Techniques for reducing anesthetic injection pain: An interdisciplinary survey of knowledge and application

Journal of the American Dental Association

Volumn 135, Issue 9, 2004, Pages 1243-1250

  Meit, Scott S ^a   Van Yasek, ^a,b   Ken Shannon, C ^a   Hickmam, David ^a   Williams, Dorian ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ADULT; ANXIETY; AWARENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; DENTIST; DRUG COST; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; INJECTION PAIN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NEEDLE; PHOBIA; PREDICTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANK SUM TEST; REVIEW; TOPICAL ANESTHESIA;

EID: 4944242336     PISSN: 00028177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0399     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Shorter E. From paralysis to fatigue: A history of psychosomatic illness in the modern era. New York: The Free Press; 1992.
2. Glassman P, Peltier B. Guidelines for the administration of local anesthesia in fearful dental patients. J Calif Dent Assoc 1995;23(9): 23-6.
3. Marks I. Blood-injury phobia: a review. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145: 1207-13.
4. Ost LG. Acquisition of blood and injection phobia and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients. Behav Res Ther 1991;29:323-32.
5. Grassick P. The fear behind the fear: a case study of apparent simple injection phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1990;21:281-7.
6. Taylor CB, Ferguson JM, Wermuth BM. Simple techniques to treat medical phobias. Postgrad Med J 1977;53(615):28-32.
7. De Jongh A, Bongaarts G, Vermeule I, Visser K, De Vos P, Makkes P. Blood-injury-injection phobia and dental phobia. Behav Res Ther 1998;36:971-82.
8. Hamilton JG. Needle phobia: a neglected diagnosis. J Fam Pract 1995;4(2)1:169-75.
9. Ost LG, Fellenius J, Sterner U. Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension-only in the treatment of blood phobia. Behav Res Ther 1991;29:561-74.
10. Camner L. Treatment of a dental patient with injection phobia. Quintessence Int 1983;14:759-60.
11. Bernstein DA, Kleinknecht RA. Multiple approaches to the reduction of dental fear. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1982;13:287-92.
12. Boggia R. Heating local anaesthetic cartridges (letter). Br Dent J 1967;122:287.
13. Courtney DJ, Agrawal S, Revington PJ. Local anaesthesia: to warm or alter the pH? A survey of current practice. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1999;44(3):167-71.
14. Whealton EG. Advances in office anesthesia. J Am Board Fam Pract 1998;11:200-6.
15. Ursell PG, Spalton DJ. The effect of solution temperature on the pain of peribulbar anesthesia. Ophthalmology 1996;103:839-41.
16. Bell RW, Butt ZA. Warming lignocaine reduces the pain of injection during peribulbar local anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:1015-7.
17. Brogan GX Jr, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC. Comparison of plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26(2):121-5.
18. Waldbillig DK, Quinn JV, Stiell IG, Wells GA. Randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing room-temperature and heated lidocaine for digital nerve block. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26:677-81.
19. Alonso PE, Perula LA, Rioja LF. Pain-temperature relation in the application of local anaesthesia. Br J Plast Surg 1993;46(1):76-8.
20. Davidson JA, Boom SJ. Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection. BMJ 1992;305:617-8.
21. Bainbridge LC. Comparison of room temperature and body temperature local anaesthetic solutions. Br J Plast Surg 1991;44(2):147-8.
22. Cragg AH, Berbaum K, Smith TP. A prospective blinded trial of warm and cold lidocaine for intradermal injection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988;150:1183-4.
23. Bloom LH, Scheie HG, Yanoff M. The warming of local anesthetic agents to decrease discomfort. Ophthalmic Surg 1984;15:603.
24. Armel HE, Horowitz M. Alkalinization of local anesthesia with sodium bicarbonate: preferred method of local anesthesia. Urology 1994;43(1):101.
25. Bancroft JW, Benenati JF, Becker GJ, Katzen BT, Zemel G. Neutralized lidocaine: use in pain reduction in local anesthesia (published erratum appears in J Vase Interv Radiol 1992;3[2]:394). J Vasc Interv Radiol 1992;3(1):107-9.
26. Bartfield JM, Homer PJ, Ford DT, Sternklar P. Buffered lidocaine as a local anesthetic: an investigation of shelf life. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21(1):16-9.
27. Bartfield JM, Ford DT, Homer PJ. Buffered versus plain lidocaine for digital nerve blocks. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:216-9.
28. Bartfield JM, Lee FS, Raccio-Robak N, Salluzzo RF, Asher SL. Topical tetracaine attenuates the pain of infiltration of buffered lidocaine. Acad Emerg Med 1996;3:1001-5.
29. Cohen EN, Levine DA, Colliss JE, Gunther RE. The role of pH in the development of tachyphylaxis to local anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 1968;29:994-1001.
30. DiFazio CA, Carron H, Grosslight KR, Moscicki JC, Bolding WR, Johns RA. Comparison of pH-adjusted lidocaine solutions for epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1986;65:760-4.
31. Eccarius SG, Gordon ME, Parelman JJ. Bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine-epinephrine-hyaluronidase for eyelid anesthesia. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1499-501.
32. Farrell HA, Waldman SR, Campbell JP, Jones RO. Duration of buffered lidocaine versus unbuffered lidocaine: a double-blind, randomized prospective study. Ear Nose Throat J 1995;74:416-8.
33. Hinshaw KD, Fiscella R, Sugar J. Preparation of pH-adjusted local anesthetics. Ophthalmic Surg 1995;26(3):194-9.
34. Martin AJ. pH-adjustment and discomfort caused by the intradermal injection of lignocaine (published erratum appears in Anaesthesia 1991;46:242). Anaesthesia 1990;45:975-8.
35. Newton CW, Mulnix N, Baer L, Bovee T. Plain and buffered lidocaine for neonatal circumcision. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:350-2.
36. Parham SM, Pasieka JL. Effect of pH modification by bicarbonate on pain after subcutaneous lidocaine injection. Can J Surg 1996;39(1): 31-5.
37. Sarvela PJ, Paloheimo MP, Nikki PH. Comparison of pH-adjusted bupivacaine 0.75% and a mixture of bupivacaine 0.75% and lidocaine 2%, both with hyaluronidase, in day-case cataract surgery under regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1994;79(1):35-9.
38. Steinbrook RA, Hughes N, Fanciullo G, Manzi D, Ferrante FM. Effects of alkalinization of lidocaine on the pain of skin infiltration and intravenous catheterization. J Clin Anesth 1993;5:456-8.
39. Stewart JH, Chinn SE, Cole GW, Klein JA. Neutralized lidocaine with epinephrine for local anesthesia - II. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990;16:842-5.
40. Richtsmeier AJ, Hatcher JW. Buffered lidocaine for skin infiltration prior to hemodialysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10(3):198-203.
41. Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S. Pain reduction in local anesthetic administration through pH buffering. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17(2):117-20.
42. Miller D. Taking the sting out of local anesthesia. Patient Care for the Nurse Practitioner March 2000: 49-57.
43. Jones JS, Plzak C, Wynn BN, Martin S. Effect of temperature and pH adjustment of bupivacaine for intradermal anesthesia. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16(2):117-20.
44. Colaric KB, Overton DT, Moore K. Pain reduction in lidocaine administration through buffering and warming. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16:353-6.
45. Mader TJ, Playe SJ, Garb JL. Reducing the pain of local anesthetic infiltration: warming and buffering have a synergistic effect. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:550-4.
46. Larson PO, Ragi G, Swandby M, Darcey B, Polzin G, Carey P. Stability of buffered lidocaine and epinephrine used for local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:411-4.
47. Li J, Brainard D. Premixed buffered lidocaine retains efficacy after prolonged room temperature storage. Am J Emerg Med 2000; 18:235-6.
48. Ong EL, Lim NL, Koay CK. Towards a pain-free venepuncture. Anaesthesia 2000;55:260-87.
49. Yuen VH, Dolman PJ. Comparison of three modified lidocaine solutions for use in eyelid anesthesia. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;15(2):143-7.
50. Martin RG, Miller JD, Cox CC 3rd, Ferrel SC, Raanan MG. Safety and efficacy of intracameral injections of unpreserved lidocaine to reduce intraocular sensation. J Cataract Refract Surg 1998;24:961-3.
51. Palmon SC, Lloyd AT, Kirsch JR. The effect of needle gauge and lidocaine pH on pain during intradermal injection. Anesth Analg 1998;86:379-81.
52. Krause M, Weindler J, Ruprecht KW. Does warming of anesthetic solutions improve analgesia and akinesia in retrobulbar anesthesia? Ophthalmology 1997;104:429-32.
53. Zehetmayer M, Rainer G, Turnheim K, Skorpik C, Menapace R. Topical anesthesia with pH-adjusted versus standard lidocaine 4% for clear corneal cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997;23:1390-3.
54. Lugo-Janer G, Padial M, Sanchez JL. Less painful alternatives for local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19:237-40.
55. Orlinsky M, Hudson C, Chan L, Deslauriers R. Pain comparison of unbuffered versus buffered lidocaine in local wound infiltration. J Emerg Med 1992;10:411-5.
56. Long CC, Motley RJ, Holt PJ. Taking the 'sting' out of local anaesthetics. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:452-5.
57. Harrison PV, Merckel J. Does lignocaine temperature alter pain perception during cutaneous local anaesthesia? (letter). Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:312.
58. Sapin P, Petrozzi R, Dehmer GJ. Reduction in injection pain using buffered lidocaine as a local anesthetic before cardiac catheterization. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991;23(2):100-2.
59. Dalton AM, Sharma A, Redwood M, Wadsworth J, Touquet R. Does the warming of local anaesthetic reduce the pain of its injection? Arch Emerg Med 1989;6:247-50.
60. Finkel LI, Berg DJ. Heating lidocaine appears to prevent painful injection (letter). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;148:651.
61. Kaplan PA, Lieberman RP, Vonk BM. Does heating lidocaine decrease the pain of injection? (letter). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149:1291.
62. Arndt KA, Burton C, Noe JM. Minimizing the pain of local anesthesia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983;72:676-9.
63. Oikarinen VJ, Ylipaavalniemi P, Evers H. Pain and temperature sensations related to local analgesia. Int J Oral Surg 1975;4(4):151-6.
64. Woodfin CB. Warming bupivacaine for intradermal anesthesia. J Fam Pract 1998;46:457.
65. Long CW. History of doctors' day. Southern Medical Association Auxiliary. Available at: "www.sma.org/auxiliary/doctorsday/crawfordwlongmd.cfm". Accessed July 19, 2004.
66. Waisel DB. The role of World War II and the European theater of operations in the development of anesthesiology as a physician specialty in the USA. Anesthesiology 2001;94(5):907-14.
67. Yagiela JA. Anesthesia and pain management. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2000;18:449-70.