Mid-Holocene culture and climate on the northwest coast of north america

Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 491-529

  Moss, Madonna L ^a   Peteet, Dorothy M ^b   Whitlock, Cathy ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^c MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 49549099597     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088390-5.50019-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (154)

1. Ackerman R.E. Earliest stone industries on the North Pacific Coast of North America. Arctic Anthropology 1992, 29(2):18-27.
2. Ackerman R.E., Hamilton T.D., Stuckenrath R. Early culture complexes of the northern Northwest Coast. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1979, 3:195-209.
3. Ackerman R.E., Reid K.C., Gallison J.D., Roe M.E. Archaeology of Heceta Island: A survey of 16 timber units in the Tongass National Forest, southeastern Alaska. Center for Northwest Anthropology Project Report 1985, 3. Washington State University.
4. Ames K.M. The Prince Rupert Harbor sequence revisited 2004, Paper presented at the 57th, Pullman.
5. Barnosky C.W. A record of late quaternary vegetation from Davis Lake, southern Puget Lowland, Washington. Quaternary Research 1981, 16:221-239.
6. Barnosky C.W., Anderson P.M., Bartlein P.J. The northwestern U.S. during deglaciation: Vegetational history and paleoclimatic implications. North America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last Deglaciation 1987, 289-321. Geological Society of America. W.F. Ruddiman, H.E. Wright (jrJr.) (Eds.).
7. Barrie J.V., Conway K.W., Josenhans H., Clague J.J., Mathewes R.W., Fedje D.W. Late quaternary geology of Haida Gwaii and surrounding marine areas. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 7-20. UBC Press, Boulder. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
8. Barron J.A., Heusser L., Herbert T., Lyle M. High-resolution climatic evolution of coastal northern California. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1020-1034.
9. Bartlein P.J. Late-tertiary and quaternary paleoenvironments. Vegetation History 1988, 113-152. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vancouver. B. Huntley, T. Webb (Eds.).
10. Bartlein P.J., Anderson P.M., Anderson K.H., Edwards M.E., Thompson R.S., Webb R.S., Webb T., Whitlock C. Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data. Quaternary Science Reviews 1998, 17:549-585.
11. Baumgartner T.V., Ferreira D., Holmgren A., Soutar M., Salamanca L., Ortlieb D., Gutierrez R., Escribano, Mayor S. Developing a paleoclimate transect for interhemispheric comparison over the past 2000 years from high-resolution marine sites along the Eastern Pacific Margin 1998.
12. Berger A. Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climate changes. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 1978, 35:2362.
13. Briles C.E., Whitlock C., Bartlein P.J. Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Quaternary Research 2005, 64:44-56.
14. Brown K.J., Hebda R.J. Ancient fires on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: A change in causal mechanisms at about 2,000 ybp. Environmental Archeology 2002, 7:1-12.
15. Brown K.J., Hebda R.J. Coastal rainforest connections disclosed through a Late quaternary vegetation, climate, and fire history investigation from the Mountain Hemlock Zone on south. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2003, 123:247-269.
16. Brunelle A., Anderson R.S. Sedimentary charcoal as an indicator of late-Holocene drought in the Sierra Nevada and its relevance to the future. The Holocene 2003, 13:21-28.
17. Burbank D.W. A chronology of late Holocene glacier fluctuations on Mount Rainier, Washington. Arctic and Alpine Research 1981, 13:369-386.
18. Burton R.K., Snodgrass J.J., Gifford-Gonzalez D., Guilderson T., Brown T., Koch P.L. Holocene changes in the ecology of northern furs seals: Insights from stable isotopes and archaeofauna. Oecologia 2001, 128:107-115.
19. Butler V.L. Distinguishing natural from cultural salmonid deposits in Pacific northwest North America 1990, Unpublished PhD dissertation,, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Dordrecht.
20. Butler V.L., O'Connor J.E. 9000 years of salmon fishing on the Columbia River, North America. Quaternary Research 2004, 62:1-8.
21. Byram R.S. Brush fences and basket traps: The archaeology and ethnohistory of tidewater weir fishing on the Oregon Coast 2002, Unpublished PhD dissertation,, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Seattle.
22. Cannon A. The Economic Prehistory of Namu 1991, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Publication 19, Eugene.
23. Carlson C. The early component at Bear Cove. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1979, 3:177-194.
24. Carlson C.C. The Bear Cove fauna and the subsistence history of the Northwest Coast maritime culture. Archaeology of Coastal British Columbia, Essays in Honour of Professor Philip M. Hobler 2003, 65-86. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.. R.L. Carlson (Ed.).
25. Carlson R.L. Excavations at Helen Point on Mayne Island. BC Studies 1970, 6-7:113-125.
26. Carlson R.L. The 1986 excavations at the canal Site (DeRt 1 and DeRt 2) 1987, Ms. on file, Heritage Conservation Branch, Burnaby, B.C.
27. Carlson R.L. Early Namu. Early Human Occupation in British Columbia 1996, 83-102. University of British Columbia Press, Victoria. R.L. Carlson, L. Dalla Bona (Eds.).
28. Carlson R.L. Early maritime adaptations on the Northwest Coast. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1997, February 15, Seattle.
29. Carlson R.L. Coastal British Columbia in the light of North Pacific maritime adaptations. Arctic Anthropology 1998, 35(1):23-35.
30. Carlson R.L., Hobler P.M. The Pender Canal excavations and the development of Coast Salish culture. BC Studies 1993, 99:25-52.
31. Chatters J.C., Butler V.L., Scott M.J., Anderson D.M., Neitzel D.A. A paleoscience approach to estimating the effect of climatic warming on salmonid fisheries of the Columbia River Basin. Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1995, 121:489-496.
32. Chavez F.P., Ryan J., Lluch-Cota S.E., Niquen M.C. From Anchovies to Sardines and back: Multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 2003, 229:217-220.
33. Chisholm B.S., Nelson D.E., Schwarcz H.P. Marine and terrestrial protein in prehistoric diets on the British Columbia coast. Current Anthropology 1983, 24:396-398.
34. Christensen T., Stafford J. Raised beach archaeology in Northern Haida Gwaii: Preliminary results from the Cohoe Creek site. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 245-273. UBC Press, Vancouver. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
35. Clague J.J. Glacio-isostatic effects of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, British Columbia, Canada. Shorelines and Isostasy 1983, 321-346. Academic Press, Vancouver. D.E. Smith, A.G. Dawson (Eds.).
36. Clague J.J., Mathewes R.W. Early Holocene thermal maximum in western North America: New evidence from Castle Peak, BC. Geology 1989, 17:277-280.
37. Clague J.J., Mathewes R.W. Neoglaciation, glacier-dammed lakes, and vegetation change in northwestern British Columbia. Arctic and Alpine Research 1996, 28:10-24.
38. COHMAP Members Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model simulations. Science 1988, 241:1043-1052.
39. Coupland G. Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series. Prehistoric Cultural Change at Kitselas Canyon 1988, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 138, Ottawa.
40. Coupland G. Maritime adaptation and evolution of the developed Northwest Coast pattern on the central Northwest Coast. Arctic Anthropology 1998, 35(1):36-56.
41. Cressman L.S. Cultural sequence at The Dalles, Oregon: A contribution to Pacific Northwest prehistory. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1960, 50(10):1-108.
42. Crockford S.J. Archeological evidence of large Northern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in coastal waters of British Columbia and Northern Washington. Fishery Bulletin 1997, 95:11-24.
43. Cwynar L.C. Fire and the forest history of the North Cascade Range. Ecology 1987, 68:791-802.
44. Cwynar L.C. A late quaternary vegetation history from Lily Lake, Chilkat Peninsula, southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 1990, 68:1106-1112.
45. Daniels M.L., Anderson R.S., Whitlock C. Vegetation and fire history since the Late Pleistocene from the Trinity Mountains, northwestern California, USA. The Holocene 2005, 15(7):1062-1071.
46. Denton G.H., Karlen W. Holocene glacial and treeline variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon territory. Quaternary Research 1977, 7:63-111.
47. Dunwiddie P.W. A 6000-year record of forest history on Mount Rainier, Washington. Ecology 1986, 67:58-68.
48. Eldridge M., Acheson S. The antiquity of fish weirs on the Southern Coast: A response to Moss, Erlandson, and Stuckenrath. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1992, 16:112-116.
49. Erlandson J.M., Moss M.L. The systematic use of radiocarbon dating in archaeological surveys in coastal and other erosional environments. American Antiquity 1999, 64:431-443.
50. Erlandson J.M., Moss M.L. Archaeological Investigations at Kitñkaboodle Cave (49-CRG-46), Dall Island, Southeast Alaska. Paper presented at the 57th annual Northwest. Anthropological Conference 2004, Eugene, OR, March 24-27.
51. Fedje D.W., Christensen T. Modeling paleoshorelines and locating early Holocene coastal sites in Haida Gwaii. American Antiquity 1999, 64:635-652.
52. Fedje D.W., Mackie Q. Overview of cultural history. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 154-162. UBC Press, San Diego. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
53. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, UBC Press, Vancouver. F. D. W., R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
54. Fedje D.W., Christensen C., Josenhans H., McSporran J.B., Strang J. Millennial tides and shifting shores: Archaeology on a dynamic landscape. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 163-186. UBC Press, Vancouver. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
55. Fedje D.W., Mackie A.P., McSporran J.B., Wilson B. Early period archaeology in Gwaii Haanas: Results of the 1993 field programme. Early Human Occupation in British Columbia 1996, 133-150. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. R.L. Carlson, L. Dalla Bona (Eds.).
56. Fedje D.W., Mackie A.P., Wigen R.J., Mackie Q., Lake C. Kilgi Gwaay: An early maritime site in the south of Haida Gwaii. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 187-203. UBC Press, Vancouver. B.D. W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
57. Fedje D.W., Magne M.P.R., Christensen T. Test excavations at raised beach sites in southern Haida Gwaii and their significance to Northwest Coast archaeology. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 204-244. BC Press, Vancouver. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
58. Fedje D.W., Wigen R., Mackie Q., Lake C.R., Sumpter I.D. Preliminary results from investigations at Kilgii Gwaay: An early Holocene archaeological site on Ellen Island, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 2001, 25:98-120.
59. Finney B.P., Gregory-Eaves I., Sweetman J., Douglas M.S.V., Smol J. Impacts of climatic change and fishing on Pacific salmon abundance over the past 300 years. Science 2000, 290:795-799.
60. Fladmark K.R. Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series 43, Ottawa. A Paleoecological Model for Northwest Coast Prehistory 1975.
61. Fladmark K.R. An introduction to the prehistory of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1982, 6:95-156.
62. Fladmark K.R. Lawn Point and Kasta: Microblade sites on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1986, 10:37-58.
63. Gavin D.G., Brubaker L.B., Lertzman K.P. An 1800-year record of the spatial and temporal distribution of fire from the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2003, 33:573-586.
64. Gavin D.G., Hu F.S., Lertzman K.P., Corbett P. Weak climatic control of forest fire history during the late Holocene. Ecology 2006, 87:1722-1732.
65. Gedalov Z., Smith D.J. Interdecadal climate variability and regime-scale shifts in Pacific North America. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28:1515-1518.
66. Gifford-Gonzalez D., Newsome S.D., Koch P.L., Guilderson T.P., Snodgrass J.J., Burton R.K. Archaeofaunal insights on Pinniped-Human interactions in the Northeastern Pacific. In The Exploitation and Cultural Importance of Sea Mammals 2005, 19-38. Oxbow Books, Vancouver. G.G. Monks (Ed.).
67. Hallett D.J., Lepofsky D.S., Mathewes R.W., Lertzman K.P. 11,000 years of fire history and climate in the mountain hemlock rain forests of southwestern British Columbia based on sedimentary charcoal. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2003, 33:292-312.
68. Ham L.C. The Cohoe Creek site: A Late Moresby Tradition shell midden. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1990, 14:199-221.
69. Hansen B.C.S., Engstrom D.R. Vegetation history of Pleasant Island, southeastern Alaska, since 13,000 yrs BP. Quaternary Research 1996, 46:161-175.
70. Hare S.R., Francis R.C. Climate change and salmon production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1995, 121:357-372. National Research Council of Canada, Oxford, UK. R.J. Beamish (Ed.).
71. Heaton T.H., Grady F. The Late Wisconsin vertebrate history of Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. In Ice Age Faunas of North America 2003, 17-53. Indiana University Press, Ottawa. B.W. Schubert, J.I. Mead, R.W. Graham (Eds.).
72. Hebda R. British Columbia vegetation and climate history with focus on 7 ka BP. Geographie physique et Quaternaire 1995, 49:55-79.
73. Hebda R.J., Frederick S.G. History of marine resources of the Northeast Pacific since the last glaciation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series I 1990, I:319-342.
74. Hebda R.J., Mathewes R.W. Holocene history of cedar and native Indian cultures of the North American Pacific coast. Science 1984, 225:711-713.
75. Hebda R.J., Pallatt M.G., Mathewes R.W., Fedje D.W., Acheson S. Vegetation history of Anthony Island, Haida Gwaii, and its relationship to climate change and human settlement. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 59-76. UBC Press, Bloomington. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
76. Heusser C.J. Late Pleistocene Environments of North Pacific North America 1960, American Geographical Society Special Publication 35, Vancouver.
77. Heusser C.J. Quaternary paleoecology of the Pacific slope of Washington. Quaternary Research 1977, 8:282-306.
78. Heusser C.J. Vegetation history of the northwestern United States, including Alaska. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States 1983, 239-258. University of Minnesota Press, New York. S.C. Porter (Ed.).
79. Heusser C.J. Late quaternary vegetation response to climatic-glacial forcing in North Pacific America. Physical Geography 1995, 16:118-149.
80. Heusser C.J., Heusser L., Peteet D.M. Late quaternary climate changes on the American North Pacific coast. Nature 1985, 315:485-487.
81. Hibbert D.M. 1979.
82. Hodder J., Brown R., Cziesla C. The Northern Elephant Seal in Oregon: A pupping range extension and onshore occurrence. Marine Mammal Science 1998, 14:873-881.
83. Holmes C.E., Dale R.J., McMahan J.D. Archaeological Mitigation of the Thorne River Site (CRG-177), Prince of Wales Island, Alaska 1989.
84. Komar P.D. The Pacific Northwest Coast: Living with the Shores of Oregon and Washington 1997, Duke University Press, Minneapolis.
85. Kutzbach J.E., Guetter P.J. The influence of changing orbital patterns and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 1986, 43:1726-1759.
86. Kutzbach J., Gallimore R., Harrison S., Behling P., Selin R., Laarif F. Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 1998, 17:473-506.
87. Long C.J. Holocene fire and vegetation history of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene 2003.
88. Long C.J., Whitlock C. Fire and vegetation history from the coastal rain forest of the Western Oregon Coast Range. Quaternary Research 2002, 58:215-225.
89. Long C.J., Whitlock C., Bartlein P.J., Millspaugh S.H. A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study. Canadian Journal of Forestry 1998, 28:774-787.
90. Luckman B.H. The little ice age in the Canadian Rockies. Geomorphology 2000, 32:357-384.
91. Luckman B.H., Holdsworth G., Osborn G.D. Neoglacial glacier fluctuations in the Canadian Rockies. Quaternary Research 1993, 39:144-153.
92. Luckman B.H., Villalba R. Assessing the synchroneity of glacier fluctuations in the western cordillera of the Americas during the last millennium. Interhemispheric Climate Linkages 2001, 119-140. Academic Press, Durham. V. Markgraf (Ed.).
93. Lutaenko K.A. Climatic optimum during the Holocene and the distribution of warmwater mollusks in the Sea of Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1993, 102:273-281.
94. MacDonald G.F. Prehistoric art of the northern Northwest Coast. Indian Art Traditions of the Northwest Coast 1983, 99-120. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, San Diego. R.L. Carlson (Ed.).
95. MacDonald G.F., Inglis R.I. An overview of the North Coast Prehistory Project (1966-1980). BC Studies 1981, 48:37-63.
96. Mackie A., Sumpter I.D. Shoreline settlement patterns in Gwaii Haanas during the early and late Holocene. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 337-371. UBC Press, Burnaby. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
97. Mackie Q., Smith N., Steffen M., Fedje D., Wigen R., McLaren D., Mackie A. Early Holocene maritime adaptations on the Northwest Coast: The evidence from Haida Gwaii 2004, Eugene, OR, March 24-27.
98. Mann D.H. The quaternary history of the Lituya Glacial Refugium, Alaska. 1983, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Washington, Vancouver.
99. Mann D.H., Hamilton T.D. Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast. Quaternary Science Reviews 1995, 14:449-471.
100. Mann D.H., Ugolini F.C. Holocene glacial history of the Lituya District, southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1985, 22:913-928.
101. Mantua N.J., Hare S.R., Zhang Y., Wallace J.M., Francis R.C. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1997, 78:1069-1079.
102. Markgraf V., Diaz H.F. The past ENSO record: A synthesis. El Nino and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts 2000, 465-488. Cambridge University Press, Seattle. H.F. Diaz, V. Markgraf (Eds.).
103. Marlon J., Bartlein, P.J., Whitlock C. Fire-fuel-climate linkages in the northwestern USA during the Holocene. The Holocene 2006, 16(8):1059-1071.
104. Mathewes R.W. Paleobotanical evidence for climatic change in southern British Columbia during late-glacial and Holocene time. In Climatic Change in Canada 5: Critical Periods in the Quaternary Climatic History of Northwestern North America 1985, 397-422. Syllogeus 55. Canada National Museum of Natural Sciences, Cambridge, UK. C.R. Harington (Ed.).
105. Mathewes R.W., Heusser L.E. A 12,000 year palynological record of temperature and precipitation trends in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany 1981, 59:707-710.
106. Matson R.G. The Glenrose Cannery Site. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada 1976, 52. Ottawa.
107. Matson R.G., Coupland G. The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast 1995, Academic Press, Ottawa.
108. McGowan J.A., Cayan D.R., Dorman L.M. Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the Northeast Pacific. Science 1998, 281:210-217.
109. McLachlan J.S., Brubaker L.B. Local and regional vegetation change on the northeastern Olympic Peninsula during the Holocene. Canadian Journal of Botany 1995, 73:1618-1627.
110. McMillan A.D., St.D.E.Claire Tsíshaa: Archaeology and Ethnography of a Nuuchah- nulth Origin Site in Barkley Sound 2005, Archaeology Press, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, San Diego.
111. Minor R., Toepel K.A. The archaeology of the Tahkenitch Landing Site: Early prehistoric occupation on the Oregon Coast. Heritage Research Associates Report 46, Eugene, OR 1986.
112. Mobley C.M. Holocene sea levels in Southeast Alaska: Preliminary results. Arctic 1988, 41:261-266.
113. Mohr J.A., Whitlock C., Skinner C.N. Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California. The Holocene 2000, 10:587-601.
114. Moss M.L. Archaeological investigation of Cape Addington Rockshelter: Human occupation of the rugged seacoast on the outer Prince of Wales Archipelago, Alaska 2004, University of Oregon Anthropological Paper No. 63, Eugene, OR.
115. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M., Stuckenrath R. The Antiquity of Tlingit Settlement on Admiralty Island, Southeast Alaska. American Antiquity 1989, 54(3):534-543.
116. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M. Reflections on North American Pacific coast prehistory. Journal of World Prehistory 1995, 9:1-45.
117. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M. Early Holocene adaptations on the southern Northwest Coast. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1998, 20:13-25.
118. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M. A comparative chronology of Northwest Coast fishing features. Hidden Dimensions, the Cultural Significance of Wetland Archaeology 1998, 180-198. University of British Columbia Press, Occasional Paper 11, Burnaby, B.C. K. Bernick (Ed.).
119. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M. Wolf 's Lair: Middle and late Holocene wooden artifacts from a sea cave on Baker Island, Southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 2000, 24:107-128.
120. Moss M.L., Erlandson J.M., Byram R.S., Hughes R.E. The Irish Creek site: Evidence for a mid-Holocene microblade component on the northern Northwest Coast. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 1996, 20:75-92.
121. Moss M.L., Yang D.Y., Newsome S.D., Speller C.F., McKechnie I., McMillan A.D., Losey R.J., Koch P.L. Historical ecology and biogeography of North Pacific Pinnipeds: Isotopes and ancient DNA from three archaeological assemblages. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2006, 1(2):165-190.
122. Ono K.A. Effects of climate change on marine mammals in the Far North. Human Ecology and Climate Change: People and Resources of the Far North, edited by D. L. Peterson and D. R. Johnson 1995, 105-121. Taylor & Francis, Vancouver.
123. Osborn G., Luckman B.H. Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Canadian cordillera (Alberta and British Columbia). Quaternary Science Reviews 1988, 7:115-128.
124. Overpeck J.T., Whitlock C., Huntley B. Terrestrial biosphere dynamics in the climate system: Past and future. Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future 2003, 81-111. Springer, Washington, D.C. K. Alverson, R. Bradley, T. Pedersen (Eds.).
125. Pacific Northwestern Climate Impacts Group El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and the Oceans University of Washington, Seattle 1999, accessed August 10, 2006. http://www.earthscape.org/r1/jis01/jis01g.html.
126. Pellatt M.G., Mathewes R.W. Paleoecology of postglacial treeline fluctuations on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada. Ecoscience 1994, 1:71-81.
127. Pellatt M.G., Mathewes R.W. Holocene tree line and climate change on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada. Quaternary Research 1997, 48:88-99.
128. Pellatt M.G., Smith M.J., Mathewes R.W., Walker I.R., Palmer S.L. Holocene treeline and climatic change in the subalpine zone near Stoyoma Mountain, Cascade Mountains, southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2000, 32:73-83.
129. Peteet D.M. Vegetational history of the Malaspina Glacier District, Alaska. Quaternary Research 1986, 25:100-120.
130. Peteet D.M. Postglacial history of lodgepole pine near Yakutat, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 1991, 69:786-796.
131. Pratt H.L. The Charles culture of the Gulf of Georgia: A re-evaluation of the culture and its three sub-phases. M.A. thesis 1992, University of British Columbia, Berlin.
132. Ryder J.M., Thompson B. Neoglaciation in the southern coast mountains of British Columbia: chronology prior to the late Neoglacial maximum. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1986, 23:273-287.
133. Sandweiss D.H., Maasch K.A., Anderson D.G. Transitions in the Mid-Holocene. Science 1999, 283:499-500.
134. Sandweiss D.H., Maasch K.A., Chai F., Andrus C.F.T., Reitz E.J. Geoarchaeological evidence for multidecadal natural climatic variability and ancient Peruvian fisheries. Quaternary Research 2004, 61:330-334.
135. Sandweiss D.H., Richardson III J.B., Reitz E.J., Rollins H.B., Maasch K.A. Geoarchaeological evidence from Peru for a 5000 years BP onset of El Niñ o. Science 1996, 273:1531-1533.
136. Schiffer M.B. Radiocarbon dating and the "Old Wood" problem: The case of the Hohokam chronology. Journal of Archaeological Science 1986, 13:13-30.
137. Schwing F.B., Orton P., Jay D.A., Batchelder H., Rosenfeld L.K. Conference explores El Niñ relationship to the Northeast Pacific. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 1999, 80(11):122-127.
138. Sea D.S., Whitlock C. Postglacial vegetation history of the high cascade range, central Oregon. Quaternary Research 1995, 43:370-381.
139. Sirkin L., Tuthill S.J. Late Pleistocene and Holocene deglaciation and environments of the southern Chugach Mountains, Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1987, 99:376-384.
140. Smith S.J., Anderson R.S. Late Wisconsin paleoecologic record from Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California. Quaternary Research 1992, 38:91-102.
141. Stein J.K. Deciphering a Shell Midden 1992, Academic Press, Vancouver.
142. Stuiver M., Reimer P.J., Bard E., Beck J.W., Burr G.S., Hughen K.A., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Plicht J.v.d., Spurk M. INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 1998, 40:1041-1083.
143. Stuiver M., Reimer P.J., Braziunas T.F. High-precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples. Radiocarbon 1998, 40:1127-1151.
144. Swanson K., Davis S.D. Ms. on file, Tongass National Forest, Chatham Area, Sitka, AK. Archaeological investigations at Lake Eva, Baranof Island, Alaska 1983.
145. Thompson R.S., Whitlock C., Bartlein P.J., Harrison S.P., Spaulding W.G. Climatic changes in the western United States since 18,000 yr.BP. Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum 1993, 468-513. University of Minnesota Press, San Diego. H.E. Wright, J.E. Kutzbach, T. Webb, III, W.F. Ruddiman, F.A. Street-Perrott, P.J. Bartlein (Eds.).
146. Trillmich F., Ono K.A., Costa D.P., DeLong R.L., Feldkamp S.D., Francis J.M., Gentry R.L., Heath C.B., LeBoeuf B.J., Majluf P., York A.E. The effects of El Niño on pinniped populations in the Eastern Pacific. In Pinnipeds and El Ninõ: Responses to Environmental Stress 1991, 247-270. Ecological Studies 88. Springer, Minneapolis. F. Trillmich, K.A. Ono (Eds.).
147. Van Geen A., Takesue R. Past and present coastal upwelling along the western Americas. Reconstructing Ocean History: A Window into the Future 1999, 399-418. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, Berlin. F. Abrantes, A. Mix (Eds.).
148. Wainman N., Mathewes R.W. Forest history of the last 12,000 years based on plant macrofossil analysis of sediment from Marion Lake, southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany 1987, 65:2179-2187.
149. Whitlock C. Vegetation and climatic history of the Pacific Northwest during the last 20,000 years: Implications for understanding present-day biodiversity. The Northwest Environmental Journal 1992, 8:5-28.
150. Whitlock C., Grigg L.D. Paleoecological evidence of Milankovitch and Sub- Milankovitch climate variations in the western U.S. during the late Quaternary. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 1999, 112:227-241. American Geophysical Union, New York. R.S. Webb, P.U. Clark, L.D. Keigwin (Eds.).
151. Whitlock C., Brunelle A. Pollen records from northwest North America. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2007, (in press), Elsevier, Washington, D. C. S. Elias (Ed.).
152. Whitlock, C. and A. Brunelle, 2007. Pollen records from northwest North America. In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science edited by S. Elias. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (in press).
153. Wigen R.J. History of the vertebrate fauna in Haida Gwaii. Haida Gwaii: Human History and Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People 2005, 96-115. UBC Press, Amsterdam. D.W. Fedje, R.W. Mathewes (Eds.).
154. Worona M.A., Whitlock C. Late quaternary vegetation and climate history near Little Lake, central Coast Range, Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1995, 107:867-876.