Basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE), butter mélanges, and the construction and exhumation of HP-UHP belts: The Alps example and some comparisons

International Geology Review

Volumn 50, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 685-754

  Osmaston, Miles F ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; EXHUMATION; FAULTING; HIGH PRESSURE; MELANGE; PARTIAL MELTING; SEISMOLOGY; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; SUBDUCTION; ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM;

ALPS; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 49649122308     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0020-6814.50.8.685     Document Type: Article

References (390)

1. Abe, K., 1972, Mechanism and tectonic implications of the 1966 and 1970 Peru earthquakes: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 5, p. 367-379.
2. Agee, C. B., 1998, Phase transformations and seismic structure in the upper mantle and transition zone, in Hemley, R. J., ed., Ultrabigh pressure mineralogy: Physics and chemistry of the Earth's deep interior: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, p. 165-203.
3. Allmendinger, R. W., Jordan, T. E., Kay, S. M., and Isacks, B. L., 1997, The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 25, p. 139-174.
4. Ammon, C. J., Kanamori, H., and Lay, T., 2008, A great earthquake doublet and seismic stress transfer cycle in the central Kuril islands: Nature, v. 451, p. 561-568 [doi:10.1038/nature06521].
5. Ampferer, O., 1906, Über das Bewegungsbild von Faltengebirgen: Jahrbuch d.k.k. geologische Reichanstalt, v. 56, nos. 3-4, p. 539-622.
6. Argand, E., 1922, La tectonique de l'Asie, in Proceedings of 13th International Geological Congress, p. 171-372.
7. Armstrong, R. L., and Dick, H. J. B., 1974, A model for the development of thin overthrust sheets of crystalline rock: Geology, v. 2, p. 35-40.
8. Asch, G., Schurr, B., Bohm, M., Yuan, X., Haberland, C., Heit, B., Kind, R., Woelburn, L, Bataille, K., Comte, D., Pardo, M., Viramonte, J., Rietbrock, A., and Giese, P., 2006, Seismological studies of the Central and Southern Andes, in Oncken, O., Chong, G., Franz, G., Gieze, R, Götze, H.-J., Ramos, V. A., Strecker, M. P, and Wigger, P., eds., The Andes: Active subduction orogeny: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, Springer, p. 443-457.
9. Atherton, M. P., and Petford, N., 1996, Plutonism and the growth of the Andean crust at 9° S from 100 to 3 Ma: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 1-9.
10. Atwater, T., 1989, Plate tectonic history of the northeast Pacific and western North America, in Winterer, E. L., Hussong, D. M., and Decker, R. W., eds., The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii: Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America (DNAG), v. N, p. 21-72.
11. Austrheim, H., and Mørk, M. B. E., 1988, The lower continental crust of the Caledonian mountain chain: Evidence from former deep crustal sections in western Norway: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Special Publication 3, p. 102-113.
12. Bally, A. W., 1981, Thoughts on the tectonics of folded belts, in McClay, K. R., and Price, N. J., eds., Thrust and nappe tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publications, v. 9, p. 13-32.
13. Banham, P. H., Gibbs, A. D., and Hopper, F. W. M., 1979, Geological evidence in favour of a Jotunheimen Caledonian suture: Nature, v. 277, p. 289-291.
14. Banno, S., 2004, Ultramafic rocks and associated eclogites of the Sanbagawa schists, Japan: International Geology Review, v. 46, p. 693-704.
15. Barazangi, M., and Isacks, B. L., 1979, Subduction of the Nazea plate beneath Peru: Evidence from spatial distribution of earthquakes: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 57, p. 537-555.
16. Bassett, M. G., 1985, Silurian stratigraphy and facies development in Scandinavia, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonian Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 283-292.
17. Bateman, P. C., and Dodge, F. W., 1970, Variations of chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 409-420.
18. Beck, S. L., Gilbert, H., Wagner, L., Alvarado, P., Anderson, M., Zandt, G., Araujo, M., and Triep, E., 2005, The lithospheric structure of the Sierras Pampeanas region of Argentina [abs.]: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 553.
19. Bernoulli, D., and Winkler, W., 1990, Heavy mineral assemblages from Upper Cretaceous South- and Austroalpine flysch sequences (northern Italy and southern Switzerland): Source terranes and palaeotectonic implications: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 82, p. 287-310.
20. Berthelsen, A., 1998, The Tornquist Zone northwest of the Carpathians: an intraplate pseudo-suture, in Sundquist, B., and Stephens, M. B., eds., Tectonics and geological history of some Phanerozoic orogens (David G. Gee honorary volume). GFF v. 120, p. 223-230.
21. Bertrand, J., Courtin, B., and Vuagnat, M., 1982, Elaboration d'un secteur de lithosphere océanique Liguro-Piemontais d'après les données de l'ophiolite du Montgenèvre: Ofioliti, v. 7, nos. 2/3, p. 155-196.
22. Bertrand, J., Steen, D., Tinkler, C., and Vuagnat, M., 1980, The mélange zone of the Col du Chenaillet (Montgenévre ophiolite) Hautes Alpes, France: Archives de Science, Genève, v. 33, nos. 2-3, p. 117-138.
23. Biino, G. G., and Compagnoni, R., 1992, Very-high pressure metamorphism of the Brossasco coronite metagranite, southern Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 72, p. 347-363.
24. Bird, P., 1984, Laramide crustal thickening event in the Rocky Mountain foreland and Great Plains: Tectonics, v. 3, p. 741-758.
25. Boccaletti, M., Horváth, F., Loddo, M., Mongelli, F., and Stegena, L., 1976, The Tyrrhenian and Pannonian Basins: A comparison of the Mediterranean interarc basins: Tectonophysics, v. 35, p. 45-69.
26. Bradshaw, J. D., 1973, Allochthonous Mesozoic fossil localities in mélange within the Torlesse rocks of north Canterbury: Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, v. 3, no. 2, p. 161-167.
27. Brueckner, H. K., and van Roermund, H. L. M., 2004, Dunk tectonics: A multiple subduction/eduction model for the evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides: Tectonics, v. 23, TC2004 [doi:10.1029/2003TC001502].
28. Bruton, D. L., and Harper, D. A. T., 1985, Early Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn) faunas from oceanic islands in the Appalachian -Caledonian orogen, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 359-368.
29. Bryhni, I., 1966, Reconnaissance studies of gneisses, ultrabasites, eclogites, and anorthosites in outer Nordfjord, Western Norway: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin, v. 241, p. 1-53.
30. Bryhni, I., 1989, Status of the supracrustal rocks in the Western Gneiss Region, S Norway, in Gayer, R. A., ed., The Caledonide geology of Scandinavia: London, UK, Graham and Trotman, p. 221-228.
31. Bucher-Nurminen, K., 1988, Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks in the Central Scandinavian Caledonides: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Spec. Publ. 3, p. 86-95.
32. Bucher-Nurminen, K., 1991, Mantle fragments in the Scandinavian Caledonides: Teetonophysics, v. 190, p. 173-192.
33. Burchfiel, B. C., 1980, Eastern European Alpine system and the Carpathian orocline as an example of collision tectonics, in Banks, M. R., and Green, D. H., eds., Orthodoxy and creativity at the frontiers of Earth Sciences (Carey Symposium): Tectonophysics v. 63, p. 31-61.
34. Butler, R. W. H., Matthews, S. J., and Parish, M., 1986, The NW external Alpine Thrust Belt and its implications for the geometry of the Western Alpine Orogen, in Coward, M. R, and Ries, A. C., eds., Collision tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publications, v. 19, p. 245-260.
35. Cahill, T. A., and Isacks, B. L., 1992, Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca Plate: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 17,503-17,529.
36. Caldwell, J. G., Haxby, W. F., Karig, D. E., and Turcotte, D. L., 1976, On the applicability of a universal elastic trench profile: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 31, p.239-246.
37. Caron, C., Homewood, P., and Wildi, W., 1989, The original Swiss flysch: A reappraisal of the type deposits in the Swiss Alps: Earth Science Reviews, v. 26, p. 1-45.
38. Carswell, D. A., Brueckner, H. K., Cuthbert, S. J., Mehta, K., and O'Brien, P. J., 2003, The timing of stabilisation and the exhumation rate for ultra-high pressure rocks in the Western Gneiss Region of Norway: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 21, p. 601-612.
39. Carswell, D. A., van Roermund, H. L. M., and Wiggers de Vries, D. E, 2006, Scandian ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of Proterozoic basement rocks on Fjørtoft and Otrøy, Western Gneiss Region, Norway: International Geology Review, v. 48, p. 957-977.
40. Case, J., Chilver, A. H., and Ross, C. T F., 1999, Strength of materials and structures; 4th ed.: London, UK, Arnold, 706 p.
41. Ceriani, S., Fügenschuh, B., and Schmid, S., 2001, Multistage thrusting at the "Penninic Front" in the Western Alps between Mont Blanc and Pelvoux massifs: International Journal of Earth Science, v. 90, p. 685-702.
42. Ceriani, S., and Schmid, S., 2004, From N-S collision to WNW-directed post-collisional thrusting and folding: Structural study of the frontal Penninic units in Savoie (Western Alps, France): Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, v. 97, p. 347-369.
43. Champagne, J. D., Sue, C., Delacou, B., Tricart, P., Allanic, C., and Burkhard, M., 2006, Miocene lateral extension in the inner western Alps revealed: Tectonies, v. 25, p. TC3014 [doi:10.1029/2004 TC001779].
44. Channell, J. E. T., 1996, Palaeomagnetism and the palaeo-geography of Adria, in Morris, A., and Taxling, D. H., eds., Palaeomagnetism and tectonics of the Mediterranean region: Geological Society Special Publication 105, p. 119-132.
45. Channell, J. E. T., Brandner, R., Spieler, A., and Stoner, J. S., 1992, Paleomagnetism and paleogeography of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria): Tectonics, v. 11, p.792-810.
46. Chapple, W. M., and Forsyth, D. W, 1979, Earthquakes and bending of plates at trenches: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, p. 6729-6749.
47. Chauvet, A., and Séranne, M., 1989, Microtectonic evidence of Devonian extensional westward shearing in southwest Norway, in Gayer, R. A., ed., The Caledonide geology of Scandinavia: London, UK, Graham and Trotman, p. 245-254.
48. Chemenda, A., Matte, P., and Sokolov, V., 1997, A model of Palaeozoic obduction and exhumation of high-pressure/low-temperatue rocks in the southern Urals: Tectonophysics, v. 276, p. 217-227.
49. Chen, L., Booker, J. R., Jopnes, A. R., Wu, N., Unsworth, M. J., Wei, W, and Tan, H., 1996, Electrically conductive crust in southern Tibet from INDEPTH magnetotelluric surveying: Science, v. 274, p. 1694-1696.
50. Chopin, C., 1984, Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the western Alps: A first record and some consequences: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 80, p. 107-118.
51. Christensen, D. H., and Ruff, L. J., 1983, Outer rise earthquakes and seismic coupling: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 10, p. 697-700.
52. Christensen, D. H., and Ruff, L. J., 1988, Seismic coupling and outer rise earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 13,421-13,444.
53. Cisternas, M., Atwater, B., Torrejón, F., Sawai, Y., Machuca, G., Lagos, M., and 9 others, 2005, Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake: Nature, v. 437, p. 404-407.
54. Clarkson, E. N. K., Floyd, J. D., and Stone, P., eds., 2001, The Southern Uplands Terrane; tectonics and biostratigraphy within the Caledonian Orogen: Proceedings of a 1999 conference in Edinburgh: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; Earth Science, v. 91, parts 3-4, p. 323-555.
55. Clift, P. D., Pecher, I., Kukowski, N., and Hampel, A., 2003, Tectonic erosion of the Peruvian foreare, Lima Basin, by subduetion and Nazea Ridge collision: Tectonics, v. 22, no. 3 [doi:10.1029/2002TC001386].
56. Coira, B., Kay, S. M., and Viramonte, J., 1993, Upper Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the Argentine Puna-a model for changing subduction geometry: International Geology Review, v. 35, p. 677-720.
57. Coleman, R. G., 1981, Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2497-2508.
58. Coleman, R. G., and Lanphere, M. A., 1971, Distribution and age of high-grade blueschist and associated eclogites from Oregon and California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 2397-2412.
59. Compagnoni, R., 2003, HP metamorphic belt of the western Alps: Episodes, v. 26, no. 3, p. 200-204.
60. Compagnoni, R., 2006, The study of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism (UHPM) in collisional orogens and its contribution to the Earth sciences [abs.], in The evolution of Alps, Apennine, and Tyrrhenian basin: Contribution from petrology, geochemistry, and structural geology. Workshop in memory of Piera Spadea, Giuseppe Cello, and Lauro Morten; Cosenza, June 7-9, 2007: Ofioliti v. 32, no. 1, p. 71.
61. Compagnoni, R., and Rolfo, F., 1999, Characteristics of UHP pelites, gneisses, and other unusual rocks: International Geology Review, v. 41, p. 552-570.
62. Compagnoni, R., and Rolfo, F., 2003, The most representative UHP metamorphic units in the world: The Western Alps, in Carswell, D. A., and Compagnoni, R., eds., Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: EMU Notes in Mineralogy, v. 5, Chapter 2.1.
63. Coney, P. J., and Reynolds, S. J., 1977, Cordilleran Benioff zones: Nature, v. 270, p. 403-406.
64. Corfu, F., Ravna, E. J. K., and Kullerud, K., 2003, A Late Ordovician U-Pb age for the Tromsøo nappe eclogites, uppermost allochthon of the Scandinavian Caledonides: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 145, p. 502-513.
65. Couch, R., Whitsett, R., Huehn, B., and Briceno-Guarupe, L., 1981, Structures of the continental margin of Peru and Chile: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 154, p. 703-726.
66. Coulburn, W. T., 1981, Tectonics of the Nazca plate and the continental margin of western South America, 18°S to 23°S: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 154, p. 587-618.
67. Cowan, D. S., 1985, Structural styles in Mesozoic and Cenozoic mélanges in the western Cordillera of North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 451-462.
68. Cuthbert, S. J., and Carswell, D. A., 1990, Formation and exhumation of medium-temperature eclogites in the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Carswell, D. A., cd., Eclogite facies rocks: Glasgow, UK, Blackie, p. 180-203.
69. Cuthbert, S. J., Carswell, D. A., Krogh-Ravna, E. J., and Wain, A., 2000, Eclogites and eclogites in the Western Gneiss Region, Norwegian Caledonides, in Carswell, D. A., ed., Ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks, Lithos, v. 52, p. 165-195.
70. Cuthbert, S. J., Harvey, M. A., and Carswell, D. A., 1983, A tectonic model for the the metamorphic evolution of the Basal Gneiss Complex, Western South Norway: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 1, p. 63-90.
71. Dal Piaz, G. V., Cortiana, G., Del Moro, A., Martin, S., Penacchioni, G., and Tartarotti, P, 2001, Tertiary age and paleostructural inferences of the eclogitic imprint in the Austroalpine outliers and Zermatt-Saas ophiolite, western Alps: International Journal of Earth Science, v. 90, p. 668-684.
72. 39Ar and Rb-Sr ages from the Austroalpine nappe complex of the Eastern Alps: Journal of Geology, v. 106, p. 71-86.
73. Dalziel, I. W. D., 1981, Backarc extension in the southern Andes: A review and critical appraisal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. 300, p. 319-335.
74. Decker, K., 1990, Plate tectonics and pelagic facies: Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous deep-sea sediments of the Ybbsitz ophiolite unit (Eastern Alps, Austria): Sedimentary Geology, v. 67, p. 85-99.
75. Del Moro, A., Pardini, G., Quercioli, C., Villa, I. M., and Callegari, E., 1983, Rb-Sr and K-Ar chronology of Adamello granitoids, southern Alps: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 26, p. 285-299.
76. Dewey, J. F., 1988, Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics, v. 7, 1123-1139.
77. Dewey, J. F., and Bird, J. M., 1970, Mountain belts and the new global tectonics: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 75, p. 2625-2647.
78. Dewey, J. F., Pitman, W. C., III., Ryan, W. B. F., and Bonnin, J., 1973, Plate tectonics and the evolution of the Alpine system: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 84, p. 3137-3180.
79. Di Giulio, A., Carrapa, B., Fantoni, R., Gorla, L., and Valdisturbo, A., 2001, Middle Eocene to Early Miocene sedimentary evolution of the western Lombardian segment of the South Alpine foredeep (Italy): International Journal of Earth Science, v. 90, p. 534-548.
80. Dickinson, W. R., and Snyder, W. S., 1978, Plate tectonics of the Laramide orogeny, in Matthews, V., III, ed., Laramide folding associated with basement block faulting in the western United States: Geological Society of America Memoir 151, p. 355-366.
81. Dietrich, D., and Durney, D. W., 1986, Change of direction of overthrust shear in the Helvetic nappes of western Switzerland, in Platt, J. P., Coward, M. P., Deramond, J., and Hossack, J., eds., Thrusting and deformation: Journal of Structural Geology. v. 8, nos, 3-4, p. 389-398.
82. Dobretsov, N. L., and Buslov, M. M., 2004, Serpentinite mélanges associated with HP and UHP rocks in Central Asia: International Geology Review, v. 46, p. 957-980.
83. Dobrzhinetskaya, L. F., Eide, E. A., Larsen, R. B., Sturt, B. A., Trøonnes, R. G., Taylor, W. R., and Posukhova, T. V., 1995, Microdiamonds in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Geology, v. 23, p. 597-600.
84. Draper, G., and Bone, R., 1981, Denudation rates, thermal evolution, and preservation of blueschist terrains: Journal of Geology, v. 89, p. 601-613.
85. Ebner, F., and Sachsenhofer, R. F., 1995, Paleogeography, subsidence, and thermal history of the Neogene Styrian Basin (Pannonian basin system, Austria): Tectonophysics, v. 243, p. 133-150.
86. Ernst, W. G., 1970, Tectonic contact between the Franciscan mélange and the Great Valley sequence, crustal expression of a Late Mesozoic subduction zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 75, p. 886-901.
87. Ernst, W G., 1971, Metamorphic zonations on presumably subducted lithospheric plates from Japan, California and the Alps: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 34, p. 43-59.
88. Ernst, W. G., 1973, Interpretative synthesis of metamorphism in the Alps: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 2053-2058.
89. Ernst, W. G., 1988, Tectonic history of subduction zones inferred from retrograde blueschist P-T paths: Geology, v. 16, p. 1081-1084.
90. 2O and ultrahigh-pressure subsolidus phase relations for mafic and ultramafic systems: International Geology Review, v. 41, p. 886-894.
91. Ernst, W. G., 2001, Subduction, ultrahigh-pressure meta-morphism, and regurgitation of buoyant crustal slices - implications for arcs and continental growth: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 127, p. 253-275.
92. Ernst, W. G., 2006, Preservation/exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure subduction complexes, in Sajeev, K., and Santosh, M., eds., Extreme crustal metamorphism and related crust-mantle processes: Lithos, v. 92, p. 321-335.
93. Ernst, W. G., and Liou, J. G., 1999, Overview of UHP metamorphism and tectonics in well-studied orogens: International Geology Review, v. 41, p. 477-493.
94. Ernst, W G., Maruyama, S., and Wallis, S., 1997, Buoyancy-driven rapid exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphosed continental crust: U.S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. A 94, p. 9532-9537.
95. Escher, J. C., and Pulvertaft, T. C. R., 1995, Geological map of Greenland: 1:2,500,000: Geological Survey of Greenland.
96. Evans, D., Graham, C., Armour, A., and Bathurst, P., eds. 2003, The Millennium Atlas: Petroleum geology of the central and northern North Sea: London, UK, Geological Society of London, 398 p.
97. Faleide, J. I., Tsikalas, F., Breivik, A. J., Mjelde, R., Ritzmann, O., Engen, Ø., Wilson, J., and Eldholm, O., 2008, Structure and evolution of the continental margin off Norway and the Barents Sea: Episodes, v. 31, no. 1, p. 82-91.
98. Fassoulas, C., 1999, The structural evolution of central Crete: Insight into the tectonic evolution of the South Aegean: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 27, p. 23-43.
99. Faupl, P., Pober, E., and Wagreich, M., 1987, Facies development of the Gosau group of the eastern parts of the Northern Calcareous Alps during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, in Flügel, H. W, and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 142-155.
100. Faupl, P., and Wagreich, M., 2000, Late Jurassic to Eocene palaeogography and geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Alps, in Neubauer, F., and V., H., eds., Aspects of geology in Austria: Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, v. 92, p. 79-94.
101. Fitch, T., 1970, Earthquake mechanisms and island arc tectonics in the Indonesian-Philippine region: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 60, p. 565-591.
102. Flügel, H. W., and Faupl, P., 1987, Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke.
103. Flügel, H. W., Faupl, P., and Mauritsch, H. J., 1987, Implications on the Alpidic evolution of the eastern parts of the Eastern Alps, in Flügel, H. W., and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 407-414.
104. Forristall, G. Z., 1972, Stress distributions and overthrust faulting: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 3073-3082.
105. Frank, W., 1987, Evolution of the Austroalpine elements in the Cretaceous, in Flügel, H. W., and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke.
106. Frank, W., Kralik, M., Scharbert, S., and Thöni, M., 1987, Geochronological data from the Eastern Alps, in Flügel, H. W., and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 272-281.
107. Frei, W, Heitzmann, P., and Lehner, P., 1990, Swiss NFP-20 research program of the deep structure of the Alps, in Roure, F., Heitzmann, P., and Polino, R., eds., Deep structure of the Alps: Société Géologique de France, Mémoire 156, p. 29-46.
108. Frey, M., Jaeger, E., and Niggli, E., 1979, Gesteinmetamorphose im Bereich der Geotraverse Basel-Chiasso: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 56, p. 649-659.
109. Frey, M., Trommsdorff, V., and Wenk, E., 1980, Alpine metamorphism in the Central Alps. Excursion No VI in Geology of Switzerland: A guide book (G10): International Geological Congress, 26th, Paris: Basel, Switzerland, Wepf & Co., p. 295-316.
110. Frisch, W., 1976, Ein modell zur alpidischen Evolution und Orogenese des Tauernfensters: Geologische Rundschau, v. 65, p. 373-393.
111. Frisch, W, Gommeringer, K., Kelm, U., and Popp, F., 1987, The Upper Bündnershiefer of the Tauern Window - a key to understanding Eoalpine orogenic processes in the Eastern Alps, in Flügel, H. W, and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 55-69.
112. Froitzheim, N., Pleuger, J., Roller, S., and Nagel, T., 20039 Exhumation of high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks by slab extraction: Geology, v. 31, no. 10, p. 925-928.
113. Fry, N., and Barnicoat, A. C., 1987, The tectonic implications of high-pressure metamorphism in the western Alps: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 144, p. 653-659.
114. Fukao, Y., and Furimoto, M., 1975, Mechanism of large earthquakes along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea.: Tectonophysics, v. 26, p. 247-266.
115. Fukao, Y., Widyantoro, S., and Obayashi, M., 2001, Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition zone: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 39, no. 3, p. 291-323.
116. Gee, D. G., Guezou, J.-C., Roberts, D., and Wolff, F. C., 1985, The central-southern part of the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonian Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 109-133.
117. Gibbs, A. D., 1979, Structural evolution of part of the Jotun nappe in Sygnefjell and some speculation on the regional implications, in Cooper, M. A., and Garton, M. R., eds., Tectonic evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides - proceedings of a conference at Department of Geology, City of London Polytechnic, 27 April 1978, p. 17-20.
118. Gilotti, J. A., and McClelland, W. C., 2007, Characteristics of, and a tectonic model for, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the overriding plate of the Caledonian Orogen: International Geology Review, v. 49, p. 777-797.
119. Gorbatschev, R., 1985, Precambrian basement of the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 197-212.
120. Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A. G., Bleeker, W., and Lourens, L. J., 2004, A new geologic timescale with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene: Episodes, v. 27, no. 2, p. 83-100.
121. Griffin, W. L., Austrheim, H., Brastad, K., Bryhni, I., Krill, A. G., Krogh, E. J., Mørk, M. B. E., Qvale, H., and Tørudbakken, B., 1985, High pressure metamorphism in the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 783-801.
122. Griffin, W. L., and Brueckner, H. K., 1980, Caledonian Sm-Nd ages and a crustal origin for Norwegian eclogites: Nature, v. 285, p. 319-321.
123. Groppo, C., Lombardo, B., Castelli, D., and Compagnoni, R., 2007, Exhumation history of the UHPM Brossasco-Isasca Unit, Dora Maira Massif, as inferred from a phengite-amphibole eclogite: International Geology Review, v. 49, p. 142-168.
124. Gu, Y., Dziewonski, A. M., and Agee, C. B., 1998, Global de-correlation of the topography of transition zone discontinuities: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 157, p. 57-67.
125. Gutscher, M.-A., Spakman, W., Bijwaard, H., and Engdahl, E. R., 2000, Geodynamics of flat subduction: Seismicity and tomographic constraints from the Andean margin: Tectonics, v. 19, no. 5, p. 814-843.
126. Hacker, B. R., Calvert, A., Zhang, R. Y., Ernst, W. G., and Liou, J. G., 2003, Ultrarapid exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure diamond-bearing sedimentary of the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan: Lithos, v. 70, p. 61-75.
127. Hacker, B. R., Wang, X., Eide, E. A., and Ratschbacher, L., 1996, The Qinling-Dabie ultra-high-pressure orogen, in Yin, A., and Harrison, M., eds., Tectonic evolution of Asia: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 345-370.
128. Hacker, B. R., Ratschbacher, L., and Liou, J. G., 2004, Subduction, collision and exhumation in the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie orogen, in Malpas, J., Fletcher, C. J. N., Ali, J. R., and Aitchison, J. C., eds., Aspects of the tectonic evolution of China: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 226, p. 157-175.
129. Hacker, B. R., Ratschbacher, L., Webb, L., and Dong, S., 1995, What brought them up? Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure rocks: Geology, v. 23, p. 743-746.
130. Hall, D. B., 2001, Deep physical state of the western Colorado Plateau and its transition to the eastern Great Basin inferred from deep electrical resistivity (magnetotelluric) data: Unpubl. masters thesis, University of Utah, 86 p.
131. Hamilton, W. B., 1988, Tectonic setting and variations with depth of some Cretaceous and Cenozoic structural and magmatic systems of the western United States, in Ernst, W. G., ed., Metamorphism and crustal evolution of the western United States. Rubey Volume VII: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, p. 1-40.
132. Hanks, T. C., 1971, The Kuril Trench-Hokkaido rise system: Large shallow earthquakes and simple models of deformation: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v, 23, p. 173-189.
133. Hanks, T. C., 1979, Deviatoric stresses and earthquake occurrence at the outer rise: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, p. 2343-2347.
134. Hanks, T. C., 1981, Reply (to Molnar): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86B, p. 3947-3948.
135. Harland, W. B., 1985, Caledonide Svalbard, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 999-1016.
136. Harley, S. L., and Carswell, D. A., 1995, Ultradeep crustal metamorphism: a prospective view: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100B, p. 8367-8380.
137. Hasegawa, A., and Sacks, I. S., 1981, Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath Peru as determined from seismic observations: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86B, p. 4971-4980.
138. Hasegawa, A., Zhao, D., Yamamoto, A., and Horiuchi, S., 1991, Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity: Nature, v. 352, p. 683-689.
139. Hashimoto, M., 1991, Geology of Japan (English edition): Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Terra Scientific Publishing/Kluwer Academic.
140. Hawkins, J. W., 1995, Evolution of the Lau Basin - insights from ODP Leg 135, in Taylor, B., and Natland, J., eds., Active margins and marginal basins of the Western Pacific: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 88, p. 125-173.
141. Heller, F., Lowrie, W., and Hirt, A. M., 1989, A review of palaeomagnetic and magmatic anisotropy results from the Alps, in Coward, M. P., Dietrich, D., and Park, R. G., eds., Alpine tectonics, Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 45, p. 399-420.
142. Helmstaedt, H., and Doig, R., 1975, Eclogite nodules from kimberlite pipes of the Colorado Plateau - samples of subducted Franciscan-type oceanic lithosphere: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 9, p. 95-112.
143. Hermann, J., 2003, Experimental evidence for diamond-facies metamorphism in the Dora Maira massif: Lithos, v. 70, p. 163-182.
144. Hermann, J., Rubatto, D., Korsakov, A., and Shatsky, V. S., 2001, Multiple zircon growth during fast exhumation of diamondiferous, deeply subducted continental crust (Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 141, p. 66-82.
145. Hetzel, R., 1999, Geology and geodynamic evolution of the high-P/low-T Maksyutov Complex, southern Russia: Geologische Rundschau, v. 87, p. 577-588.
146. Higgins, A. K., and Kalsbeek, F., eds., 2004, East Greenland Caledonides: Stratigraphy, structure, and geochronology: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, v. 6, 93 p.
147. Hirth, G., and Kohlstedt, D. L., 1996, Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, p. 93-108.
148. Höck, V., and Miller, C., 1987, Mesozoic ophiolitic sequences and non-ophiolitic metabasites in the Hobe Tauern, in Flügel, H. W., and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 16-32.
149. Homewood, P., and Caron, C., 1982, Flysch of the Western Alps, in Hsu, K. J., ed., Mountain building processes: London, UK, Academic Press, p. 157-168.
150. Hopson, C. A., Pesagno, E. A., Mattinson, J. M., Luyendyk, B. P., Beebe, W., Hull, D. M., Muñoz, I. M., and Blome, C. D., 1996, 2. Coast Range Ophiolite as paleoequatorial mid-ocean lithosphere, in Dickinson, W. R., Hopson, C. A., and Saleeby, J. B., eds., Alternate origins of the Coast Range Ophiolite (California): Introduction and implications: GSA Today, v. 6, no. 2, p. 4-7.
151. Horai, K., and Uyeda, S., 1963, Terrestrial heat flow in Japan: Nature v. 199, p. 364-365.
152. Horváth, F., 1993, Towards a mechanical model for the formation of the Pannonian basin: Tectonophysics, v. 226, p. 333-357.
153. Horváth, F., and Royden, L., 1981, Mechanism for the formation of the intra-Carpathian basins: A review: Earth Evolution Sciences, v. 1, p. 307-316.
154. Hsü, K. J., 1968, The principles of mélanges and their
155. Hsü, 1991, Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: Geology, v. 19, p. 107-110.
156. Hsü, 1992, Reply (to Platt): Geology, v. 20, p. 186-187.
157. Hsü, 1994, The Geology of Switzerland: An introduction to tectonic facies: Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 250 p.
158. Hubbert, M. K., and Rubey, W. W., 1959, Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting. I. Mechanics of fluid-filled porous solids and its application to overthrust faulting: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 70, no. 2, p. 115-166.
159. Hunziker, J. C., 1986, The Alps: A case of multiple collision, in Coward, M. P., and Ries, A. C., eds., Collision tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 19, p. 221-227.
160. Hunziker, J. C., Desmons, J., and Hurford, A. J., 1992, Thirty-two years of geochronological work in the central and western Alps: a review on seven maps: Mémoires Géologiques (Lausanne), v. 13, p. 1-59.
161. Hunziker, J. C., Desmons, J., and Martinotti, G., 1989, Alpine thermal evolution in the central and western Alps, in Coward, M. P., Dietrich, D., and Park, R. G., eds., Alpine tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 45, p. 353-367.
162. Hurst, J. M., McKerrow, W. S., Soper, N. J., and Surlyk, F., 1983, The relationship between Caledonian nappe tectonics and Silurian turbidite deposition in North Greenland: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 140, p. 123-131.
163. Hussong, D. M., and Wipperman, L. R., 1981, Vertical movement and tectonic erosion of the continental wall of the Peru-Chile Trench near11°30′S latitude: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 154, p. 509-524.
164. Isacks, B. L., 1988, Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 3211-3231.
165. James, D., 1978, Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath central Peru: Geology, v. 6, p. 174-178.
166. Janoshek, W. R., and Matura, A., 1980, Outline of the geology of Austria: International Geological Congress, 26th, Paris. Guidebook G-05: Abhandlungen der geologischen Bundesanstalt, v. 34, p. 7-98.
167. Jordan, T., Isacks, B. L., Allmendinger, R. W., Brewer, J. A., Ramos, V. A., and Ando, C. J., 1983, Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 341-361.
168. Jordan, T. E., and Allmendinger, R. W., 1986, The Sierra Pampeanas of Argentina: A modern analogy of Rocky Mountain foreland deformation: American Journal of Science, v. 286, p. 737-764.
169. Kanamori, H., 1971, Great earthquakes at island arcs and the lithosphere: Tectonophysics, v. 12, p. 187-198.
170. Kanamori, H., 1977, Seismic and aseismic slip along subduction zones and their tectonic implications, in Talwani, M., and Pitman, W. C., III., eds., Island arcs, deep sea trenches, and back-arc basins: Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, Maurice Ewing Series, v. 1, p. 163-174.
171. Karato, S., 1986, Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle?: Nature, v. 319, p. 309-310.
172. Karig, D. E., 1971, Origin and development of marginal basins in the western Pacific: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 76, p. 2542-2561.
173. Kiminami, K., Niida, K., Ando, H., Kito, N., Iwata, K., Miyashita, S., Tajika, J., and Sokakibara, M., 1992, Cretaceous-Paleogene are-trench systems in Hokkaido, in International Geological Congress, 29th, Kyoto, Japan. Guidebook for Field Trip A-01, 43 p.
174. Kind, R., Ni, J., Zhao, W., Wu, J., Yuan, X., Zhao, L., Sandvol, E., Reese, C., Nabelek, J., and Hearn, T., 1996, Evidence from earthquake data for a partially molten crustal layer in southern Tibet: Science, v. 274, p. 1692-1694.
175. Kirby, S. H., Engdahl, E. R., and Villaseñor, A., 2002, Warm-slab subduction as a global process, in Kirby, S., Wang, K., and Dunlop, S., eds., The Cascadia subduction zone and related subduction systems: Seismic structure, intraslab earthquakes, and processes and earthquake hazards: USGS Open-File Report OF 02-0328, p. 79-80.
176. Kley, J., and Monaldi, C. R., 1998, Tectonic shortening and crustal thickening in the central Andes: How good is the correlation?: Geology, v. 26, no. 8, p. 723-726.
177. Klitgord, K. M., Mudie, J. M., Bischoff, J. L., and Henyey, T. L., 1974, Magnetic anomalies in the northern and central Gulf of California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 815-820.
178. Korsakov, A. V., and Hermann, J., 2006, Silicate and carbonate melt inclusions associated with diamonds in deeply subducted carbonate rocks: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 241, nos. 1-2, p. 104-118.
179. Korsakov, A. V., Theunissen, K., and Smirnova, L. V., 2004, Intergranular diamonds derived from partial melting of crustal rocks at ultrahigh-pressure metamorpbic conditions: Terra Nova, v. 16, no. 3, p. 146-151.
180. Kozlovsky, Y. A., 1987, The Superdeep Well of the Kola Peninsula: Berlin, Germany, Springer.
181. Krill, A. G., 1985, Relationships between the Western Gneiss Region and the Trondheim Region: STOCK-WERK tectonics reconsidered, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 473-483.
182. Krogh, E. J., and Carswell, D. A., 1995, HP and UHP eclogites and garnet peridotites in the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Coleman, R. B., and Wang, X., eds., Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 244-298.
183. Krogh, T., Robinson, P., and Terry, M. P., 2003, Precise U-Pb zircon ages define 18 and 19 m.y. subduction intervals in the Averøya-Nordøyane area, Western Gneiss Region [abs.], in Fide, E. A., ed., The Alice Wain Memorial West Norway Eclogite Field Symposium abstract volume: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelses Rapport 2003.055, p. 71-72.
184. Kukowski, N., and Oncken, O., 2006, Subduction erosion - the "normal" mode of fore-are material transfer along the Chilean margin?, in Oncken, O., Chong, G., Franz, G., Gieze, P., Gaze, H.-J., Ramos, V. A., Strecker, M. P., and Wigger, P., eds., The Andes: Active subduction orogeny: Heidelberg, Germany, Springer, p. 217-236.
185. Kullerud, L., Tørudbakken, B., and Illebek, S., 1986, A compilation of radiometric age determinations from the Western Gneiss Region, south Norway: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin, v. 406, p. 17-42.
186. Kulm, L. D., Thornburg, T. M., Schrader, H., Masias, A., Resig, J. M., and Johnson, L., 1981, Late Cenozoic carbonates on the Peru continental margin: Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and tectonic history, in Kulm, L. D., Dymond, J., Dach, E. J., and Hussong, D. M., eds., Nazca Plate: Crustal formation and Andean convergence. Geological Society of America, Memoir 154, p. 469-508.
187. Kurz, W., 2006, Penninic paleogeography from the Western toward the Eastern Alps - still open questions?: International Geology Review, v. 40, p. 996-1022.
188. Kurz, W., Neubauer, F., Genser, F., and Dachs, E., 1998, Alpine geodynamic evolution of passive and active continental margin sequences in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps, Austria): Geologische Rundschau, v. 87, p. 225-242.
189. Labrousse, L., Jolivet, L., Agard, P., Hébert, R., and Andersen, T. B., 2002, Crustal-scale boudinage and migmatization of gneiss during their exhumation in the UHP Province of Western Norway: Terra Nova, v. 14, p. 263-270.
190. Laeassin, R., 1989, Plate-scale kinematics and compatibility of crustal shear zones, in Coward, M. P., Dietrich, D., and Park, R. G., eds., Alpine tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 45, p. 339-352.
191. Lardeaux, J. M., Schwartz, S., Tricart, R, Paul, A., Guillot, S., Béthoux, N., and Masson, F., 2006, A crustal-scale cross-section of the southwestern Alps combining geophysical and geological imagery: Terra Nova, v. 18, no. 6, p. 412-422 [doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-3121.2006.00706.x].
192. Larson, P. A., Mudie, P. J., and Larson, R. L., 1972, Magnetic anomalies and fracture zone trends on the Gulf of California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 3361-368.
193. Larter, R. D., and Barker, P. F., 1991, Effects of ridge crest-trench interaction on Antarctic-Phoenix spreading; forces on a young subducting plate: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B12, p. 19,583-19,607.
194. Laubscher, H., 1983, Detachment, shear and compression in the central Alps, in Hatcher, R. D., Jr., Williams, H., and Zietz, I., eds., Contributions to the tectonics and geophysics of mountain chains: Geological Society of America Memoir 158, p. 191-211.
195. Laubscher, H., and Bernoulli, D., 1982, History and deformation of the Alps, in Hsü, K. J., ed., Mountain building processes: New York, NY, Academic Press, p. 169-180.
196. Lay, T, Astiz, L., Kanamori, H., and Christensen, D. H., 1989, Temporal variation of large intraplate earthquakes in coupled subduction zones: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 54, p. 258-312.
197. Leech, M. L., Webb, L. E., and Yang, T. N., 2006, Diachronous histories for the Dabie-Sulu orogen from high-temperature geochronology, in Hacker, B. R., McClelland, W. C., and Liou, J. G., eds., Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Deep continental subduction. Geological Society of America Special Paper 403, p. 1-22 [doi: 10.1130/ 2006.2403(01)].
198. Lemoine, M., and Thrümpy, R., 1987, Pre-oceanic rifting in the Alps: Tectonophysics, v. 133, p. 305-320.
199. Levitt, D. A., and Sandwell, D. T., 1995, Lithospheric bending at subduction zones based on depth soundings and satellite gravity: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. 1, p. 379-400.
200. Lidmar-Bergström, K., and Näslund, J. O., 2002, Landforms and uplift in Scandinavia, in Doré, A. H., Cartwright, J. A., Stoker, M. S., Turner, J. R, and White, N., eds., Exhumation of the North Atlantic margin: Timing, mechanisms and implications for petroleum exploration: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 196, p. 103-116.
201. Linzer, H.-G., Decker, K., Peresson, H., Dell'Mour, R., and Frisch, W, 2002, Balancing lateral orogenic float of the Eastern Alps: Tectonophysics, v. 354, p. 211-237.
202. Linzer, H.-G., Ratschbacher, L., and Frisch, W., 1995, Transpressional collision structures in the upper crust: The fold-thrust belt of the Northern Calcareous Alps: Tectonophysics, v. 242, p. 41-61.
203. Liou, J. G., Zhang, R. Y., Wang, X., Eide, E. A., Ernst, W. G., and Maruyama, S., 1996, Metamorphism and tectonics of high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure belts in the Dabie-Sulu region, China, in Yin, A., and Harrison, M., eds., Tectonic evolution of Asia: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 300-344.
204. Liou, J. G., Zhang, R. Y., and Ernst, W. G., 2007, Very high-pressure orogenic garnet peridotites, in Hemley, R. J., ed., High-pressure geoscience feature: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, v. 104, no. 22, p. 9116-9121 [doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607300104].
205. Lister, C. R. B., 1971, Tectonic movement in the Chile Trench: Science, v. 173, p. 719-722.
206. Lister, G. S., and Davis, G. A., 1989, The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension of the northern Colorado region, USA: Journal of Structural Geology, v. ll, p. 65-94.
207. Lliboutry, L., 1969, Seafloor spreading, continental drift and lithosphere sinking with an asthenosphere at melting point: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 74, p. 6525-6540.
208. Lombardo, B., Rubatto, D., and Castelli, D., 2002, Ion microprobe U-Pb dating of zircon from a Monviso plagiogranite: Implications for the evolution of the Piedmont-Liguria Tethys in the Western Alps: Ofioliti, v. 27, p. 109-117.
209. Lundgren, P. R., and Okal, E. A., 1988, Slab decoupling in the Tonga Arc: The June 22, 1977, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 13,355-13,366.
210. Lundmark, A. M., and Corfu, F., 2008, Late-orogenic Sveconorwegian massif anorthosite in the Jotun Nappe Complex, SW Norway, and causes of repeated AMCG magmatism along the Baltoscandian margin: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 155, no. 2, p. 147-163 [doi: 10.1007?s00420-007-0233-5].
211. Mancktelow, N., 1985, The Simplon line: A major displacement zone in the western Lepontine Alps: Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, v. 78, p. 73-96.
212. Marthaler, M., and Stampfli, G. M., 1989, Les Schistes Lustrés a ophiolites de la nappe do Tsaté: Un ancien prisme d'acerétion issu de la marge active apulienne?: Schweizerische Mineralogische and Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 69, no. 2, p. 211-216.
213. Maruyama, S., Lion, J. G., and Terabayashi, M., 1996, Blueschists and eclogites of the world and their exhumation: International Geology Review, v. 38, p. 485-594.
214. Masago, H., Okamoto, K., and Terabayashi, M., 2005, Exhumation tectonics of the Sanbagawa high-pressure metamorphic belt, Southwest Japan - constraints from the upper and lower boundary faults: International Geology Review, v. 47, p. 1194-1206.
215. Matte, P, 1998, Continental subduction and exhumation of HP rocks in Paleozoic orogenic belts: Uralides and Variscides, in Sundquist, B., and Stephens, M. B., eds., Tectonics and geological history of some Phanerozoic orogens (David G. Gee honorary volume): GFF, v. 120, p. 209-222.
216. Matter, A., Homewood, P., Caron, C., Rigassi, D., van Stuijvenberg, J., Weidmann, M., and Winkler, W., 1980, Flysch and molasse of Western and Central Switzerland; Excursion No. V, in Geology of Switzerland: A guidebook (G10), International Geological Congress, 26th, Paris: Basel, Switzerland, Wepf & Co,, p. 261-293.
217. Mattinson, J. M., 1988, Constraints on the timing of Franciscan metamorphism: Geochronological approaches and their limitations, in Ernst, W. G., ed., Metamorphism and crustal evolution of the western United States. Rubey Volume VII: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, p. 1023-1034.
218. Mauritsch, H. J., and Becke, M., 1987, Paleomagnetic investigations in the Eastern Alps and the southern border zone, in Füagel, H. W., and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 282-308.
219. Mauritsch, H. J., and Frisch, W., 1978, Palaeomagnetic data from the central part of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria: Journal of Geophysics, v. 44, p. 623-637.
220. McClelland, W. C., Power, S. E., Gilotti, J. A., Mazdab, F. K., and Wopenka, B., 2006, U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and trace-element geochemistry of coesite-bearing zircons, North-East Greenland Caledonides, in Hacker, B. R., McClelland, W. C., and Lion, J. G., eds., Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: Deep continental subduction: Geological Society of America Special Paper 403, p. 23-43 [doi: 10.1130/ 2006.2403(02)].
221. McKee, E. H., and Noble, D. C., 1982, Miocene volcanism and deformation in the western Cordillera and high plateaus of south-central Peru: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. 657-662.
222. Mégard, F., 1984, The Andean orogenic period and its major structures in central and northern Peru: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 141, p. 893-900.
223. Meissner, R., Rabbet, W., and Kern, H., 2006, Seismic lamination and anisotropy of the Lower Continental Crust: Tectonophysics, v. 416, p. 81-99.
224. Melosh, H. J., 1978, Dynamic support of the outer rise: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 5, p. 321-324.
225. Melosh, H. J., and Raefsky, A., 1980, The dynamical origin of subduction zone topography: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 60, p. 333-354.
226. Michard, A., Goffé, B., Chopin, C., and Henry, C., 1996, Did the Western Alps develop through an Oman-type stage? The geotectonic setting of high-pressure metamorphism in two contrasting Tethyan transects: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 89, p. 43-80.
227. Milnes, A. G., and Koestler, A. G., 1985, Geological structure of Jotunheimen, southern Norway (Sognfjell-Valdres cross-section), in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 457-474.
228. Milnes, A. G., and Pfiffner, O. A., 1980, Tectonic evolution of the Central Alps in the cross-section St. Gallen-Como, in Rybach, L., and Lambert, A., eds., Symposium on the Alpine geotraverses with special emphasis on the Basel-Chiasso profile: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 73, p. 617-633.
229. Milnes, A. G., and Schmutz, H.-U., 1978, Structure and history of the Suretta nappe (Pennine zone, Central Alps) - a field study: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 71, no. 1, p. 19-33.
230. Milnes, A. G., Wennberg, O. P., Skår, Ø., and Koestler, A. G., 1997, Contraction, extension and timing in the South Norwegian Caledonides: The Sognefjord transect, in Burg, J.-P., and Ford, M., eds., Orogeny through time: Geological Society Special Publication No. 121, p. 123-148.
231. Minear, J. W., and Toksöz, M. N., 1970, Thermal regime of a downgoing slab and new global tectonics: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 75, p. 1397-1419.
232. Molnar, P., and Atwater, T., 1978, Interarc spreading and Cordilleran tectonics as alternates related to the age of subducted oceanic lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 41, p. 330-340.
233. Moore, D., and Lockner, D. A., 2007, Comparative deformation behavior of minerals in serpentinized ultramafic rock: Application to the slab-mantle interface in subduction zones: International Geology Review, v. 49, p. 401-415.
234. Mueller, S., 1982, Deep structure and recent dynamics in the Alps, in Hsü, K. J., ed., Mountain building processes: London, UK, Academic Press, p. 181-199.
235. Mykkeltveit, S., Husebye, E. S., and Oftedahl, C., 1980, Subduction of the Iapetus Ocean crust beneath the Møre Gneiss Region, southern Norway: Nature, London, v. 288, p. 473-475.
236. Neubauer, F., 1987, The Gurktal thrust system within the Austroalpine region - some structural and geometrical aspects, in Flügel, H. W., and Faupl, P., eds., Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, p. 226-236.
237. Neubauer, F., Genser, F., and Handler, R., 2000, The Eastern Alps: Result of a two-stage collision process, in Neubauer, F., and Höck, V., eds., Aspects of geology in Austria: Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, v. 92, p. 117-134.
238. Nickelsen, R. P., Hossack, J. R., Garton, M., and Repetsky, J., 1985, Late Precambrian to Ordovician stratigraphy and correlation in the Valdres and Synnfjell thrust sheets of the Valdres area, southern Norwegian Caledonides; with some comments on sedimentation, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 369-378.
239. Noble, D. C., McKee, E. H., Farrar, E., and Peterman, U., 1974, Episodic Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism in the Andes of Peru: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 21, p. 213-220.
240. Noble, D. C., McKee, E. H., Mourier, T., and Mégard, F., 1990, Cenozoic stratigraphy, magmatic activity, compressive deformation and uplift in northern Peru: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 1105-1113.
241. Noble, D. C., Vogel, T. A., Peterson, P. S., Landis, G. P., Grant, N. K., Jezek, P. A., and McKee, E. H., 1984, Rare-element-enriched, S-type ash-flow tuffs containing phenocrysts of muscovite, andalusite, and sillimanite, southeastern Peru: Geology, v. 12, p. 35-39.
242. Nur, A., and Ben-Avraham, Z., 1981, Volcanic gaps and the consumption of aseismic ridges in South America: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 154, p. 729-740.
243. Ogasawara, Y., 2005, Microdiamonds in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: Elements, v. 1, p. 91-96.
244. O'Hara, M. J., and Mercy, E. L. P., 1963, Petrology and and petrogenesis of garnetiferous peridotites: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 65, p. 251-314.
245. Oncken, O., Hindle, D., Kley, J., Elger, K., Victor, P., and Schemmann, K., 2006, Deformation of the Central Andean upper plate system - facts, fiction, and constraints for plateau models, in Oncken, O., Chong, G., Franz, G., Gieze, R, Göze, H.-J., Ramos, V. A., Strecker, M. P, and Wigger, P., eds., The Andes: Active subduction orogeny: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, Springer, p. 3-27.
246. Osmaston, M. F., 1973, Limited lithosphere separation as a main cause of continental basins, continental growth and epeirogeny, in Tarling, D. H., and Runcorn, S. K., eds., Implications of continental drift to the Earth Sciences: London, UK, Academic Press, p. 649-674.
247. Osmaston, M. F., 1977, Some fundamental aspects of plate tectonics bearing on hydrocarbon location, in Hobson, G. D., ed., Developments in Petroleum Geology I: Barking, UK, Applied Science Publishers, p. 1-52.
248. Osmaston, M. F., 1985, Subduction tectonic erosion (STE) of the South Alpine plate: Essential preliminary to nappe genesis and tectonics in the Alps, and key control upon earlier Alpine foredeeps [abs.], in International Association of Sedimentologists Foreland Basins Symposium, Fribourg, Germany, September 1985, Programme and abstracts, p. 101. Osmaston, M. F., 1988a, Sequence of tectonic environments during plate convergence and collision: The controlling influence of prior STE beneath the margins, with some Caledonide examples: Geological Society of London, Tectonic Studies Group, 19th Annual Meeting, December 1988, Cambridge, UK.
249. Osmaston, M. F., 1988b, Subduction tectonic erosion (STE) and post-subduction magmatism (PSM): New light on Iapetus closure tectonics and synthesis [abs.], in GAC-MAC Joint Annual Meeting 23-25 May 1988, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada ("St. John's 88"), p. A93.
250. Osmaston, M. F., 1991, Subduction tectonic erosion leading to foreare (imbricate) collapse: A major process with implications for terrane juxtaposition, in Perez-Estaun, A., and Coward, M. P., eds., Deformation and plate tectonics: Tectonophysics, v. 191, p. 434.
251. Osmaston, M. F., 1992, A new model of subducting plate downbend, subduction tectonic erosion, and the large-scale tectonic evolution of convergent margins [abs.], in International Geological Congress, 29th, Kyoto, Japan, Abstracts, v. 1, p. 63.
252. Osmaston, M. F., 1994, A seismicity-compatible new model of subducting plate downbend, basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE) and the large-scale tectonic and seismogenic evolution of convergent margins [abs.], in IASPEI'94, International Association for the Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior, 27th General Assembly, January 1994, Wellington, New Zealand, S8.24.
253. Osmaston, M. F., 1995a, Comparability of the flat-slab sectors of the Andes and Sevier-Laramide USA: Consequences of tectonic erosion and coupling at the subducting plate downbend [abs.], in IUGG XXI General Assembly, Boulder, CO, Abstracts, p. A441.
254. Osmaston, M. F., 1995b, A straightness mechanism for MORs: A new view of ocean plate genesis and evolution [abs.], in IUGG XXI General Assembly, 2-14 July 1995, Boulder, CO, Abstracts, p. A472.
255. Osmaston, M. F., 1997, Pacific-style basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE): Essential precursor to construction of the Alps/Carpathians and Apennines [abs.], in EUG9, March 1997, Strasbourg, France: Terra Nova, v. 9, p. 341.
256. Osmaston, M. F., 1999, Seismic coupling at subduction zones; its mechanical cause and far-reaching geological consequences [abs.], in IUGG99,19-30 July 1999, Birmingham, UK, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, p. A.157 [A.159 in abstracts update CD].
257. Osmaston, M. F., 2000a, What goes on beneath MORs? A reassessment [abs.], in International Geological Congress, 31st, Rio de Janeiro, General Symposium 4-1, abstracts CD.
258. Osmaston, M. F., 2000b, An upper mantle source for plumes and Dupal; result of processes and history that have shaped the Earth's interior from core to crust [abs.], in Goldschmidt 2000, Oxford, UK: Journal of Conference Abstracts (CD-ROM), v. 5, no. 2, p. 763.
259. Osmaston, M. F., 2000c, "Lithospbere extension" that isn't [abs.], in 31st International Geological Congress, 6-17 August 2000, Rio de Janeiro, General Symposium 4-2.
260. Osmaston, M. F., 2003, What drives plate tectonics? Slab pull, ridge push or geomagnetic torque from the CMB? A new look at the old players vis-a-vis an exciting new one [abs.], in XXIII IUGG 2003, 30 June-11 July 2003, Sapporo, Japan, p. B129 (abs. no. 016795-2).
261. Osmaston, M., 2005a, The ridge push mechanism of MORs as the agent of seismic coupling, tsunami, convergence partitioning and landward thrusting at subduction zones; insights on an interactive family of mostly-jerky mechanisms [abs.], in IASPEI 2005 General Assembly, 2-7 October 2005, Santiago, Chile; JS04 Subduction zones with emphasis on those in less developed countries, Abstract no. 303.
262. Osmaston, M., 2005b, Interrelationships between large-scale plate motions as indicators of mantle structure: New constraints on mantle modelling and compositional layout [abs.], in 3rd Workshop on Earth's Mantle Composition, Structure and Phase Transitions, 30th Aug.-3 Sept. 2005: St Malo, France, Programme and abstracts, p. 25 [see also http://deep.earth.free.fr/participants.php].
263. Osmaston, M. F., 2005c, Building the Earth's core and D" layer by "subduction": Processes, timings and compositional implications [abs.], in William Smith Meeting, Geological Society of London, 23-24 November 2005, London, Abstracts p. 32-33.
264. Osmaston, M. F., 2005d, A new mechanism for intraplate magmagenesis and petrogenetic variation: The importance of process [abs.], in Goldschmidt 2005, Moscow, Idaho: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 10S, p. A439.
265. Osmaston, M. F., 2006, Global tectonic actions emanating from Arctic opening in the circumstances of a two-layer mantle and a thick-plate paradigm involving deep cratonic tectospheres: The Eurekan (Eocene) compressive motion of Greenland and other examples, in Scott, R., and Thurston, D., eds., ICAM IV, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Arctic Margins, Halifax, Canada, 2003: OCS Study MMS 2006-003 (also available at http://www.mms.gov/alaska/icam).
266. Osmaston, M. F., 2007, Cratonic keels and a two-layer mantle tested: Mantle expulsion during Arabia-Russia closure linked to westward enlargement of the Black Sea, formation of the Western Alps and subduction of the Tyrrhenian (not the Ionian) Sea [abs.], in XXIV IUGG 2-13 July 2007, Perugia, Italy (http://www.iugg2007perugia.it/ webbook/), IASPEI Session JSS 011, Earth Structure and Geodynamics, Abs. No. 2105.
267. Oxburgh, E. R., 1974, Eastern Alps, in Spencer, A. M., ed., Mesozoic-Cenozoic orogenic belts: Data for orogenic studies: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 4, p. 109-126.
268. Parkinson, C. D., 2000, Coesite inclusions and prograde compositional zonation of garnet in whiteschist of the HP-UHPM Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan: A record of progressive UHP metamorphism, in Carswell, D. A., ed., Ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks: Lithos v. 52, p. 215-233.
269. Parkinson, C. D., Katayama, I., Liou, J. G., and Maruyama, S., eds., 2002, The diamond-bearing Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan: Petrochemistry and tectonic evolution of an unique ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terrane: Tokyo, Japan, Universal Academy Press.
270. Parkinson, C. D., and Maruyama, S., 2004, Probable prevalence of coesite-stable metamorphism in collisional orogens and a reinterpretation of Barrovian metamorphism [abs.], in 32nd International Geological Conference, August 2004, Florence, Italy, Abstracts v. 1, p. 104.
271. Parson, L. M., and Wright, I. C., 1996, The Lau-Havre-Taupo back-arc basin: A southward-propagating, multistage evolution from rifting to spreading: Tectonophysics, v. 263, p. 1-22.
272. Pettinga, J. R., 1982, Upper Cenozoic structural history, coastal Southern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 25, p. 149-191.
273. Pfiffner, M., and Trommsdorff, V., 1998, The high-pressure ultramafic-mafic-carbonate suite of Cima Lunga-Adula, Central Alps: Excursions to Cima di Gagnone and Alpe Arami: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 78, p. 337-354.
274. Pfiffner, O. A., Klaper, E. M., Mayerat, A.-M., and Heitzmann, P., 1990, Structure of the basement-cover contact in the Swiss Alps, in Roure, F., Heitzmann, P., and Polino, R., eds., Deep structure of the Alps: Société Géologique de France, Mémoire 156, p. 247-262.
275. Pilger, R. H., 1981, Plate reconstructions, aseismic ridges, and low-angle subduction beneath the Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, p. 448-456.
276. Platt, J. P., 1986, Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 1037-1053.
277. Platt, J. P., 1987, The uplift of high-pressure-low-temperature metamorphic rocks: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. 321, p. 87-103.
278. Platt, J. P., 1993, Exhumation of high-pressure rocks: a review of concepts and processes: Terra Nova, v. 5, p. 119-133.
279. Pleuger, J., Roller, S., Walter, J. M., Jansen, E., and Froitzheim, N., 2007, Structural evolution of the contact between two Penninic nappes (Zermatt-Saas zone and Combin zone, Western Alps) and implications for the exhumation mechanism and palaeogeography: International Journal of Earth Science, v. 96, p. 229-252 [doi: 10.1007/s00531-006-0106-6].
280. Polino, R., Dal Piaz, G. V., and Gosso, G., 1990, Tectonic erosion at the Adria margin and accretionary processes for the Cretaceous orogeny of the Alps, in Roure, F., Heitzmann, P., and Polino, R., eds., Deep structure of the Alps: Société Géologique de France, Mémoire 156, p. 345-367.
281. Prince, R. A., Schweller, W. J., Coulburn, W. J., Shepherd, G. L., Ness, G. E., and Masias, A., 1980, Bathymetry of the Peru-Chile continental margin and trench: Geological Society of America. Map & Chart Series, MC-34 Part 1, scale 1:1000 000, Sheet 5.
282. Proyer, A., 2003, The preservation of high-pressure rocks during exhumation: Metagranites and metapelites: Lithos, v. 70, p. 183-194.
283. Ramberg, H., 1980, Diapirism and gravitational collapse in the Scandinavian Caledonides: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 137, p. 261-270.
284. Ramsay, J. G., 1989, Fold and fault geometry in the western Helvetic nappes of Switzerland and France and its implication for the evolution of the arc of the western Alps, in Coward, M. P., Dietrich, D., and Park, R. G., eds., Alpine tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 45, p. 33-45.
285. Ranero, C. R., von Huene, R., Weinrebe, W., and Reichert, C., 2006, Tectonic processes along the Chile convergent margin, in Oncken, O., Chong, G., Franz, G., Gieze, P., Götze, H.-J., Ramos, V. A., Strecker, M. P., and Wigger, P., eds., The Andes: Active subduction orogeny: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, Springer, p. 91-121.
286. Ratschbacher, L., 1986, Kinematics of Austro-Alpine cover nappes: changing path due to transpression: Tectonophysics, v. 125, p. 335-356.
287. Ratschbacher, L., Franz, L., Enkelmann, E., Jonckheere, R., Pörschke, A., Hacker, B. R., Dong, S., and Zhang, Y., 2006, The Sino-Korean-Yangtze suture, the Huwan detachment, and the Paleozoic-Tertiary exhumation of (ultra) high-pressure rocks along the Tongbai-Xinxian-Dabie Mountains, in Hacker, B. R., McClelland, W. C., and Liou, J. G., eds., Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: deep continental subduction. Geological Society of America Special Paper 403, p. 45-75 [doi: 10.1130/2006.2403(03)].
288. Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Linzer, H.-G., and Merle, O., 1991, Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps, Part 2: Structural analysis: Tectonics, v. 10, p. 257-271.
289. Ravna, E. J. K., and Roux, M. R. M., 2006, Metamorphic evolution of the Tønsvika Eclogite, Tromsø Nappe - evidence for a new UHPM province in the Scandinavian Caledonides: International Geology Review, v. 48, p. 861-881.
290. Reinecke, T., 1991, Very-high-pressure metamorphism and uplift of coesite-bearing metasediments from the Zermatt-Saas zone, Western Alps: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 3, p. 7-17.
291. Rickard, M. J., 1985, The Surnadal synform and basement gneisses in the Surnadal-Sunndal district of Norway, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, John Wiley, p. 487-497.
292. Ricou, L. E., and Siddans, A. W. B., 1986, Collision tectonics in the Western Alps, in Coward, M. P., and Ries, A. C., eds., Collision tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 19, p. 229-244.
293. Roberts, D., 1980, Petrochemistry and palaeogeographic setting of the Ordovician volcanic rocks of Smøla, Central Norway: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, v. 359, p. 43-60.
294. Roberts, D., 2003, The Scandinavian Caledonides: event chronology, palaeogeographic settings and likely modern analogues: Tectonophysics, v. 365, p. 283-299.
295. Robinson, P., Tucker, R. D., Bradley, D., Berry, H. N. I., and Osberg, P. H., 1998, Palaeozoic orogens in New England, USA, in Sundquist, B., and Stephens, M. B., eds., Tectonics and geological history of some Phatterozoic orogens (David G. Gee honorary volume): GFF, v. 120, p. 119-148.
296. Rohrman, M., van der Beek, P. A., van der Hilst, R. D., and Reemst, P., 2002, Timing and mechanisms of North Atlantic Cenozoic uplift: Evidence for mantle upwelling, in Doré, A. H., Cartwright, J. A., Stoker, M. S., Turner, J. P., and White, N., eds., Exhumation of the North Atlantic margin. Timing, mechanisms and implications for petroleum exploration: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 196, p. 27-43.
297. Royden, L. H., 1985, The Vienna Basin: A thin-skinned pull-apart basin: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, v. 37, p. 319-338.
298. Rubey, W. W., and Hubbert, M. K., 1959, Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting. II. Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis: Bulletin
299. Ruff, L., and Kanamori, H., 1980, Seismicity and the subduction process: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 23, p. 240-252.
300. Ruff, L., and Kanamori, H., 1983, Seismic coupling and uncoupling at subduction zones: Tectonophysics, v. 99, p. 99-117.
301. Ruff, L. J., 1996, Large earthquakes in subduction zones: Segment interaction and recurrence times, in Bebout, G. E., Scholl, D. W., Kirby, S. H., and Platt, J. P., eds., Subduction: Top to bottom: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 96, p. 91-104.
302. Rybach, L., Werner, D., Mueller, S., and Berset, G., 1977, Heat flow, heat production and crustal dynamics in the Central Alps, in Jessop, A. M., ed., Heat flow and geodynamics: Tectonophysics, v. 41, p. 113-126.
303. Sachsenhofer, R. F., 2000, Geodynamic controls on deposition and maturation of coal in the Eastern Alps, in Neubauer, F., and Höck, V., eds., Aspects of geology in Austria: Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, v. 92, p. 185-194.
304. Sager, W. W., MacLeod, C. J., and Abrahamsen, N., 1994, Paleomagnetic constraints on Tonga arc tectonic rotation from sediments drilled at Sites 840 and 841, in Hawkins, J., Parson, L., Allan, J., et al, eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 135: College Station, TX, p. 763-783.
305. Sanford, A. R., 1959, Analytical and experimental study of simple geologic structures: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 70, p. 19-51.
306. Savelieva, G. N., and Nesbitt, R. W., 1996, A synthesis of the stratigraphy and tectonic setting of the Uralian ophiolites: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 153, no. 4, p. 525-537.
307. 39Ar geochronology of ultrahigh-pressure rocks, in Hacker, B. R., and Liou, J. G., eds., When continents collide: Geodynamics of ultrahigh-pressure rocks: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 161-202.
308. Schilling, F. R., Trumbull, R. B., Brasse, H., Haberland, C., Asch, G., Bruhn, D., Mai, K., Haak, V., Giese, P., Muñoz, M., Ramelow, J., Rietbrock, A., Ricaldi, E., and Vietor, T., 2006, Partial melting in the Central Andean crust: A review of geophysical, petrophysical, and petrologic evidence, in Oncken, O., Chong, G., Franz, G., Gieze, P., Götze, H.-J., Ramos, V. A., Strecker, M. P., and Wigger, P., eds., The Andes: Active subduction orogeny: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, Springer, p. 459-474.
309. Schmid, S., 1975, The Glarus overthrust: Field evidence and mechanical model: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 68, p. 247-280.
310. Schmid, S., and Haas, R., 1989, Transition from near-surface thrusting to intrabasement decollement; Sehlinig thrust, Eastern, Alps: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 697-718.
311. Schmid, S., Pfiffner, O. A., Schönborn, G., Froitzheim, N., and Kissling, E., 1997, Integrated cross section and tectonic evolution of the Alps along the the eastern traverse, in Pfiffner, O. A., Lehner, P., Heitzmann, P., Mueller, S., and Steck, A., eds., Deep structure of the Swiss Alps: Results of NRP20: Basel, Switzerland, Birkhäuser, p. 289-304.
312. Schmid, S. M., Aebli, H. R., Heller, F., and Zingg, A., 1989, The role of the Periadriatic Line in the tectonic evolution of the Alps, in Coward, M, P., Dietrich, D., and Park, R. G., eds., Alpine tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 45, p. 153-171.
313. Schmid, S. M., Rück, P., and Schreurs, G., 1990, The significance of the Schams nappes for the reconstruction of the paleotectonic and orogenic evolution of the Penninic zone along the NFP-20 East traverse (Grisons, eastern Switzerland), in Roure, F., Heitzmann, P., and Polino, R., eds., Deep structure of the Alps, Société Géologique de France, Mémoire 156, p. 263-287.
314. Schoenbohm, I., and Strecker, M. P., 2005, Extension of the Puna-Altiplano plateau since 1-2 Ma: Lithospheric delamination, lower crustal flow or gravitational collapse? [abs.]: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 272.
315. Scholl, D. W., von Huene, R., Vallier, T. L., and Howell, D. G., 1980, Sedimentary masses and concepts about tectonic processes at underthrust ocean margins: Geology, v. 8, p. 564-568.
316. Schreurs, G., 1993, Structural analysis of the Schams nappes and adjacent tectonic units: Implications for the orogenic evolution of the Penninic zone in eastern Switzerland: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 164, p. 415-435.
317. Schreyer, W., 1995, Ultradeep metamorphic rocks: the retropective viewpoint: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100B, p. 8353-8366.
318. Schweller, W. J., Kulm, L. D., and Prince, R. A., 1981, Tectonics, structure and sedimentary framework of the Peru-Chile Trench: Geological Society of America, Memoir, v. 154, p. 323-350.
319. Segawa, J., and Tomoda, Y., 1976, Gravity measurements near Japan and study of the upper mantle beneath the oceanic trench-marginal sea transition zones: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, v. 19, p. 35-52.
320. Seidel, E., Okrusch, M., Kreuzer, H., Raschka, H., and Harre, W., 1976, Eo-alpine metamorphism in the uppermost unit of the Cretan nappe system-petrology and geochronology. Part 1. The Léndas Area (Asterousia Mountains): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 57, p. 259-275.
321. Seidel, E., Okrusch, M., Kreuzer, H., Raschka, H., and Harre, W., 1981, Eo-alpine metamorphism in the uppermost unit of the Cretan nappe system - petrology and geochronology. Part 2. Synopsis of high-temperature metamorphics and associated ophiolites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 76, p. 351-361.
322. Séranne, M., 1992, Late Paaeozoic kinematics of the Møre-Trøndelag fault zone and adjacent areas, central Norway: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, v. 72, p. 141-158.
323. Shervais, J. W., Kimbrough, D. L., Renne, P., Hanan, B. B., Murchey, B., Snow, C. A., Zoglman Shuman, M. M., and Beaman, J., 2004, Multi-stage origin of the Coast Range Ophiolite, California: Implications for the life cycle of supra-subdution zone ophiolites: International Geology Review, v. 46, p. 289-315.
324. Shutian, S., Zengqiu, Z., Hanwen, Z., Zhendong, Y., Hongfei, Z., and Li, Z., 2005, Tectonic evolution of the Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts, east-central China: Structural record in UHP rocks: International Geology Review, v. 47, p. 1207-1221.
325. Silver, P. G., and Russo, R. M., 1995, The origin of the Andean Orogen since the mid-Tertiary [abs], in IUGG XX1 General Assembly. Boulder, CO, p. A441.
326. Skår, Ø., and Pedersen, R. B., 2003, Relations between granitoid magmatism and migmatization: U-Pb geochronological evidence from the Western Gneiss Complex, Norway: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 160, p. 935-946.
327. Smellie, J. L., and Stone, P., 2001, Geochemical characteristics and geotectonic setting of early Ordovician lavas in the Ballantrae complex, SW Scotland: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 91, p. 539-555.
328. Smith, A. C., 2006, Tethyan ophiolite emplacement, Africa to Europe motions, and Atlantic spreading, in Robertson, A. H. F., and Mountrakis, D., eds., Tectonic development of the Eastern Mediterranean region: Geological Society, Special Publication 260, p. 11-34.
329. Smith, D. C., 1980, A tectonic mélange of foreign eclogites and ultramafites in the Basal Gneiss Region, West Norway: Nature, v. 287, p. 366-367.
330. Smith, D. C., 1984, Coesite in clinopyroxene in the Caledonides and its implication for geodynamics: Nature, v. 310, p. 641-644.
331. Smithson, S. B., Ramberg, I. B., and Grönlie, G., 1974, Gravity interpretation of the Jotun nappe of the Norwegian Caledonides: Tectonophysics, v. 22, p. 359-366.
332. 2O-C at 7.5 GPa and 1600°C: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 155, no. 1, p. 33-43 [doi: 10.1007/s00410-007-0221-9].
333. Somoza, R., 1998, Updated Nazea (Farallon)-South America relative motions during the last 40 My: Implications for mountain building in the central Andean region: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 11, no. 3, p. 211-215.
334. Sperner, B., Lorenz, K., Bonjer, K., Hettel, S., Müller, B., and Wenzel, F., 2001, Slab break-off - abrupt cut or gradual detachment? New insights from the Vrancea Region (SE Carpathians, Romania): Terra Nova, v. 13, no. 3, p. 172-179.
335. Spjeldnaes, N., 1985, Biostratigraphy of the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 317-329.
336. Stampfli, G. M., and Marthaler, M., 1990, Divergent and convergent margins in the northwestern Alps: Confrontation to actualistic models: Geodynamica Acta (Paris), v. 4, no. 3, p. 159-184.
337. Staub, R., 1937, Gedanken zum Ban der Westalpen zwischen Bernina und Mittlemeer. II Teil: Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (Zurich), v. 82, p. 197-336.
338. Stauder, W., 1975, Subduction of the Nazea plate under Peru as evidenced by focal mechanisms and by seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 80, p. 1053-1064.
339. Stearns, D. W., 1978, Faulting and forced folding in the Rocky Mountains foreland, in Matthews, V., III, ed., Laramide folding associated with basement block faulting in the western United States: Geological Society of America Memoir 151, p. 1-37.
340. Steck, A., 1980, Deux directions principales de flux synmétamorphiques dans les Alpes centrales: Bulletin de la Société vaudoise de Science naturelle, v. 75, p. 141-149.
341. Stephens, M. B., (co-ordinator and compiler), 1986, Stratabound sulphide deposits in the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen: Map 1649: Geological Survey of Canada, Scale 1:5,000,000.
342. Stephens, M. B., Furnes, H., Robins, B., and Sturt, B. A., 1985, Igneous activity within the Scandinavian Caledonides, in Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., eds., The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 623-656.
343. Strachan, R. A., Holdsworth, R. E., Friderichsen, J. D., and Jepson, H. T., 1992, Regional Caledonian structure within an oblique convergence zone, Dronning Louise Land, NE Greenland: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 149, p. 359-379.
344. Suo, S., Zhong, Z., and You, Z., 1999, Location of Triassic suture between collided Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons in Dabie-Sulu Region, China: Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 10, p. 281-286.
345. Suo, S., Zhong, Z., Zhou, H., and You, Z., 2002, Triassic collisional structures and post-collisional deformation of Bixiling UHP rock stack: Insights for tectonic evolution of UHP metamorphic belt in Dabie Massif, Central China: Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 13, p. 1-13.
346. Tarif, P. A., Wilkens, R. H., Cheng, C. H., and Paillet, F. L., 1988, Laboratory studies of the acoustic properties of samples from Salton Sea Scientific Drilling Project and their relation to microstructure and field measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 13,057-13,067.
347. Terabayashi, M., Okamoto, K., Yamamoto, H., Kaneko, Y., Ota, T., Maruyama, S., Katayama, I., Komiya, T., Ishikawa, A., Anma, R., Ozawa, H., Windley, B. F., and Liou, J. G., 2005, Accretionary complex origin of the mafic-ultramafic bodies of the Sanbagawa Belt, Central Shikoku, Japan: International Geology Review, v. 47, p. 1058-1073.
348. Terry, M. P., Robinson, P., Hamilton, M. A., and Jerçinovic, M. J., 2000, Monazite geochronology of UHP and HP metamorphism, deformation, and exhumation, Nørdoyane, Western Gneiss Region, Norway: American Mineralogist, v. 85, p. 1651-1664.
349. Thöny, W., Ortner, H., and Scholger, R., 2006, Paleomagnetic evidence for large en-bloc rotations in the Eastern Alps during Neogene orogeny: Tectonophysics, v. 414, p. 169-189.
350. Thornburg, T. M., and Kulm, L. D., 1981, Sedimentary basins of the Peru continental margin: Structure, stratigraphy and Cenozoic tectonics from 6° to 16°S Latitude: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 154, p. 393-422.
351. Tollmann, A., 1977, Geologie von Osterreich. Band 1, Die Zentralalpen: Vienna, Austria, Deuticke, 766 p.
352. Tollmann, A., 1978, Plattentectonische Fragen in den Östalpen: Mitteilungen österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, v. 69 (for 1976), p. 291-351.
353. Tollmann, A., 1980, Geology and tectonics of the eastern alps (Middle Sector), Guidebook G-05 for Excursion 035A, in International Geological Congress, 26th, Paris, Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, v. 34, p. 197-255.
354. Tollmann, A., 1986, Geologie von Österreich. Band III. Gesamtübersicht: Vienna, Austria, Franz Deuticke, 718 p.
355. Trommsdorff, V., 1990, Metamorphism and tectonics in the Central Alps: The Alpine lithospheric mélange of Cima Lunga and Adula: Memoria della Società Geologia Italiana, v. 45, p. 39-49.
356. Trommsdorff, V., and Nievergelt, P., 1983, The Bregaglia (Bergell) Iorio intrusive and its field relations: Memoria della Società Geologia Italiana, v. 26, p. 55-68.
357. Trümpy, R., 1960, Paleotectonic evolution of the Central and Western Alps: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 71, p. 843-908.
358. Trümpy, R., 1973, The timing of events in the Central Alps, in de Jong, K. A., and Scholten, R., eds., Gravity and tectonics: New York, NY, John Wiley, p. 229-251.
359. Trümpy, R., 1975, Penninic-Austroalpine boundary in the Swiss Alps: A presumed former continental margin and its problems: American Journal of Science, v. 275A, p. 209-238.
360. Trümpy, R., 1980, An outline of the geology of Switzerland: Basel, Switzerland, Wepf & Co., 104 p.
361. Trümpy, R., 1982, Alpine paeogeography: A reappraisal, in Hsu, K.J., ed., Mountain building processes: London, UK, Academic Press, p. 149-156.
362. Trümpy, R., 1988, A possible Jurassic-Cretaceous transform system in the Alps and Carpathians, in Clark, S. P., Jr., Burchfiel, B. C., and Suppe, J., eds., Processes in continental lithosphere deformation. Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 218, p. 93-109.
363. Trümpy, R., 1997, Switzerland, in Moores, E. M., and Fairbridge, R. W., eds., Encyclopaedia of European and Asian Geology: London, UK, Chapman and Hall, p. 704-710.
364. Trümpy, R., 2001, Why plate tectonics was not invented in the Alps: International Journal of Earth Science, v. 90, p. 477-483.
365. Tsujimori, T., Sisson, V. B., Liou, J. G., Harlow, G. E., and Sorensen, S. S., 2006, Very-low-temperature record of the subduction process: A review of world-wide lawsonite eclogites, in Sajeev, K., and Santosh, M., eds., Extreme crustal metamorphism and related crust-mantle processes: Lithos, v. 92, nos. 3-4, p. 609-624 [doi: 10.1016/ j.lithos.2006.03.054].
366. Usui, T., Nakamura, E., Kobayashi, K., Maruyama, S., and Helmstaedt, H., 2003, Fate of the subducted Farallon plate inferred from eclogite xenoliths in the Colorado Plateau: Geology, v. 31, no. 7, p. 589-592.
367. Uyeda, S., 1983, Comparative subductology: Episodes, v. 6, no. 2, p. 19-24.
368. Uyeda, S., and Kanamori, H., 1979, Back-arc opening and the mode of subduction: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 84, p. 1049-1061.
369. Vallier, T. L., Scholl, D. W., Fischer, M. A., and Bruns, T., 1994, Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska, in Plafker, G., and Berg, H. C., eds., The geology of Alaska; The Geology of North America, (DNAG) vol. G.l: Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, p. 367-388.
370. Vialon, P., Rochette, P., and Ménard, G., 1989, Indentation and rotation in the western Alpine arc, in Coward, M. P., Dietrich, D., and Park, R. G., eds., Alpine tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 45, p. 329-338.
371. Viganò, A., Martin, S., and Ranalli, G., 2007, Shallow crustal seismicity, magnitudes and focal mechanisms in the Giudicarie belt (eastern Alps, Italy), in XXIV IUGG 2007: Perugia, Italy [http:// www.iugg2007perugia.it/webbook/], IASPEI Session SW 002 Geophysical studies of active faults. abstr. No 6525.
372. Vigny, C., Simons, W. J. F., Abu, S., Bamphenyu, R., Satirapod, C., Choosakul, N., Subarya, C., Socquet, A., Omar, K., Abidin, H. Z., and Ambrosius, B. A. C., 2005, Insight into the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia: Nature, v. 436, p. 201-206 [doi:10.1038/nature03937].
373. von Blanckenburg, F., Kagami, H., Deutsch, A., Wiedenbeck, M., Oberli, M., Meier, M., and Fischer, H., 1998, The origin of Alpine plutons along the Periadriatic Lineament: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 78, p. 55-66.
374. von Huene, R., Ranero, C. R., and Vannucchi, P., 2004, Generic model of subduction erosion: Geology, v. 32, no. 10, p. 913-916.
375. von Quadt, A., Peytcheva, I., Bolz, V., and Heinrich, C. A., 2005, Cretaceous magmatism and Cu-Au mineralization in the region of the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Sredno-gorie belt - constrains from U-Pb zircons and Re-Os molybdenite dating: Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, v. 98 (10S), p. A568.
376. Wagreich, M., 1995, Subduction tectonic erosion and Late Cretaceous subsidence along the northern Austro-alpine margin (Eastern Alps, Austria): Tectonophysics, v. 242, p. 63-78.
377. 39Ar ages from coherent, high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan Complex, California: Revisiting the timing of the world's type subduction complex: International Geology Review, v. 49, p. 873-906.
378. 39Ar dating: Terra Nova, v. 18, no. 6, p. 423-431 [doi: 10.1111 /j.1365-3121.2006.00708.x].
379. Wang, Q., Shi, Y., Lin, W., and Guo, J., 2008, Exhumation of the Dabie UHP Terrane, China: International Geology Review, v. 50, p. 15-31.
380. Wang, X., Lion, J.-G., and Mao, H. K., 1989, Coesite-bearing eclogites from the Dabie Mountains in central China: Geology, v. 17, p. 1085-1088.
381. Watson, J. V., 1984, The ending of the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 141, p. 193-214.
382. Watts, A. B., 2001, Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 458 p.
383. 39Ar thermochronology of the Sulu terrane: Late Triassic exhumation of high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks and implications for Mesozoic tectonics in East Asia, in Hacker, B. R., McClelland, W. C., and Liou, J. G., eds., Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: Deep continental subduction: Geological Society of America Special Paper 403, p. 77-92 doi: 10.1130/2006.2403(04).
384. Wenzel, F., and Sandmeier, K.-J., 1992, Geophysical evidence for fluids in the crust beneath the Black Forest, SW Germany: Earth Science Reviews, v. 32, p. 61-75.
385. Wood, B. L., and Yuen, D. A., 1983, The role of lithospheric phase transitions on seafloor flattening at old ages: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 66, p. 303-314.
386. Xu, Z., Zeng, L., Liu, F., Yang, J., Zhang, Z., McWilliams, M., and Liou, J. G., 2006, Polypbase subduction and exhumation of the Sulu high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terrane, in Hacker, B. R., McClelland, W. C., and Liou, J. G., eds., Ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: Deep continental subduction: Geological Society of America Special Paper 403, p. 93-113 [doi: 10.1130/2006.2403(05)].
387. Ye, K., Cong, B., and Ye, D., 2000, The possible subduction of continental material to depths exceeding 200 km: Nature, London, v. 407, p. 734-736.
388. Yuan, X., Sobolev, S. V., Kind, R., Oncken, O., Bock, G., Asch, G., Schorr, B., Graeber, F., Rudloff, A., Hanka, W., Wylegalla, K., Tibi, R., Haberland, C., Rietbrock, A., Giese, P., Wigger, P., Röwer, R, Zandt, G., Beck, S., Wallace, T., Pardo, M., and Comte, D., 2000, Subduction and collision processes in the Central Andes constrained by converted seismic phases: Nature, v. 408, p. 958-961.
389. Zheng, Y.-F., Zhou, J.-B., Wa, Y.-B., and Xie, Z., 2005, Low-grade metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt: A passive-margin accretionary wedge deformed during continent subduction: International Geology Review, v. 47, no. 8, p. 851-871.
390. 9Ar dating and petrological evidence: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 117, p. 175-186.