Wind effects on juvenile trees: A review with special reference to toppling of radiata pine growing in New Zealand

Forestry

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 377-387

  Moore, J R ^a   Tombleson, J D ^b   Turner, J A ^c   Van Der Colff, M ^c  

^a EDINBURGH NAPIER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Scans NZ Ltd   (New Zealand)

^c SCION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROUS FOREST; DAMAGE; HARVESTING; JUVENILE; PRUNING; THINNING; TOPPLING; WIND DIRECTION; WINDTHROW;

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND;

PINUS RADIATA; RADIATA;

EID: 49749133516     PISSN: 0015752X     EISSN: 14643626     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpn023     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Aimers-Halliday, J., Holden, G. and Klomp, B. 1999 Soften the blow-plant aged cuttings on topple-prone sites. What's New in Forest Research No. 248. New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua. 4 pp.
2. Aldhous, J.R. 1994 Forest nursery practice. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 111. HMSO, London.
3. Auberlinder, V. 1982 De l'instabilite du pin maritime. Ann. Rech. Sylvicoles, AFOCEL. 139-176.
4. Balneaves, J.M. and Cullen, A.J.W. 1981 Hand planting operations. In Forest Nursery and Establishment Practices in New Zealand. C.G.R. Chavasse (ed). Forest Research Institute Symposium No. 22, New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute. pp. 246-270.
5. Barton, I. 1995 Preliminary results from a sail pruning trial of Cupressus species. N. Z. Tree Grower. 16, 28-29.
6. Brunsden, G.J. 1980 Growth responses and stability of radiata pine - chemical weed control and ripping in pumice pasture land. Proceedings of the 33rd New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. New Zealand Plant Protection Society. pp. 181-185.
7. Burdett, A.N. 1979 Instability in planted pines. Ir. For. 36, 36-47.
8. Burdett, A.N., Coates, H., Eremko, R. and Martin, P. A.F. 1986 Toppling in British Columbia's lodgepole plantations: significance, cause and prevention. For. Chron. 62, 433-439.
9. Burdon, R.D. 1992 Genetic survey of Pinus radiata 9: general discussion and implications for genetic management. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 22, 274-298.
10. Burdon, R.D. and Bannister, M.M. 1973 Provenances of Pinus radiata: their early performance and silvicultural potential. N Z J. For. Sci. 18, 217-232.
11. Cendoya Hernandez, P. and Munoz Saez, F. 2002 Modeling the effect of wind on young trees of Pinus radiata D. Don. Bosque. 23, 51-56.
12. Chavasse, C.G.R. 1969 Instability in young stands. Farm For. 11, 70-77.
13. Chavasse, C.G.R. 1978 The root form and stability of planted trees, with special reference to nursery and establishment practice. In Proceedings of Symposium on Root Form of Planted Trees. E. van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn (eds). British Columbia Ministry of Forests/Canadian Forest Service Department Report 8, British Columbia Ministry of Forests and the Canadian Forest Service. pp. 54-64.
14. Clarke, R.W. 1956 Wind damage in planted stock and natural regeneration of Pinus radiata at Mount Stromlo, A.C.T. Austr. For. 20, 37-39.
15. Coutts, M.P. and Grace, J. 1995 Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Cown, D.J., McConchie, D.L. and Treloar, C. 1984 Timber recovery from pruned Pinus radiata butt logs at Mangatu: effect of log sweep. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 14, 109-123.
17. Coxe, R.I., Aimers-Halliday, J., Menzies, M. and Holden, G. 2004 Toppled pines - can they be fixed? Results from three toppling trials at Waiotira, Northland. N. Z. J. For. 49, 17-23.
18. Coxe, R.I. and Mead, D.J. 1999 Toppling studies of radiata pine at Waiotira, Northland. N. Z. Tree Grower. 10-12.
19. Craig, R.F. 1990 Soil Mechanics. 4th edn. Chapman and Hall, London. 410 pp.
20. Cremer, K.W. 1998 Recovery of Pinus radiata from tilting and bending. Austr. For. 61, 211-219.
21. Davies-Colley, P. and Turner, J. 2001 The effects of a crown lightening technique on growth and form, and topple in two-year-old Pinus radiata. N. Z. J. For. 46, 23-29.
22. Dawn, J. and Coxe, I. 2001 Stability trials at Waiotira, Northland. N. Z. Tree Grower. 35-36.
23. Edwards, M.V., Atterson, J. and Howell, R.S. 1963 Wind-loosening of young trees on upland heaths. Forestry Commission, Forest Record 50. HMSO, London. 16 pp.
24. Fawkner, J.J. 2001 The morphology of the root system of young Pinus radiata D. Don trees propagated in a nursery and out-planted compared to trees established by direct seeding or the direct setting of cuttings. M. For. Sci. thesis. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 116 pp.
25. Gardiner, B.A., Peltola, H. and Kellomäki, S. 2000 Comparison of two models for predicting the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees. Ecol. Model. 129, 1-23.
26. Gardiner, B.A. and Quine, C.P. 2000 Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage - a review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds. For. Ecol. Manage. 135, 261-277.
27. Hakansson, L. and Lindstrom, A. 1994 Going to the root of the evil: about root deformities and stability. Small Scale For. 2, 19-28.
28. Harrington, C.A. and DeBell, D.S. 1996 Above- and below-ground characteristics associated with wind toppling in a young Populus plantation. Trees. 11, 109-118.
29. Hulten, H. and Jansson, K.-A 1978 Stability and root deformation of pine plants. In Proceedings of Symposium on Root Form of Planted Trees. E. van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn (eds). British Columbia Ministry of Forests/Canadian Forest Service Department Report 8, British Columbia Ministry of Forests and the Canadian Forest Service. pp. 145-149.
30. Levack, H. 1973 The Kaingaroa air sowing era. N.Z. J. For. Sci 18, 104-108.
31. Lindstrom, A. and Rune, G. 1999 Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: effects on root growth, tree stability and stem straightness. Plant Soil. 217, 29-37.
32. Lines, R. 1971 Provenances. Lodgepole pine. Studies of factors leading to basal bowing. Report on Forest Research. HMSO, London, pp. 39-40.
33. Lines, R. 1980 Stability of pinus contorta in relation to wind and snow. In Pinus contorta as an exotic species. Proceedings of the IUFRO Working Party Meeting on Pinus contorta Provenances in Norway and Sweden. Department of Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Research Notes No. 30 Garpenburg, pp. 209-219.
34. Littlejohn, R.N. 1984 Extreme wind speeds and forest devastation resulting from Cyclone Bernie. Weather Climate. 4, 47-52.
35. Martinsson, O. 1982 Contortans rotutveckling och stabilitet. [Root development and stability of lodgepole pine]. Sveriges Skogsvardsforbunds Tidskrift. 1-2, 91-94. (in Swedish).
36. Mason, E.G. 1985 Causes of juvenile instability of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 15, 263-280.
37. Mason, E.G. and Cullen, A.W.J. 1986 Growth of Pinus radiata on ripped and unripped Taupo pumice soil. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 16, 3-18.
38. Mason, E.G., Cullen, A.W. and Rijkse, W.C. 1988 Growth of two Pinus radiata stock types on ripped and ripped/bedded plots at Karior Forest. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 18, 287-296.
39. Mason, E.G. and Trewin, A.R.D. 1987 Toppling of radiata pine. What's New in Forest Research No. 147. Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Rotorua. 4 pp.
40. Mead, D.J., Lucas, R.J. and Mason, E.G. 1993 Studying interactions between pastures and Pinus radiata in Canterbury's sub-humid temperate environment, the first two years. N. Z. For. 38, 26-31.
41. Menzies, M., Klomp, B. and Holden, G. 1991 Promising future for radiata pine cuttings. What's New in Forest Research No. 212. Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Rotorua. 4 pp.
42. Mergen, F. 1954 Mechanical aspects of wind-breakage and windfirmness. J. For. 52, 119-125.
43. Moore, J. and Somerville, A. 1998 Assessing the risk of wind damage to plantation forests in New Zealand. N. Z. Forestry. 43, 25-29.
44. Moss, A. 1971 An investigation of basal sweep of lodgepole and shore pines in Great Britain. For. Abstr. 44, 43-45.
45. Nambier, E.K.S. 1980 Root configuration and root regeneration in Pinus radiata seedlings. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 10, 249-263.
46. Nicholls, J.W.P. 1982 Wind action, leaning trees and compression wood Pinus radiata D. Don. Austr. For. Res. 12, 75-91.
47. Nielsen, C.N. 1992 Will traditional conifer tree breeding for enhanced stem production reduce wind stability: genetic variation in allocation of biomass to root classes and stem. Silvae Genet. 41, 307-318.
48. Peltola, H., Gardiner, B.A., Kellomäki, S., Kolström, T., Lässig, R. and Moore, J.R. 2000 Wind and other abiotic risks to forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 135, 1-3.
49. Pfeifer, A.R. 1982 Factors that contribute to basal sweep in lodgepole pine. Ir. For. 39, 7-16.
50. Prest, G.I., Quine, C.P. and Cameron, A.D. 1991 Windthrow of five year old Sitka spruce on an upland restocking site. Scot. For. 45, 120.
51. Reid, S.J. 1984 Wind hazard. In Natural Hazards in New Zealand, New Zealand National Commission for Unesco. I. Speden and M.J. Crozier (compilers). Wellington, New Zealand Commission National Commission for UNESCO. pp. 66-69.
52. Rosvall, O. 1994 Contortatallens stabilitet och motstandskraft mot vind och sno. [Stability of lodgepole pine and resistance to wind and snow loads]. Skog Forsk Redogeresle nr 2, 47 pp.
53. Ruck, B., Kottmeier, C., Mattheck, C., Quine, C. and Wilhelm, G. (eds) 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference "Wind Effects on Trees". university of karlsruhe, Germany.
54. Timmel, T.E. 1986 Compression Wood in Gymnosperms. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
55. Tinus, R.W. 1978 Root form: what difference does it make?. In Proceedings of Symposium on Root Form of Planted Trees. E. van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn (eds). British Columbia Ministry of Forests/Canadian Forest Service Department Report 8, British Columbia Ministry of Forests and the Canadian Forest Service. pp. 11-15.
56. Thulin, I.J. and Faulds, T. 1968 The use of cuttings in the breeding and afforestation of Pinus radiata. N.Z. J. For. Sci 13, 41-52.
57. Trewin, A.R.D. 2003 What can we do about toppling? Establishment problems and remedies. N. Z. J. For. 48, 32-36.
58. van Dorsser, J.C. and Rook, D.A. 1972 Conditioning of radiata pine seedlings by undercutting and wrenching: a description of methods, equipment and seedling response. New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 17, 61-73.
59. Watson, A.J. and Tombleson, J.D. 2002 Toppling in juvenile pines: a comparison of the root system characteristics of direct sown seedlings, and bare-root seedlings and cuttings. Plant and Soil. 239, 187-196.