Eocene climate record of a high southern latitude continental shelf: Seymour Island, Antarctica

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 120, Issue 5-6, 2008, Pages 659-678

  Ivany, Linda C ^a   Lohmann, Kyger C ^b   Hasiuk, Franciszek ^b   Blake, Daniel B ^c   Glass, Alexander ^c,e   Aronson, Richard B ^d   Moody, Ryan M ^d  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^d DAUPHIN ISLAND SEA LAB   (United States)

^e DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antarctica; Bivalve; Climate; Eocene; Stable isotope; Strontium

Indexed keywords

ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; ANTARCTICA; BIVALVE; CLIMATE; CLIMATE RECORDS; CONTINENTAL SHELF; EOCENE; HIGH RESOLUTIONS; STABLE ISOTOPE; STRONTIUM; TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS;

LANTHANUM; NEON;

LANDFORMS;

CARBON CYCLE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CONTINENTAL SHELF; EOCENE; HYPSITHERMAL; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOGENE; PALEOTEMPERATURE; STABLE ISOTOPE; STRATIGRAPHY; STRONTIUM;

ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; ANTARCTICA; SEYMOUR ISLAND; WEST ANTARCTICA;

BIVALVIA;

EID: 49749144794     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B26269.1     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Anderson, L.D., and Delaney, M.L., 2005, Middle Eocene to early Oligocene paleoceanography from Agulhas Ridge, Southern Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 177, Site 1090): Paleoceanography, v. 20, p. PA 1013, doi:10.1029/2004PA001043.
2. Aronson, R.B., and Blake, D.B., 2001, Global climate change and the origin of modern benthic communities in Antarctica: American Zoologist, v. 41, p. 27-39, doi: 10.166 8/0003-1569(2001)041[0027:GCCATO]2.0.CO;2.
3. Aronson, R.B., Blake, D.B., and Oji, T., 1997, Retrograde community structure in the late Eocene of Antarctica: Geology, v. 25, p. 903-906, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1 997)025<0903:RCSrrL>2.3.CO;2.
4. Aronson, R.B., Thaije, S., Clarke, A., Peck, L.S., Blake, D.B., Wilga, C.D., and Seibel, B,A., 2007, Climate change and invasibility of the Antarctic benthos: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, v. 38, p. 129-154, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys. 38.091206.095525.
5. Arthur, M.A., Williams, D.F., and Jones, D.S., 1983, Seasonal temperature-salinity changes and thermocline development in the mid-Atlantic Bight as recorded by the isotopic composition of bivalves: Geology, v. 11, p. 655-659, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<655:ST CATD>2.0.CO;2.
6. Askin, R.A., 1988, Campanian to Paleocene palynological succession of Seymour and adjacent islands, northeast Antarctic Peninsula, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O.,eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 131-153.
7. Askin, R.A., 1997, Eocene-? earliest Oligocene terrestrial palynology of Seymour Island, Antarctica, in Ricci, C.A., ed., The Antarctic region: Geological evolution and processes: Siena, Terra Antarctica, p. 993-996.
8. Askin, R.A., and Fleming, R.F., 1982, Mynological investigations of Campanian to lower Oligocene sediments on Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 17, p. 70-71.
9. Askin, R.A., Elliot, D.H., Stilwell, J.D., and Zinsmeister, W.J., 1991, Stratigraphy and paleontology of Campanian and Eocene sediments, Cockburn Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 4, p. 99-117, doi: 10.1016/0895-9811(91)90021-C.
10. Baumiller, T.K., and Gaździcki, A., 1996, New crinoids from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Paleontologica Polonica, v. 55, p. 101-116.
11. Billups, K., and Schrag, D.P., 2003, Application of benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios to questions of Cenozoic climate change: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 209, p. 181-195, doi: 10.1016/ S0012-821X(03)00067-0.
12. Birkenmajer, K., Gaździcki, A., Krajewski, K.P., Przybycin, A., Solecki, A., Tatur, A., and Yoon, H.I., 2005, First Cenozoic glaciers in West Antarctica: Polish Polar Research, v. 26, no. 1, p. 3-12.
13. Blake, D.D., and Aronson, R.B., 1998, Stelleroidea of the late Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Journal of Paleontology, v. 72, p. 339-352.
14. Blake, D.B., and Zinsmeister, W.J., 1988, Eocene asteroids (Echinodermata) from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 489-498.
15. Bohaty, S.M., and Zachos, J.C., 2003, Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene: Geology, v. 31, p. 1017-1020, doi: 10.1130/G19800.1.
16. 86Sr chronostratigraphy in marginal marine environments and dating of vertebrate and invertebrate faunas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 69, p. 1-6.
17. Buick, D.P., and Ivany, L.C., 2004, 100 years in the dark: Extreme longevity of Eocene bivalves from Antarctica: Geology, v. 32, p. 921-924, doi: 10.1130/G20796.1.
18. Case, J.A., 1988, Paleogene floras from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 523-530.
19. Case, J.A., 1992, Evidence from fossil vertebrates for a rich Eocene, Antarctic marine environment, in Kennett, J., and Warnke, D., eds., Paleoenvironment evolution of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans: American Geophysical Union Antarctic Research Series 56, p. 119-130.
20. Case, J.A., 2007, Opening of the Drake Passage: Does this event correlate to climate change and biotic events from the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula?, in Cooper, A.K., and Raymond, D.R., et al., eds., Antarctica: A keystone in a changing World - Online Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047, Extended Abstract 117, 3 p.
21. Cocozza, C.D., and Clarke, C.M., 1992, Eocene microplankton from La Meseta Formation, northern Seymour Island: Antarctic Science, v. 4, no. 3, p. 355-362, doi: 10.1017/SO954102092000506.
22. Crame, J. A., 1997, An evolutionary framework for the polar region&: Journal of Biogeography, v. 24, p. 1-9, doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2699.1997.tb00045.x.
23. Dallai, L., Ghezzo, C., and Longinelli, A., 2001, Fossil hydrothermal systems tracking Eocene climate change in Antarctica: Geology, v. 29, p. 931-934, doi: 10.1130 /0091-7613(2001)029<0931:FHSTEC>2.0.CO;2.
24. Dayton, P.K., and Oliver, J.S., 1977, Antarctic soft-bottom benthos in oligotrophic and eutrophic environments: Science, v. 197, p. 55-58, doi: 10.1126/science. 197.4298.55.
25. 2: Nature, v. 421, p. 245-249, doi: 10.1038/nature01290.
26. Diester-Haass, L., and Zahn, R., 1996, Eocene-Oligocene transition in the Southern Ocean: History of water mass circulation and biological productivity: Geology, v. 24, p. 163-166, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1996)024< 0163:EOTITS>2.3.CO;2.
27. Dingle, R.V., and Lavelle, M., 1998, Antarctic Peninsular cryosphere: Early Oligocene (c. 30 Ma) initiation and a revised glacial chronology: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 155, p. 433-437, doi: 10.1144/ gsjgs.155.3.0433.
28. Dingle, R.V., Marenssi, S.A., and Lavelle, M., 1998, High latitude Eocene climate deterioration: Evidence from the northern Antarctic Peninsula: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 11, no. 6, p. 571-579, doi: 10.1016/S0895-9811(98)00035-2.
29. Ditchfield, P.W., Marshall, J.D., and Pirrie, D., 1994, High latitude paleotemperature variation: New data from the Tithonian to Eocene of James Ross Island, Antarctica: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 107, p. 79-101, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(94)90166-X.
30. Doktor, M., Gaździcki, A., Jerzmanska, A., and Porebski, S.J., 1996, A plant-and-fish assemblage from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) and its environmental implications: Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 55, p. 127-146.
31. Dutton, A.L., Lohmann, K.C., and Zinsmeister, W.J., 2002, Stable isotope and minor element proxies for Eocene climate of Seymour Island, Antarctica: Paleoceanography, v. 17, p. doi: 10.1029/2000PA000593.
32. Edgar, K.M., Wilson, P.A., Sexton, P.F., and Suganuma, Y., 2007, No extreme bipolar glaciation during the main Eocene calcite compensation shift: Nature, v. 448, p. 908-911, doi: 10.1038/nature06053.
33. Edwards, D.C., and Huebner, J.D., 1977, Feeding and growth rates of Polinices duplicatus preying on Mya arenaria at Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts: Ecology, v. 58, p. 1218-1236, doi: 10.2307/ 1935077.
34. Eldrett, J.S., Harding, I.C., Wilson, P.A., Butler, E., and Robert, A.P., 2007, Continental ice in Greenland during the Eocene and Oligocene: Nature, v. 446, p. 176-179, doi: 10.1038/nature05591.
35. Elliot, D.H., 1988, Tectonic setting and evolution of the James Ross Basin, northern Antarctic Peninsula, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 541-555.
36. Elliot, D.H., and Trautman, T.A., 1982, Lower Tertiary strata on Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, in Craddock, C., ed., Antarctic Geosciences: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 287-297.
37. Feldmann, R.M., Schweitzer, C.E., and Marenssi, S.A., 2003, Decapod crustaceans from the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica: A model for preservation of decapods: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 160, p. 151-169, doi: 10.1144/0016-764901-136.
38. Filkhorn, H.F., 1994, Fossil Scleractinian Corals from James Ross Basin, Antarctica: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, v. 65, 96 p.
39. Fordyce, R.E., 1989, Origins and evolution of Antarctic marine mammals, in Crame, J.A., ed., Origins and evolution of the Antarctic biota: London, Geological Society, p. 269-281.
40. Francis, J.E., and Poole, I., 2002, Cretaceous and early Tertiary climates of Antarctica: Evidence from fossil wood: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 182, p. 47-64, doi: 10.1016/ S0031-0182(01)00452-7.
41. Gandolfo, M.A., Hoc, P., Santillana, S.N., and Marenssi, S.A., 1998a, Una flor fosil morfologicamente afin a las Grossulariaceae (Orden Rosales) de la Formacion La Meseta (Eoceno medio), Isla Marambio, Antartida, in Casadio, S., ed., Paleogeno de America del Sur y de la Peninsula Antarctica: Association Paleontologica Argentina Publicacion Especial, 5, p. 147-154.
42. Gandolfo, M.A., Marenssi, S.A., and Santillana, S.N., 1998b, Flora y paleoclima de la Formacion La Meseta (Eoceno medio), Isla Marambio, Antartida, in Casadio, S., ed., Paleogeno de America del Sur y de la Peninsula Antarctica: Association Paleontologica Argentina Publicacion Especial, 5, p. 155-162.
43. Gaździcki, A.J., Gruszczynski, M., Hofan, A., Malkowski, K., Marenssi, S.A., Halas, S., and Tatur, A., 1992, Stable carbon and oxygen isotope record in the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica: Antarctic Science, v. 4, p. 461-468, doi: 10.1017/ S0954102092000671.
44. Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A., 2004, A geologic time scale 2004: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 589 p.
45. Grossman, E.L., and Ku, T.-L., 1986, Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in biogenic aragonite: Temperature effects: Chemical Geology, v. 59, p. 59-74, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(86)90044-6.
46. Hall, S.A., 1977, Cretaceous and Tertiary dinoflagellates from Seymour Island, Antarctica: Nature, v. 267, p. 239-241, doi: 10.1038/267239a0.
47. Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1987, Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic: Science, v. 235, p. 1156-1167, doi: 10.1126/science.235.4793.1156.
48. Hara, U., 2001, Bryozoans from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, in Gaździcki, A., ed., Palaeontological results of the Polish Antarctic expeditions. Part III: Palaeontologia Polonica, v. 60, p. 33-156.
49. Harwood, D.M., 1985, Cretaceous to Eocene Seymour Island siliceous microfossil biostratigraphy, in Workshop on Cenozoic Geology of the Southern High Latitudes: Columbus, Ohio, Sixth Gondwanan Symposium, Ohio State University, p. 17-18.
50. Harwood, D.M., 1988, Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene diatom and silicoflagellate biostrafigraphy of Seymour Island, eastern Antarctic Peninsula, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 55-129.
51. Hodell, D.A., Kamenov, G.D., Hathorne, E.C., Zachos, J.C., Röhl, U., and Westerhold, T., 2007, Variations in the strontium isotope composition of seawater during the Paleocene and early Eocene from ODP Leg 208 (Walvis Ridge): Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 8, p. Q09001, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001607
52. Howarth, R.J., and McArthur, J.M., 1997, Statistics for strontium isotope stratigraphy: A robust LOWESS fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0 to 206 Ma, with look-up table for derivation of numeric age: The Journal of Geology, v. 105, p. 441-456.
53. Huber, M., Sloan, L., and Shellito, C., 2003, Early Paleogene oceans and climate: A fully coupled modeling approach using the NCAR CCSM, in Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and consequences of globally warm climates in the Early Paleogene: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 25-47.
54. Huebner, J.D., and Edwards, D.C., 1981, Energy budget of the predatory marine gastropod Polinices duplicatus: Marine Biology, v. 61, p. 221-226, doi: 10.1007/ BF00386663.
55. Ingram, B.L., Ingle, J.C., and Conrad, M.E., 1996, A 2000 yr record of Sacramento-San Joaquin river inflow to San Francisco Bay estuary, California: Geology, v. 24, p. 331-334, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1996)024<0331 :AYROSS>2.3.CO;2.
56. Ivany, L.C., 2007, Contributions to the Eocene climate record of the Antarctic Peninsula, in Cooper, A.K., and Raymond, C.R., et al., eds., Antarctica: A keystone in a changing world - Online Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047, Extended Abstract 068, 4 p.
57. Ivany, L.C., Van Simaeys, S., Domack, E.W., and Samson, S.D., 2006, Evidence for an earliest Oligocene ice sheet on the Antarctic Peninsula: Geology, v. 34, p. 377-380, doi: 10.1130/G22383.1.
58. Jones, D.S., and Quitmyer, I.R., 1996, Marking time with bivalve shells: Oxygen isotopes and season of annual increment formation: Palaios, v. 11, p. 340-346, doi: 10.2307/3515244.
59. Jovane, L., Florindo, F., Coccioni, R., Dinarés-Turell, J., Marsili, A., Monechi, S., Roberts, A.P., and Sprovieri, M., 2007, The middle Eocene climatic optimum event in the Contessa Highway section, Umbiran Apennines, Italy: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, no. 3/ 4, p. 413-427, doi: 10.1130/B25917.1.
60. Kobashi, T., Grossman, E.L., Yancey, T.E., and Dockery, D.T., 2003, The oxygen isotopic record of seasonality in Conus shells and its application to understanding late middle Eocene (38 Ma) climate: Paleontological Research, v. 7, p. 343-355, doi: 10.2517/prpsj.7.343.
61. Lear, C.H., Elderfield, H., and Wilson, P.A., 2000, Cenozoic deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite: Science, v. 287, p. 269-272, doi: 10.1126/science.287.5451.269.
62. Lear, C.H., Rosenthal, Y., Coxall, H.K., and Wilson, P.A., 2004, Late Eocene to early Miocene ice sheet dynamics and the global carbon cycle: Paleoceanography, v. 19, p. PA4015, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001039
63. Long, D.J., 1992, Sharks from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene), Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 11-32.
64. Lyle, M., Olivarez-Lyle, A., Backman, J., and Tripati, A., 2005, Biogenic sedimentation in the Eocene equatorial Pacific - The stuttering greenhouse and Eocene carbonate compensation depth, in Wilson, P.A., Lyle, M., and Firth, J.V, eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 199, p. 1-35. Available online
65. Macellari, C.E., 1988, Strafigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoecology of Upper Cretaceous/Paleocene shelf-deltaic sediments of Seymour Island, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 25-53.
66. Marenssi, S.A., 2006, Eustatically controlled sedimentation recorded by Eocene strata of the James Ross Basin, Antarctica, in Francis, J.E., Pirrie, D., and Crame, J.A., eds., Cretaceous-Tertiary high-latitude paleoenvironments, James Ross Basin, Antarctica: London, Geological Society of London, Special Publication 258, p. 125-133.
67. Marenssi, S.A., Santillana, S.N., and Rinaldi, C.A., 1998, Stratigraphy of the La Meseta Formation (Eocene), Marambio (Seymour) Island, Antarctica: Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, v. 5, p. 137-146.
68. Marenssi, S.A., Net, L.I., and Santillana, S.N., 2002, Provenance, environmental and paleogeographic controls on sandstone composition in an incised-valley system: The Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica: Sedimentary Geology, v. 150, p. 301-321, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00201-9.
69. McArthur, J.M., Howarth, R.J., and Bailey, T.R., 2001, Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS Version 3: Best fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0-509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age: The Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 155-170, doi: 10.1086/319243.
70. McKinney, M.L., McNamara, K.J., and Wedman, L.A., 1988, Echinoids from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene), Seymour Island, Antarctica, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 499-503.
71. Miklus, N.M., 2008, The high-latitude response of temperature seasonality to global Eocene cooling [M.S. thesis]: Syracuse, Syracuse University, 62 p.
72. Miller, K.G., Mountain, G.S., Browning, J.V, Kominz, M., Sugarman, P.J., Christie-Blick, N., Katz, M.E., and Wright, J.D., 1998, Cenozoic global sea level, sequences, and the New Jersey Transect: Results from coastal plain and continental slope drilling: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 36, p. 569-601, doi: 10.1029/98RG01624.
73. Millier, K.G., Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V, Wright, J.D., Mountain, G.S., Katz, M.E., Sugarman, P.J., Cramer, B.S., Christie-Blick, N., and Pekar, S.F., 2005, The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change: Science, v. 310, p. 1293-1298.
74. Mitcbell, E.D., 1989, A new cetacean from the late Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 46, p. 2219-2235.
75. Pannella, G., and MacClintock, C., 1968, Biological and environmental rhythms reflected in molluscan shell growth, in Macurda, D.B.J., ed., Paleobiological aspects of growth and development, p. 64-81.
76. Pearson, P.N., Ditchfield, P.W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K.G., Nicholas, C.J., Olsson, R.K., Shackleton, N.J., and Hall, M.A., 2001, Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs: Nature, v. 413, p. 481-487, doi: 10.1038/35097000.
77. Pearson, P.N., van Dongen, B.E., Nicholas, C.J., Pancost, R.D., Schouten, S., Singano, J.M., and Wade, B.S., 2007, Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch: Geology, v. 35, no. 3, p. 211-214, doi: 10.1130/ G23175A.1.
78. 18O records: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 1081-1093, doi: 10.1130/B25486.1.
79. Pirrie, D., Marshall, J.D., and Crame, J.A., 1998, Marine high Mg calcite cements in Teredolites-bored fossil wood: Evidence for cool paleoclimates in the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica: Palaios, v. 13, p. 276-286, doi: 10.2307/3515450.
80. Pirrie, D., Dithfield, P.W., and Marshall, J.D., 1994, Burial diagenesis and pore-fluid evolution in a Mesozoic back-arc basin: the Marambio Group, Vega Island: Antarctica: Journal of Sedimentary Research A, v. 64, p. 541-552.
81. Poag, C.W., Mankinen, E., and Norris, R.D., 2003, Late Eocene impacts: Geologic record, correlation, and paleoenvironmental consequences, in Prothero, D.R., Ivany, L.C., and Nesbitt, E., eds., From greenhouse to icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition: New York, Columbia University Press, p. 495-510. Poole, I., and Cantrill, D.J., 2006, Cretaceous and Cenozoic vegetation of Antarctica: Integrating the fossil wood record, in Francis, J.E., Pirrie, D., and Crame, J.A., eds., Cretaceous-Tertiary high-latitude paleoenvironments, James Ross Basin, Antarctica: London, Geological Society of London, p. 63-81.
82. Porebski, S.J., 1995, Facies architecture in a tectonically-controlled incised-valley estuary: La Meseta Formation (Eocene) of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Studia Geologica Polonica, v. 107, p. 7-97.
83. Porebski, S.J., 2000, Shelf-valley compound fill produced by fault subsidence and eustatic sea-level changes, Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica: Geology, v. 28, p. 147-150, doi: 10.1130/ 0091 -7613(2000)028<0147:SVCFPB>2.3.CO;2.
84. Robert, C., and Chamley, H., 1991, Development of early Eocene warm climates, as inferred from clay mineral variations in oceanic sediments: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 89, p. 315-331, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90169-R.
85. Robert, C., and Kennett, J.P., 1992, Paleocene and Eocene kaolinite distribution in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean: Antarctic climatic and paleoceanographic implications: Marine Geology, v. 103, p. 99-110, doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(92)90010-F.
86. Sadler, P.M., 1988, Geometry and stratification of uppermost Cretaceous and Paleogene units on Seymour Island, northern Antarctic Peninsula, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 303-320.
87. Scher, H.D., and Martin, E.E., 2006, Timing and climatic consequences of the opening of Drake Passage: Science, v. 312, p. 428-430, doi: 10.1126/ science.1120044.
88. Shackleton, N.J., and Kennett, J.P., 1975, Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Program, v. 74, p. 743-755.
89. Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Pagani, M., Woltering, M., Brinkhuis, H., Damsté Sinninghe, J.S., Dickens, G.R., Huber, M., Reichart, G., Stein, R., Matthiessen, J., Lourens, L.J., Pedentchouk, N., Backman, J., Moran, K., and the Expedition 302 Scientists, 2006, Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum: Nature, v. 441, p. 610-613, doi: 10.1038/nature04668.
90. Stilwell, J.D., and Zinsmeister, W.J., 1992, Molluscan systematics and biostratigraphy, Lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Washington D.C., American Geophysical Union, 192 p.
91. Stott, L.D., Kennett, J.P., Shackelton, N.J., and Corfield, R.M., 1990, The evolution of Antarctic surface waters during the Paleogene: Inferences from the stable isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifers, ODP Leg 113, in Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project, Scientific Results Volume 113, p. 849-863.
92. Surge, D., and Walker, K.J., 2006, Geochemical variation in microstructural shell layers of the southern quahog (Mercenaria campechiensis): Implications for reconstructing seasonality: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 237, p. 182-190, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.016.
93. Thomas, D.J., 2004, Evidence for deep-water production in the North Pacific Ocean during the early Cenozoic warm interval: Nature, v. 430, p. 65-68, doi: 10.1038/nature02639.
94. Tripati, A., Backman, J., Elderfield, H., and Ferretti, P., 2005, Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes: Nature, v. 436, p. 341-346, doi: 10.1038/nature03874.
95. Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., Shipley, T.H., and Buffler, R.T., 1980, Unconformities of the North Atlantic: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 294, p. 137-155, doi: 10.1098/rsta.1980.0021.
96. Werner, J.E., Blake, D.B., and Aronson, R.B., 2004, Effects of late Eocene cooling on Antarctic marine communities: GeoSur 2004 - International symposium on the geology and geophysics of the southernmost Andes, the Scotia Arc and the Antarctic Peninsula: Bollettino di Geofisica, v. 45, supplement 2, p. 262-265.
97. Wiedman, L.S., and Feldmann, R.M., 1988, Ichnofossils, tubiform body fossils, and depositional environments of the La Meseta Formation (Eocene) of Antarctica, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 531-539.
98. Wiedman, L.S., Feldmann, R.M., Lee, D.E., and Zinsmeister, W.J., 1988, Brachiopoda from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene), Seymour Island, Antarctica, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 449-457.
99. Wrenn, J.H., and Hart, G.F., 1988, Paleogene dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of Seymour Island, Antarctica, in Feldmann, R.M., and Woodburne, M.O., eds., Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 169, p. 321-447.
100. Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D., and Lohmann, K.C., 1994, Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures: Paleoceanography, v. 9, no. 2, p. 353-387, doi: 10.1029/93PA03266.
101. Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, p. 686-693, doi: 10.1126/science.1059412.