Comparison of two models for predicting the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 129, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-23

  Gardiner, Barry ^a   Peltola, Heli ^b   Kellomäki, Seppo ^b  

^a FOREST RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Breaking stress; Critical wind speed; Model calculation; Model comparisons; Stem breakage; Turning moment; Uprooting; Wind load

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROUS FOREST; CRITICAL LOAD; DAMAGE MECHANICS; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 0034600261     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00220-9     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Alexander R. Minimizing windfall around clear cuttings in spruce-fir forests. Forest Sci. 10:1964;130-142.
2. Alexander, R.R., 1967. Windfall after clear-cutting on Fool Creek, Rocky Mountain forest and range experiment station. U.S. Forest Service, Research Note RM-92, pp. 1-11.
3. Blackburn G.R.A. The Growth and Mechanical Response of Trees to Wind Loading. 1997;Manchester University, Manchester, UK. PhD.
4. Blackwell P.G., Rennolls K., Coutts M.P. A root anchorage model for shallowly rooted Sitka spruce. Forestry. 63:1990;73-91.
5. Coutts M.P. Components of tree stability in Sitka spruce on peaty gley soil. Forestry. 59(2):1986;173-197.
6. Davenport A.G. The application of statistical concepts to the wind loading of structures. Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. 19:1961;449-471.
7. Deans J.D., Ford E.D. Modelling root structure and stability. Plant Soil. 71:1983;189-195.
8. Elling A.E., Verry E.S. Predicting wind-caused mortality in strip-cut stands of peatland black spruce. Forestry Chronicle. 54:1978;249-252.
9. Flemming G. Windeschwindigkeit auf Waldumgebenen Freiflächen (Wind speed in open areas surrounding forests). Arch. Forstwesen. 17(1):1968;5-16.
10. Fraser A.I. The soil and roots as factors in tree stability. Forestry. 35(2):1962;117-127.
11. Fraser A.I. Wind tunnel studies of the forces acting on the crowns of small trees. 1962;178-183 Forestry Commission. Annual Research Report, March 1962.
12. Fraser A.I. Wind tunnel and other related studies on coniferous trees and tree crops. Scott. Forestry. 18(1):1964;84-92.
13. Fraser A.I., Gardiner J.B.H. Rooting and stability in Sitka spruce. 1967;HMSO, London. Forestry Commission Bulletin 40.
14. Gardiner B.A. Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce forest. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 67:1994;161-186.
15. Gardiner B.A. Wind-tree interactions. Coutts M.P., Grace J. Wind and Trees. 1995;41-59 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Gardiner B.A., Stacey G.R., Belcher R.E., Wood C.J. Field and wind tunnel assessments of the implications of respacing on tree stability. Forestry. 70(3):1997;233-252.
17. Gardiner, B.A., Quine, C.P., 2000. Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage - a review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds, Forest Ecol. Manage., in press.
18. Hakkila P. Coniferous branches as a raw material source. A sub-project of the joint Nordic research programme for the utilization of logging residues. Seloste: Havupuiden oksat raakaaineena. Yhteispohjoismaisen hakkuutähdetutkimuksen alaprojekti. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 75(1):1971;1-60.
19. Jones H.G. Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology. 1983;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
20. Kalela E. Männiköiden ja kuusikoiden juurisuhtteista (On the horizontal roots in pine and spruce stand). Acta Forestalia Fennica. 57(2):1949;1-79.
21. Kärkäinen M. Puutiede (Wood Science). 1985;Hämeenlinna.
22. Kerzenmacher T., Gardiner B.A. A mathematical model to describe the dynamic response of a spruce tree to the wind. Trees. 12:1998;385-394.
23. Kellomäki, S., Peltola, H. (Eds.), 1998. Silvicultural strategies for predicting damage to forests from wind, fire and snow. University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry, Joensuu. Final Report of STORMS Project for years 1995-1997; EC-contract: AIR3-CT94/2392. Research Notes 73.
24. Laasasenaho J. Seloste: Männyn, kuusen ja koivun runkokäyrä-ja tilavuusyhtälöt (Taper curve and volume functions for pine, spruce and birch). Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 108:1982;1-74.
25. Laiho O. Metsiköiden alttius tuulituhoille Etelä-Suomessa (Susceptibility of forest stands to windthrow in Southern Finland). Folia Forestalia. 706:1987;1-24.
26. Laitakari E. Myrskyistä ja myrskyn tuhoista Suomessa vv. 1911-50 (On storms and storm damage in Finland during the period 1911-50). Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 40(30):1952;1-29.
27. Lavers, G.M., 1969. The strength properties of timbers, For. Prod. Res. Lab. Bull. 50 (2nd edition), HMSO, London.
28. Lohmander P., Helles F. Windthrow probability as a function of stand characteristics and shelter. Scand. J. Forest Res. 2:1987;227-238.
29. Mayer, H., 1985. Baumschwingungen und Sturmgefährdung des Waldes (Tree oscillation and storm damage in forests), Wiss. Mitt. Met. Inst., Munch. No. 51.
30. Mayer H. Wind induced tree sways. Trees. 1:1987;195-206.
31. Mayhead G.J. Sway periods of forest trees. Scott. Forestry. 27(1):1973;19-23.
32. Mayhead G.J. Some drag coefficients for British forest trees derived from wind tunnel studies. Agric. Meteorol. 12:1973;123-130.
33. Mayhead, G.J., Gardiner, J.B.H., Durrant, D.W., 1975. Physical properties of conifers in relation to plantation stability. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. Unpublished report.
34. Miller, K.F., 1985. Windthrow hazard classification. HMSO, London. Forestry Commission Leaflet, 85.
35. Milne R. Dynamics of swaying of Picea sitchensis. Tree Physiol. 9:1991;383-399.
36. Morgan J., Cannell M.G.R. Shape of tree stems: a re-examination of the uniform stress hypothesis. Tree Physiol. 5:1994;63-74.
37. Neustein, S.A., 1965. Windthrow on the margins of various sizes of felling area. Forestry Commission, pp. 166-171. Annual Research Report, March 1964.
38. Neustein, S.A., 1971. Damage to forests in relation to topography, soil and crops. In: Holtam, B.W. (Ed.), Windthrow of Scottish Forests in January 1968. Forestry Commission Bull. 45, 42-48.
39. Nicoll B.C., Ray D. Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions. Tree Physiol. 16:1996;891-898.
40. Nyyssönen A. Hakkauksilla käsiteltyjen männiköiden rakenteesta ja kehityksestä (On the structure and development of Finnish pine stands treated with different cuttings). Acta Forestalia Fennica. 60(4):1954;1-194.
41. Oliver H.R., Mayhead G.J. Wind measurements in a pine forest during a destructive gale. Forestry. 47(2):1974;185-194.
42. O'Sullivan M.F., Ritchie R.M. Tree stability in relation to cyclic loading. Forestry. 66:1993;69-82.
43. Papesh A.J.G. A simplified theoretical analysis of the factors that influence windthrow of trees. Proceedings of the Fifth Australasian Conference on Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. 1974;235-242.
44. Peltola H. Model computations on the critical windspeed for windthrow and stem breakage of Scots pine. 1990;University of Joensuu. Thesis for Licentiate Degree in Forest Sciences.
45. Peltola H. Swaying of trees in response to wind and thinning in a stand of Scots pine. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 77:1996;285-304.
46. Peltola H., Kellomäki S. A mechanistic model for calculating windthrow and stem breakage at stand edge. Silva Fennica. 27(2):1993;99-111.
47. Peltola H., Nykänen M.-L., Kellomäki S. Model computations on the critical combination of snow loading and windspeed for snow damage of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch sp. at stand edge. Forest Ecol. Manage. 83:1997;203-215.
48. Peltola H., Kellomäki S., Väisänen H., Ikonen V.-P. HWIND: a mechanistic model for wind and snow damage of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch. Can. J. For. Res. 29:1999;647-661.
49. Peltola, H., Kellomäki, S. Hassinen, A., Granander, M. 2000. Mechanical stability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch: an analysis of tree pulling experiments in Finland, Forest Ecol. Manage., in press.
50. Pennala E. Lujuusopin perusteet (Principles for Strength Analysis). 407:1980;Otakustantamo, Espoo.
51. Persson P. Stormskador på skog-uppkomstbetingelser och inverkan av skogliga åtgärder. Skogshögskolan. Institutionen för skogsproduction (Windthrow in forests - its causes and the effect of forestry measures). Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci. Dept. Forest Manage. Sweden. 36:1975;1-294.
52. Petty J.A., Worrell R. Stability of coniferous tree stems in relation to damage by snow. Forestry. 54(2):1981;115-128.
53. Petty J.A., Swain C. Factors influencing stem breakage of conifers in high winds. Forestry. 58(1):1985;75-85.
54. Quine C.P. Assessing the risk of wind damage to forests: practice and pitfalls. Coutts M.P., Grace J. Wind and Trees. 1995;379-403 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
55. Quine C.P., Bell P. Monitoring of windthrow occurrence and progression in spruce forests in Britain. Forestry. 71:1998;87-97.
56. Raupach M.R. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 60:1992;375-395.
57. Ray D., Nicoll B.C. The effect of soil water-table depth on root-plate development and stability of Sitka spruce. Forestry. 71(2):1998;169-182.
58. Raymer W.G. Wind resistance of conifers. NPL Aero Rep. 1008:1962;1-20.
59. Rollinson T.J.D. Respacing Sitka spruce. Forestry. 61:1988;1-22.
60. Savill P.S. The effect of drainage and ploughing of surface water gleys on rooting and windthrow of Sitka spruce in Northern Ireland. Forestry. 49(2):1976;133-141.
61. Solantie R. Aarnon ja Maurin antia: Metsän myrskytuhojen ja tuulennopeuden vastaavuus alueittain Suomessa (Aarno and Mauri storms: The relationship between the observed wind damage and wind speeds at the regional scale in Finland). Metsä ja Puu. 2:1983;9-11.
62. Solantie R. Hårda vindar och vindskador (High wind speeds and wind damage). Skogsbruket. 1:1986;12-14.
63. Somerville A. Root anchorage and root morphology of Pinus radiata on a range of ripping treatments. New Zealand J. Forest Sci. 9:1979;294-315.
64. Suárez J.C., Gardiner B.A., Quine C.P. A comparision of three methods for predicting wind speeds in complex forested terrain. Meteorol. Appl. 6:1999;329-342.
65. Sunley J.G. Grade stresses for structural timbers. Forest Prod. Res. Bull. 47:1968;1-18.
66. Talkkari, A., Peltola, H., Kellomäki, S., Strandman, H., 2000. Integration of component models from the tree, stand and regional levels to assess the risk of wind damage at forest margins, Forest Ecol. Manage., in press.
67. Telewski F. Wind-induced physiological and developmental response in trees. Coutts M.P., Grace J. Wind and Trees. 1995;237-263 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
68. Thom A.S. Momentum absorption by vegetation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 97:1971;414-428.
69. Ulanova, N., 2000. The effects of windfalls on forests at different spatial scales: a review, Forest Ecol. Manage., in press.
70. Valinger E. Risk för störmskador (Risk of wind damage). Skogen. 1:1986;53-54.
71. Walshe, D.E., Fraser, A.I. 1963. Wind tunnel tests on a model forest, NPL Aero Rep. 1078.
72. Wangler F. Die Sturmgefährdung der Fichte in Abhängigkeit von Standort, Bestandestyp und Bestandeshöhe (The risk of spruce storm damage as a function of location, stand type and top height). Forst- und Holzwirt. 31:1976;220-222.