A review of medication side effects and treatment adherence in bipolar disorder

Primary Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue 9, 2004, Pages 48-54

  Anderson, Tanya R ^a   Goldberg, Joseph F ^b   Harrow, Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

^b ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BUSPIRONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOZAPINE; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GRANISETRON; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; MIRTAZAPINE; NEFAZODONE; OLANZAPINE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SILDENAFIL; TOPIRAMATE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VALPROIC ACID; YOHIMBINE; ZIPRASIDONE;

ANORGASMIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DELAYED RELEASE FORMULATION; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENTERIC COATED TABLET; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; LIBIDO DISORDER; MANIA; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; METABOLIC DISORDER; NAUSEA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PARESTHESIA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RASH; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TERATOGENESIS; TREMOR; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 4944222564     PISSN: 10826319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Lingam R, Scott J. Treatment non-adherence in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;105(3):164-172.
2. Johnson RE, McFarland BH. Lithium use and discontinuation in a health maintenance organization. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(8):993-1000.
3. Brady KT. Difficulties in diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder: three case presentations. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(supp 13):32-37.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(suppl 4):1-50.
5. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc; 1990.
6. IMS America. National Disease and Therapeutic Index. Fairfield, CT: IMS Health; 1998.
7. Scott J, Pope M. Nonadherence with mood stabilizers: prevalence and predictors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(5):384-390.
8. Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, et al. Relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder: 18-month comparison of olanzapine plus mood stabiliser v. mood stabiliser alone. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:337-345.
9. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, Bourne ML, West SA. Compliance with maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(1):87-91.
10. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, et al, for the Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(5):481-489.
11. Persson G. Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977;55(3):208-213.
12. Baldessarini RJ. Lithium salts and antimanic agents. In: Baldessarini RJ. Chemotherapy in Psychiatry: Principles and Practice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1985:93-127.
13. Lenox RH, Manji HK. Lithium. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1995:303-349.
14. Arana GW, Rosenbaum JF. Mood stabilizers. In: Arana GW, Hyman SE, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:114-143.
15. Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Narendran R, et al. The adverse effect profile and efficacy of divalproex sodium compared with valproic acid: a pharmacoepidemiology study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(4):232-236.
16. Thompson NM, Yu KT, Mills SM, et al. Safety and efficacy of divalproex sodium extended-release (Depakote ER) in the pediatric neurology. Presented at: 55th Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society; November 30-December 5, 2001; Philadelphia, PA.
17. Zajecka J, Amsterdam JD, Quitkin FM, et al. Changes in adverse events reported by patients during 6 months of fluoxetine therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(6):389-394.
18. Fakhoury WK, Wright D, Wallace M. Prevalence and extent of distress of adverse effects of antipsychotics among callers to a United Kingdom National Mental Health Helpline. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(3):153-162.
19. National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States. Baltimore, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1999.
20. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(11):1686-1696.
21. Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Houck PR, Novick DM, Frank E. Obesity as a correlate of outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(1):112-117.
22. Garland EJ, Remick RA, Zis AP. Weight gain with antidepressants and lithium. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8(5):323-330.
23. Coxhead N, Silverstone T, Cookson J. Carbamazepine versus lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;85(2):114-118.
24. Hartong EG, Moleman P, Hoogduin CA, Broekman TG, Nolen WA, for the LitCar Group. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium versus carbamazepine in treatment-naive bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(2):144-151.
25. Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, et al. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(6):607-614.
26. Zajecka JM, Weisler R, Sachs G, Swann AC, Wozniak P, Sommerville KW. A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(12):1148-1155.
27. Tohen M, Ketter TA, Zarate CA, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and maintenance of remission: a 47-week study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(7):1263-1271.
28. Kinon BJ, Basson BR, Gilmore JA, Tollefson GD. Long-term olanzapine treatment: weight change and weight-related health factors in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(2):92-100.
29. Reynolds GP, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):677-679.
30. Taylor DM, McAskill R. Atypical antipsychotics and weight gain-a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;101(6):416-432.
31. Keck PE Jr, Buse JB, Dagogo-Jack JS, et al. Managing metabolic concerns in patients with severe mental illness. Postgrad Med. 2003;(spec report):1-92.
32. Keck PE Jr, Marcus R, Tourkodimitris S, et al, for the Aripiprazole Study Group. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(9):1651-1658.
33. Chengappa KNR, Levine J, Rathore D, Parepally H, Atzert R. Long-term effects of topiramate on bipolar mood instability, weight change and glycemic control: a case-series. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16(3):186-190.
34. Physicians' Desk Reference Electronic Library. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2002.
35. Kanba S, Yagi G, Kamijima K, et al. The first open study of zonisamide, a novel anticonvulsant, shows efficacy in mania. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1994;18(4):707-715.
36. Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner HR 2nd, Krishnan KR. Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1820- 1825.
37. Holt RA, Maunder EM. Is lithium-induced weight gain prevented by providing health eating advice at commencement of lithium therapy? J Hum Nutr Diet. 1996;9:127-133.
38. Ball MP, Coons VB, Buchanan RW. A program for treating olanzapine-related weight gain. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(7):967-969.
39. Littrell KH, Petty RG, Hilligoss NM, et al. Educational interventions for the management of antipsychotic-related weight gain. Presented at: 154th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 5-10, 2001; New Orleans, LA.
40. Peri MG. Maintenance effects in the long-term management of obesity. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1998;5:526-543.
41. Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999;60(4):217-234.
42. Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll BJ. Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic-depressive patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):1417- 1420.
43. Kornegay CJ, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick H. Incident diabetes associated with antipsychotic use in the United Kingdom general practice research database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(9):758-762.
44. Wirshing DA, Boyd JA, Meng LR, Ballon JS, Marder SR, Wirshing WC. The effects of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(10):856-865.
45. Jin H, Meyer JM, Jeste DV. Phenomenology of and risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with atypical antipsychotics: an analysis of 45 published cases. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002;14(1):59-64.
46. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research home page. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/approval/ index.htm. Accessed August 18, 2004.
47. Rosen RC, Lane RM, Menza M. Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: a critical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(1):67-85.
48. Murphy DL. Neuropsychiatric disorders and the multiple human brain serotonin receptor subtypesandsubsystems. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990;3(5-6):457-471.
49. Rothschild AJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: efficacy of a drug holiday. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(10):1514- 1516.
50. Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Weizman A. Cyproheptadine treatment of sexual dysfunction induced by serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995;18(4):320-324.
51. McCormick S, Olin J, Brotman AW. Reversal of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine in two patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51(9):383-384.
52. Nelson EB, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Resolution of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction with the 5-HT3 antagonist granisetron. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(11):496-497.
53. Boyce EG, Umland EM. Sildenafil citrate: a therapeutic update. Clin Ther. 2001;23(1):2-23.
54. Hollander E, McCarley A. Yohimbine treatment of sexual side effects induced by serotonin reuptake blockers. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(6):207-209.
55. Cohen AJ, Bartlik B. Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther. 1998;24(2):139-143.
56. Bartlik BD, Kaplan P, Kaplan HS. Psychostimulants apparently reverse sexual dysfunction secondary to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. J Sex Marital Ther. 1995;21(4):264-271.
57. Michelson D, Bancroft J, Targum S, Kim Y, Tepner R. Female sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant administration: a randomized, placebo-controlled study of pharmacologic intervention. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(2):239-243.
58. Landen M, Eriksson E, Agren H, Fahlen T. Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(3):268-271.
59. Masand PS, Ashton AK, Gupta S, Frank B. Sustained-release bupropion for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):805-807.
60. Kennedy SH, McCann SM, Masellis M, et al. Combining bupropion SR with venlafaxine, paroxetine, or fluoxetine: a preliminary report on pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and sexual dysfunction effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(3):181-186.
61. Clayton AH, Warnock JK, Kornstein SG, Pinkerton R, Sheldon-Keller A, McGarvey EL. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR as an antidote for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):62-67.
62. Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, et al. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(2):262-270.
63. Burdick KE, Endick CJ, Goldberg JF. Assessing cognitive deficits in mood disorders: are self-reports valid? Poster presented at: 154th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 5-10, 2001; New Orleans, LA.
64. Judd LL, Hubbard B, Janowsky DS, Huey LY, Takahashi KI. The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34(3):355-7.
65. Stoll AL, Locke CA, Vuckovic A, Mayer PV. Lithium-associated cognitive and functional deficits reduced by a switch to divalproex sodium: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(8):356-359.
66. Goldberg JF, Burdick KE. Cognitive side effects of anticonvulsants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(suppl 14):27-33.
67. Weiser M, Shneider-Beeri M, Nakash N, et al. Improvement in cognition associated with novel antipsychotic drugs: a direct drug effect or reduction of EPS? Schizophr Res. 2000;46(2-3):81-89.
68. Beuzen JN, Taylor N, Wesnes K, Wood A. A comparison of the effects of olanzapine, haloperidol and placebo on cognitive and psychomotor functions in healthy elderly volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. 1999;13(2):152-158.
69. Reinares M, Martinez-Aran A, Colom F, Benabarre A, Salamero M, Vieta E. Long-term effects of the treatment with risperidone versus conventional neuroleptics on the neuropsychological performance of euthymic bipolar patients [in Spanish]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2000;28(4):231-238.
70. Guberman AH, Besag FM, Brodie MJ, et al. Lamotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations in adults and children. Epilepsia. 1999;40(7):985-991.
71. Wong IC, Mawer GE, Sander JW. Factors influencing the incidence of lamotrigine-related skin rash. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(10):1037-1042.
72. Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, et al. Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(11):1012-1019.
73. Straussberg R, Harel L, Ben-Amitai D, Cohen D, Amir J. Carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome treated with IV steroids and IVIG. Pediatr Neurol. 2000;22(3):231-233.
74. Gelenberg AJ, Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(7):283-287.
75. Karas BJ, Wilder BJ, Hammond EJ, Bauman AW. Treatment of valproate tremors. Neurology. 1983;33(10):1380-1382.
76. Karas BJ, Wilder BJ, Hammond EJ, Bauman AW. Valproate tremors. Neurology. 1982;32(4):428-432.
77. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(11):1403-1411.
78. Altshuler LL, Post RM, Leverich GS, Mikalauskas K, Rosoff A, Ackerman L. Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(8):1130-1138.
79. Goldberg JF, Whiteside JE. The association between substance abuse and antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(9):791-795.
80. Goldberg JF, Truman CJ. Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(6):407-420.
81. Post RM, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al. Rate of switch in bipolar patients prospectively treated with second-generation antidepressants as augmentation to mood stabilizers. Bipolar Disord. 2001;3(5):259-265.
82. Post RM, Leverich GS, Nolen WA, et al, for the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. A reevaluation of the role of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression: data from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(6):396-406.
83. Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Houck P. Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(7):910-916.
84. Sachs GS, Lafer B, Stoll AL, et al. A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(9):391-393.
85. Peet M. Induction of mania with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164(4):549-550.
86. Altshuler L, Kiriakos L, Calcagno J, et al. The impact of antidepressant discontinuation versus antidepressant continuation on 1-year risk for relapse of bipolar depression: a retrospective chart review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(8):612-616.
87. Altshuler L, Suppes T, Black D, et al. Impact of antidepressant discontinuation after acute bipolar depression remission on rates of depressive relapse at 1-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(7):1252-1262.
88. Coryell W, Solomon D, Turvey C, et al. The long-term course of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(9):914-920.
89. Bottlender R, Rudolf D, Strauss A, Moller HJ. Mood-stabilisers reduce the risk of developing antidepressant-induced maniform states in acute treatment of bipolar I depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2001;63(1-3):79-83.
90. Henry C, Sorbara F, Lacoste J, Gindre C, Leboyer M. Antidepressant- induced mania in bipolar patients: identification of risk factors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(4):249-255.
91. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Ascher JA, Monaghan E, Rudd GD, for the Lamictal 602 Study Group. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(2):79-88.
92. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, et al, for the Lamictal 606 Study Group. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(4):392-400. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(7):680.
93. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, et al, for the Lamictal 606 Study Group. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(4):392-400. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(7):680.
94. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, et al, for the Lamictal 605 Study Group. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):1013-1024.
95. Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(11):1079-1088. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(2):176.
96. Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(11):1079-1088. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(2):176.
97. Ketter T, Tohen M, Vieta E, et al. Open-label maintenance treatment for bipolar depression using olanzapine for olanzapine/fluoxetine combination. Poster presented at: 6th International Society for Bipolar Disorders Conference; February 9-13, 2004; Sydney, Australia.
98. Strakowski SM, McElroy SL, Keck PE. Clinical efficacy of valproate in bipolar illness: comparisons and contrasts with lithium. In: Halbreich U, Montgomery SA, eds. Pharmacotherapy for Mood, Anxiety, and Cognitive Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000:143-157.
99. Winsberg ME, DeGolia SG, Strong CM, Ketter TA. Divalproex therapy in medication-naive and mood-stabilizer-naive bipolar II depression. J Affect Disord. 2001;67(1-3):207-212.
100. Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, Jamison K, Goodwin GM. Long-term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(2):217-222.
101. Leibenluft E. Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(2):163-173.
102. Arnold LM. Gender differences in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003;26(3):595-620.
103. Frye MA, Altshuler LL, McElroy SL, et al. Gender differences in prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of alcoholism comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(5):883-889.
104. Viguera AC, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Sex differences in response to lithium treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(9):1509-1511.
105. Isojarvi JI, Tauboll E, Pakarinen AJ, et al. Altered ovarian function and cardiovascular risk factors in valproate-treated women. Am J Med. 2001;111(4):290-296.
106. Isojarvi JI, Laatikainen TJ, Pakarinen AJ, Juntunen KT, Myllyla VV. Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(19):1383-1388.
107. Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(suppl 4):42-55.
108. Rasgon NL, Altshuler LL, Gudeman D, et al. Medication status and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(3):173-178.
109. O'Donovan C, Kusumakar V, Graves GR, Bird DC. Menstrual abnormalities and polycystic ovary syndrome in women taking valproate for bipolar mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(4):322-330.
110. McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Kennedy SH. Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(1):28-35.
111. Sabers A, Buchholt JM, Uldall P, Hansen EL. Lamotrigine plasma levels reduced by oral contraceptives. Epilepsy Res. 2001;47(1-2):151-154.
112. Sachs GS, Printz DJ, Kahn DA, Carpenter D, Docherty JP. The expert consensus guideline series: medication treatment of bipolar disorder 2000. Postgrad Med. 2000;(spec