB, Jones H, Simpson U, Fries JF. Running, osteoarthritis, and bone density: initial 2-year longitudinal study. Am J Med. 1990; 88: 452-459
191. Lane NE, Michel B, Bjorkengren A, et al. The risk of osteoarthritis with running and aging: a 5-year longitudinal study. J Rheumatol. 1993; 20: 461-468
192. Lane NE, Bloch DA, Jones HH, Marshall WH Jr, Wood PD, Fries JF. Long-distance running, bone density, and osteoarthritis. JAMA. 1986; 255: 1147-1151
193. Price AJ, Jones J, Allum R. Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain. Injury. 2000; 31: 373-378
194. Joensen AM, Hahn T, Gelineck J, Overvad K, Ingemann-Hansen T. Articular cartilage lesions and anterior knee pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001; 11: 115-119
195. Lee SH, Suh JS, Cho J, Kim SJ, Kim SJ. Evaluation of chondromalacia of the patella with axial inversion recovery-fast spin-echo imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001; 13: 412-416
196. Macarini L, Perrone A, Murrone M, Marini S, Stefanelli M. Evaluation of patellar chondromalacia with MR: comparison between T2-weighted FSE SPIR and GE MTC. Radiol Med (Torino). 2004; 108: 159-171
197. Owra AA. Chondromalacia patella. Acta Chir Scand. 1936; 77(suppl): 41
198. Radin EL. Anterior knee pain: the need for a specific diagnosis, stop calling it chondromalacia! Orthop Rev. 1985; 14: 128-134
199. Boe S, Hansen H. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in patients aged over 50. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986; 68: 707
200. Fife RS, Brandt KD, Braunstein EM, et al. Relationship between arthroscopic evidence of cartilage damage and radiographic evidence of joint space narrowing in early osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 34: 377-382
201. Dashefsky JH. Arthroscopic measurement of chondromalacia of patella cartilage using a microminiature pressure transducer. Arthroscopy. 1987; 3: 80-85
202. Sojbjerg JO, Lauritzen J, Hvid I, Boe S. Arthroscopic determination of patellofemoral malalignment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987; (215): 243-247
203. Christensen F, Soballe K, Snerum L. Treatment of chondromalacia patellae by lateral retinacular release of the patella. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988; (234): 145-147
204. Insall JN, Aglietti P, Tria AJ Jr. Patellar pain and incongruence. II: Clinical application. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983; (176): 225-232
205. Insall J, Bullough PG, Burstein AH. Proximal "tube" realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979; (144): 63-69
206. Abraham E, Washington E, Huang TL. Insall proximal realignment for disorders of the patella. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989; (248): 61-65
207. Moller BN, Helmig O. Patellar pain treated by neurotomy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1984; 103: 137-139
208. Arthornthurasook A, Gaew-Im K. Study of the infrapatellar nerve. Am J Sports Med. 1988; 16: 57-59
209. Baudet B, Durroux R, Gay R, Mansat M, Martinez C, Rajon JP. Patellar innervation: surgical consequences [in French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1982; 68(suppl 2): 104-106
210. Swanson AJ. The incidence of prepatellar neuropathy following medial meniscectomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983; (181): 151-153
211. Outertiridge RE. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961; 43: 752-757
212. Lysholm J, Hamberg P, Gillquist J. The correlation between osteoarthrosis as seen on radiographs and on arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 1987; 3: 161-165
213. Quinn SF, Rose PM, Brown TR, Demlow TA. MR imaging of the patellofemoral compartment. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1994; 2: 425-440
214. Andresen R, Radmer S, Konig H, Banzer D, Wolf KJ. MR diagnosis of retropatellar chondral lesions under compression: a comparison with histological findings. Acta Radiol. 1996; 37: 91-97
215. Bentley G. Articular cartilage changes in chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985; 67: 769-774
216. Ohno O, Naito J, Iguchi T, Ishikawa H, Hirohata K, Cooke TD. An electron microscopic study of early pathology in chondromalacia of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988; 70: 883-899
217. Willett KM, Simmons CD, Bentley G. The effect of suction drains after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988; 70: 607-610
218. Bentley G. The surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978; 60: 74-81
219. Kin HKW, Salter RB. The potential for regeneration of articular cartilage in defects created by chondral shaving and subchondral abrasion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991; 73: 1301-1315
220. Meachim G, Bentley G, Baker R. Effect of age on thickness of adult patellar articular cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977; 36: 563-568
221. Eckstein F, Putz R, Muller-Gerbl M, Steinlechner M, Benedetto KP. Cartilage degeneration in the human patellae and its relationship to the mineralisation of the underlying bone: a key to the understanding of chondromalacia patellae and femoropatellar arthrosis? Surg Radiol Anat. 1993; 15: 279-286
222. Karlson S. Chondromalacia patella. Acta Chir Scand. 1940; 83: 347-381
223. Harilainen A, Sandelln J. Prospective Long-term results of operative treatment in primary dislocation of the patella. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrose. 1993; 1: 100-103
224. Larsen E, Lauridsen F. Conservative treatment of patellar dislocations: influence of evident factors on the tendency to redislocation and the therapeutic result. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982; (171): 131-136
225. Larsen E, Lauridsen F. Results of conservative treatment of patellar dislocations. Acta Orthop Belg. 1982; 48: 455-462
226. Thomee P, Thomee R, Karlsson J. Patellofemoral pain syndrome: pain, coping strategies and degree of well-being. Scand J Med Sei Sports. 2002; 12: 276-781
227. Witonski D. Anterior knee pain syndrome. Int Orthop. 1999; 23: 341-344
228. Wilson JD, Dougherty CP, Ireland ML, McClay Davis I. Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005; 13: 316-325
229. Sutter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999; 22: 149-153
230. Ireland ML, Willson JD, Ballantyne BT, Davis IM. Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:671-676
231. Zhang SN, Bates BT, Dufek JS. Contributions of lower extremity joints to energy dissipation during landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:812-819
232. Insall J, Salvati E. Patella position in the normal knee joint. Radiology. 1971;101:101-104
233. Blackburne JS, Peel TE. A new method of measuring patellar height J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59:241-242
234. Laurin CA, Dussault R, Levesque HP. The tangential x-ray investigation of the patellofemoral joint: x-ray technique, diagnostic criteria and their interpretation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(144):16-26
235. Pinar H, Akseki D, Karaoglan O, Gene I. Kinematic and dynamic axial computed tomography of the patello-femoral joint in patients with anterior knee pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2:170-173
236. Hoppenfeld Stanley. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. New York, NY: Appleton-Centruy-Crofts; 1976
237. Almekinders LC, Almekinders SV. Outcome in the treatment of chronic overuse sports injuries: a retrospective study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19:157-161
238. Wilson KC, Evans-Smith E, Oelman BJ. A study of patellofemoral plain in a junior infantry training unit J R Army Med Corps. 1983;129:82-87
239. Edeen J, Dainer RD, Barrack RL, Alexander AH. Results of conservative treatment for recalcitrant anterior knee pain in active young adults. Orthop Rev. 1992;21:593-599
240. Casscells SW. Chondromalacia of the patella. J Pediatr Orthop. 1982;2:560-564
241. Whitelaw GP Jr, Rullo DJ, Markowitz HD, Marandola MS, DeWaele MJ. A conservative approach to anterior knee pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(246):234-237
242. Ruffin MT 5th, Kiningham RB. Anterior knee pain: the challenge of patellofemoral syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 1993;47:185-194
243. Jensen DB, Albrektsen SB. The natural history of chondromalacia patellae: a 12- year followup. Acta Orthop Belg. 1990;56:503-506
244. Powers CM, Shellock FG, Beering TV, Garrido DE, Goldbach RM, Molnar T. Effect of bracing on patellar kinematics in patients with patello-femoral joint pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1714-1720
245. Van Tiggelen D, Witvrouw E, Roget P, Cambier D, Danneels L, Verdonk R. Effect of bracing on the prevention of anterior knee pain: a prospective randomized study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004;12:434-439
246. Doucette SA, Goble EM. The effect of exercise on patellar tracking in lateral patellar compression syndrome. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:434-440
247. Kannus P, Natri A, Paakkala T, Jarvinen M. An outcome study of chronic patellofemoral pain syndrome: seven-year follow-up of patients in a randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:355-363
248. Bennett JG, Stauber WT. Evaluation and treatment of anterior knee pain using eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18:526-530
249. Roush MB, Sevier TL, Wilson JK, et al. Anterior knee pain: a clinical comparison of rehabilitation methods. Clin J Sport Med. 2000;10:22-28
250. Lam PL, Ng GY. Activation of the quadriceps muscle during semisquatting with different hip and knee positions in patients with anterior knee pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80:804-808
251. Herbert R. Exercise, not taping, improves outcomes for patients with anterior knee pain. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47:66
252. Clark DI, Downing N, Mitchell J, Coulson L, Syzpryt EP, Doherty M. Physiotherapy for anterior knee pain: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:700-704
253. Powers CM, Landel R, Sosnick T, et al. The effects of patellar taping on stride characteristics and joint motion in subjects with patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;26: 286-291
254. Cowan SM, Bennell KL, Hodges PW. Therapeutic patellar taping changes the timing of vasti muscle activation in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 2002; 12: 339-347
255. MacConnell J. The management of chondromalacia patellae: a long term solution. Aust J Physiother. 1986;32:215-223
256. Hartig DE, Henderson JM. Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:173-176
257. Crossley K, Bennell K, Green S, Cowan S, McConnell J. Physical therapy for patellofemoral pain: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:857-865
258. Dye SF. The knee as a biologic transmission with an envelope of function: a theory. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(325):10-18
259. Post WR, Fulkerson JP. Anterior knee pain: a symptom not a diagnosis. Bull Rheum Dis. 1993;42(2):5-7
260. Fulkerson JP. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:447-456
261. Lennox IA, Cobb AG, Knowles J, Bentley G. Knee function after patellectomy: a 12- to 48-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994;76:485-487
262. Vaquero J, Arriaza R. The patella thinning osteotomy: an experimental study of a new technique for reducing patellofemoral pressure. Int Orthop. 1992;16:372-376
263. Manicol MF. Patellar osteotomy for intractable patellar pain. Indian Arthro Soc Newsl. 1997;12
264. Federico DJ, Reider B. Results of isolated patellar debridement for patellofemoral pain in patients with normal patellar alignment. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:663-669
265. Owens BD, Stickles BJ, Balikian P, Busconi BD. Prospective analysis of radiofrequency versus mechanical debridement of isolated patellar chondral lesions. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:151-155
266. Ryan A, Bertone AL, Kaeding CC, Backstrom KC, Weisbrode SE. The effects of radiofrequency energy treatment on chondrocytes and matrix of fibrillated articular cartilage. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:386-391
267. Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:889-895
268. Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, Nilsson A, Sjogren-Jansson E, Lindahl A. Two- to 9-year outcome after autologous chondrocyte transplantation of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;(374):212-234
269. Minas T. Autologous chondrocyte implantation for focal chondral defects of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391 suppl):S349-S361
270. Peterson L, Brittberg M, Kiviranta I, Akerlund EL, Lindahl A. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation: biomechanics and long-term durability. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:2-12
271. Bartlett W, Gooding CR, Carrinngton RW, Skinner JA, Briggs TW, Bentley G. Autologous chondrocyte implantation at the knee using a bilayer collagen membrane with bone graft: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:330-332
272. Fredericson M. Common injuries in runners: diagnosis, rehabilitation and prevention. Sports Med. 1996;21:49-72
273. Powell KE, Kohl HW, Caspersen CJ, Blair SN. An epidemiological perspective on the cause of running injuries. Phys Sportsmed. 1986;14:100-114
274. Jacobs SJ, Berson BL. Injuries to runners: a study of entrants to a 10,000 meter race. Am J sports Med. 1986;14:151-155