Profile of a fishery collapse: Why mariculture failed to save the large yellow croaker

Fish and Fisheries

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 219-242

  Liu, Min ^a,b   De Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Fishery; Management; Mariculture; Restocking; Threatened species

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CATCH STATISTICS; COMMERCIAL SPECIES; ENDANGERED SPECIES; EXPLOITATION; FINFISH; FOOD SUPPLY; GENETIC RESOURCE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MARICULTURE; OVERFISHING; PERCIFORM; POLLUTION EFFECT; POPULATION DECLINE; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; SPAWNING; STOCK ASSESSMENT;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

LARIMICHTHYS CROCEA; PISCES; PSEUDOSCIAENA CROCEA;

EID: 49249132792     PISSN: 14672960     EISSN: 14672979     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00278.x     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Allee, W.C. (1931) Animal aggregation- a study in general sociology. University of Chicago Press, USA.
2. Brown, C. Day, R.L. (2002) The future of stock enhancements: lessons for hatchery practice from conservation biology. Fish and Fisheries 3, 79 94.
3. Cambray, J.A. (2000) 'Threatened fishes of the world' series, an update. Environmental Biology of Fishes 59, 353 357.
4. Cao, Q.H 1998) Study on the population of Pseudosciaena crocea on inshore of Zhanjiang. Journal of Zhanjiang Ocean University 18, 15 19 (in Chinese with English abstract).
5. Carlton, J.T., Geller, J.B., Reaka-Kudla, M.L. Norse, E.A. (1999) Historical extinction in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30, 515 538.
6. Casey, J.M. Myers, R.A. (1998) Near extinction of a large, widely distributed fish. Science 281, 690 692.
7. Chen, B.Z. Gong, Z.C 1984) Juvenile protection was an essential measure for the recovery of the large yellow croaker stock (Baofu youyu shi huifu dahuangyu ziyuan de yixian biyao cuoshi). Journal of Fisheries of Fujian 1, 17 23 (in Chinese).
8. Chen, Q.T., Zhang, X.W., Xu, G.Z. Zhen, W.J eds 1964) China economic animals: marine fish (Zhongguo jingji dongwu zhi: haichang yulei). Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
9. Chen, W.Z., Zheng, Y.Z., Chen, Y.Q. Mathews, C.P. (1997) An assessment of fishery yields from the East China Sea ecosystem. Marine Fisheries Review 59, 1 7.
10. Chu, C.Y. (1960) The yellow croaker fishery of Hong Kong and preliminary notes on the biology of Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Hong Kong University Fisheries Journal 3, 111 164.
11. Conover, D.O. Munch, S.B. (2002) Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science 297, 94 96.
12. Dulvy, N.K. Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Predicting extinction vulnerability in Skates. Conservation Biology 16, 440 450.
13. Dulvy, N.K., Sadovy, Y. Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries 4, 25 64.
14. Einum, S. Fleming, I.A. (1997) Genetic divergence and interactions in the wild among native, farmed and hybrid Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology 50, 634 651.
15. Ernande, B., Dieckmann, U. Heino, M. (2004) Adaptive changes in harvested populations: plasticity and evolution of age and size at maturation. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 271, 415 423.
16. Fang, Y.Q., Weng, Y.Z., Zhou, J., Liu, J.F., Xie, F.J. Chen, H.J 2000) Study on earlier gonadal maturation in cultured large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. I. Status of gonadal development in culture of net cages. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait 19, 354 359 (in Chinese with English abstract).
17. FAO (2004) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. FAO Fisheries Department., FAO, Rome, 153 pp.
18. FAO (2007) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department., FAO, Rome 162 pp.
19. Frank, K.T., Petrie, B., Choi, J.S. Leggett, W.C. (2005) Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308, 1621 1623.
20. Goldburg, R. Naylor, R. (2005) Future seascapes, fishing, and fish farming. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, 21 28.
21. Guangdong Province Survey Report (1995) Survey Report on Island Resources in Guangdong Province (Guangdongsheng haidao ziyuan zhonghe diaocha baogao). Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou (in Chinese).
22. Guo, W., Wang, Z.Y., Wang, Y.L., Zhang, Z.P. Gui, J.F. (2005) Isolation and characterization of six microsatellite markers in the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson). Molecular Ecology Notes 5, 369 371.
23. Hauser, L., Adcock, G.J., Smith, P.J., Bernal Ramírez, J.H. Garvalho, G.R. (2002) Loss of microsatellite diversity and low effective population size in an overexploited population of New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (18 11742 11747.
24. Hilborn, R. Walters, C.J. (1992) Quantitative fisheries stock assessment. Chapman & Hall Inc, New York, USA.
25. Hilton-Taylor, C. (2000) 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
26. Hindar, K., Ryman, N. Utter, F. (1991) Genetics effect of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 945 957.
27. Hishamunda, N. Subasinghe, R.P 2003) Aquaculture development in China: the role of public sector policies. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, FAO, No. 427. Rome, 64 pp.
28. Hong, G.C., Chen, B.Z. Zhang, D.M 1988) Survey report on the natural resource of large yellow croaker in Fujian near shore (Fujian jinghai dahuangyu zhilan ziyuan diaocha Baogao). In : Fujian Fishery Resource Survey (Fujian yuye ziyuan diaocha), pp. 37 61 (in Chinese).
29. Hong, W.S. Zhang, Q.Y. (2003) Review of captive bred species and fry production of marine fish in China. Aquaculture 227, 305 318.
30. Hu, Y.M 2006) The historical and present status of large yellow croaker in East Sea. Journal of Shaoxing University 26, 49 53 (in Chinese with English abstract).
31. Huang, B. Walters, C.J. (1983) Cohort analysis and population dynamics of large yellow croaker in the China Sea. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3, 295 305.
32. Huang, H., Lian, J.S., Wang, H.J. Chen, Y.H 2007). Coral reef and biodiversity in Xuwen (Xuwen shanhujiao jiqi shengwu duoyangxing). Ocean Press, Beijing, pp. 132 (in Chinese).
33. Huntsman, G.R. (1994) Endangered marine finfish: neglected resources or beasts of fiction? Fisheries 19, 8 15.
34. Hutchings, J.A. (2000) Collapse and recovery of marine fishes. Nature 406, 882 885.
35. Hutchings, J.A. Myers, R.A. (1994) What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 2126 2146.
36. Idyll, C.P. (1973) The anchovy crisis. Scientific American 228, 22 29.
37. Jackson, J.B.C., Kirby, M.X., Berger, W.H., Bjorndal, K.A., Botsford, L.W., Bourque, B.J., Bradbury, R.H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J.A., Hughes, T.P., Kidwell, S., Lange, C.B., Lenihan, H.S., Pandolfi, J.M., Peterson, C.H., Steneck, R.S., Tegner, M.J. Warner, R.R. (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629 638.
38. Jin, X.S. (2004) Long-term changes in fish community structure in the Bohai Sea, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 59, 163 171.
39. Jin, X.S. Tang, Q.S. (1996) Changes in fish species diversity and dominant species composition in the Yellow Sea. Fisheries Research 26, 337 352.
40. Kawasaki, T 1987) Fisheries problems in the Yellow and East China Seas. Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
41. Kime, D.E. (1995) The effects of pollution on reproduction in fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 4, 52 96.
42. Kong, X.Y 1985) A study on the growth of yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson) in Zhejiang offshore fishing ground. Donghai Marine Science 3, 56 63 (in Chinese with English abstract).
43. Kong, X.Y. Zhu, J.L 1988) Study on the change of the individual fecundity of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson) from Daijuyang, Zhejiang (Zhejiang daijuyang dahuangyu geti shengzhili biandong de yangju). Marine Fisheries 10, 198 204 (in Chinese with English abstract).
44. Kong, X.Y., Hong, G.C., Mao, X.L. Bi, C.D 1987) Section three: large yellow croaker (Dishanjie: dahuangyu). In : Fishery Resource Survey and Area Plan in the East China Sea (Donghaiqu yuye ziyuan diaocha he quihua). East China Normal University Press, Shanghai, China, pp. 318 338 (in Chinese).
45. Law, R. (2000) Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 659 668.
46. Li, M.Y., Zhang, H.Q., Xue, L.Y., Zhu, J.Q. Zhong, A.H 2003) Analysis of genetic diversity of by Pseudosciaena crocea isoenzymes and RAPD. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 10, 523 525 (in Chinese with English abstract).
47. Li, J.S., Li, S.F. Cheng, J.H 2004) Structure analysis on the utilization of trawl fishery resources on the fishing grounds of the Changjiang estuary. Marine Fisheries 26, 24 28 (in Chinese with English abstract).
48. Lian, X.C 2000) Current restocking status of the large yellow croaker in Damuyang fishing ground (Damuyang yuchang dahuangyu fangliu xianzhuang). Journal of Fisheries of China 2000, 22 23 (in Chinese).
49. Lin, D.J., Zhan, J., Zheng, Z.Y., Weng, Z.C. Shu, Y.Z 1991) Studies on the artificial propagation of the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Journal of Fujian Normal University (Natural Science) 7, 71 79 (in Chinese with English abstract).
50. Lin, D.J., Zhan, J., Luo, J., Zheng, Z.Y. Shi, X.W 1992) Studies on the gonadal development and the annual reproductive cycle of the cultured large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Journal of Fujian Normal University (Natural Science) 8, 81 87 (in Chinese with English abstract).
51. Lin, Q., Wu, J.S. Zeng, Z.N 2001) Induction of triploid in Pseudosciaena crocea by hydrostatic pressure. Marine Sciences 25, 6 9 (in Chinese with English abstract).
52. Lin, X.Q 2000) Approach on ecological environmental protection of Guanjingyang Pseudosciaena crocea breeding protectorate. Fujian Environment 17, 6 7 (in Chinese with English abstract).
53. Lin, X.Z 1987) Biological characteristics and resources status of three main commercial fishes in offshore waters of China. Journal of Fisheries of China 11, 187 194 (in Chinese with English abstract).
54. Liu, B.Q., Dong, W.Q., Wang, Y.J., Zhu, S.H. Wu, W.X 2005) Identification of germ plasm in Pseudosciaena crocea Tai-chu race by AFLP. ACTA Hydrobiologica Sinica 29, 413 416 (in Chinese with English abstract).
55. Liu, H.S ed 1988) Fujian Fishery History (Fujian yuye shi). Fujian Science & Technology Press, Fuzhou, (in Chinese).
56. Liu, J.F 2004a) A study on twice maturity characteristic of cultured large yellow croaker in one year. Journal of Jimei University (Natural Science) 9, 200 204 (in Chinese with English abstract).
57. Liu, J.F., Weng, Z.C., Tang, X.G., Guan, J.Z., Shi, X.W. Hong, G. C 1994) Tagging techniques of Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson) in Guanjingyang sea area and a preliminary study on ecological habits and characteristics of early tagged fish. Marine Sciences 5, 53 58 (in Chinese with English abstract).
58. Liu, S.L 2004b) Analysis research on developing trend and structure regulation of Chinese marine fisheries. Journal of Zhejiang Oceanography College 23, 144 148 (in Chinese with English abstract).
59. Liu, W.H. Zhan, B.Y 1999) The dynamic analysis on the fishery stocks in the East China Sea. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University 8, 19 24 (in Chinese with English abstract).
60. Liu, Z.Y. Li, Y.P 2001) Present situation of feed for Pseudosciaena crocea in Mindong and its countermeasures. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait 20 (Suppl. 180 183 (in Chinese with English abstract).
61. Lu, Z.B., Yan, Y.M. Du, Q 1998) Variation of fishery resources and estimation of suitable fishing efforts in Xiamen coastal waters. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait 17, 309 316 (in Chinese with English abstract).
62. Lu, Z.B., Dai, Q.S. Yan, Y.M 1999) The studies on the ecology of twenty species fishes in Fujian coastal waters. Journal of Fujian Fisheries 1999, 20 27 (in Chinese with English abstract).
63. Lundgren, R., Staples, D.J., Funge-Smith, S.J. Clausen, J 2006) Status and potential of fisheries and aquaculture in Asia and the Pacific. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. RAP Publication 2006/22. 62 pp.
64. Luo, B.Z., Lu, J.W., Lan, Y.L., Huang, S.F., Zhu, D.L. Kong, X.Y 1993) Population dynamics and life history patterns for main marine fishes in the coastal waters of China. Studia Marina Sinica 34, 123 137 (in Chinese with English abstract).
65. Malakoff, D. (1997) Extinction on the high seas. Science 277, 486 488.
66. Molony, B.W., Lenanton, R., Jackson, G. Norriss, J. (2003) Stock enhancement as a fisheries management tool. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13, 409 432.
67. Myers, R.A., Barrowman, N.J., Hutchings, J.A. Rosenberg, A.A. (1995) Population dynamics of exploited fish stocks at low population levels. Science 269, 1106 1108.
68. Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. Troell, M. (2000) Effect of aquaculture on wild fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017 1024.
69. Ni, H.E. Lu, J.H 2003) Present utilization situation of main fishery resources in Zhoushan fishing ground. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 14, 569 572 (in Chinese with English abstract).
70. Ni, M.L., Li, B.Q., Zhu, W., Fan, W.M. Xu, G.H. (2005) Research on whole artificial breeding technique of wild Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson) of Daiqu species off Zhoushan. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science) 24, 22 26 (in Chinese with English abstract).
71. Olsen, E.M., Heino, M., Lilly, G.R., Morgan, M. J., Brattey, J., Ernande, B. Dieckmann, U. (2004) Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod. Nature 428, 932 935.
72. Pang, L. Pauly, D. (2001) Chinese marine capture fisheries for 1950 to the late 1990s: the hopes, the plans and the data. Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Fisheries Centre Research Reports 9, 1 27.
73. Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R. Torres, F.C. (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279, 860 863.
74. Petr, T 1998) Inland fishery enhancements. Papers presented at the FAO/DFID Expert Consultation on Inland Fishery Enhancement. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 7-11 April, 1997. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 374. Rome, FAO. 463 pp.
75. Rimmer, M.A. Russell, D.J. (1998) Survival of stocked barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in a coastal river system in far northern Queensland, Australia. Bulletin of Marine Science 62, 325 335.
76. Roberts, C.M. (1997) Ecological advice for the global fisheries crisis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12, 35 38.
77. Roberts, C.M. Hawkins, J.P. (1999) Extinction risk in the sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 241 246.
78. Rolland, R.M. (2000) Ecoepidemiology of the effects of population on reproduction and survival of early life stages in teleosts. Fish and Fisheries 1, 41 72.
79. Rose, G.A. (1993) Cod spawning on a migration highway in the north-west Atlantic. Nature 366, 458 461.
80. Sadovy, Y. (1996) Reproduction of reef fishery species. In : Reef Fisheries (eds N.V.C. Polunin C.M. Roberts). Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 15 59.
81. Sadovy, Y. (2005) Trouble on the reef: the imperative for managing vulnerable and valuable fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 6, 167 185.
82. Sadovy, Y. Domeier, M. (2005) Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study. Coral Reefs 24, 254 262.
83. Shelton, P.A. Healey, B.P. (1999) Should depensation be dismissed as a possible explanation for the lack of recovery of the northern cod (Gadus morhua) stock? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 1521 1524.
84. Song, Z.W 1999) Rural aquaculture in China. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. RAP Publication 1999/22. Bangkok, Thailand.
85. Su, Y.Q., Zhang, C.L. Wang, J eds 2004) Breeding and farming of Pseudosciaena crocea. Ocean Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
86. Tian, M.C., Xu, G.Z. Yu, R.X 1962) The geographical variation of morphological characters and the problem of geographical populations in the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Studia Marina Sinica 2, 79 97 (in Chinese with English abstract).
87. Tucker J.W. Jr. Campbell, S.W. (1988) Spawning season of common snook along the east central Florida coast. Florida Science 51, 1 6.
88. Tucker J.W. Jr., Russell, D.J. Rimmer, M.A. (2002) Barramundi culture: a success story for aquaculture in Asia and Australia. World Aquaculture 33, 53 59.
89. Vincent, A.C.J. Hall, H.J. (1996) The threatened status of marine fishes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11, 360 361.
90. Walters, C. Maguire, J.J. (1996) Lessons for stock assessment from the northern cod collapse. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6, 125 137.
91. Wang, F.C., Liu, J.B., Gao, C.M. Lin, H.N eds 1995) Fujian History-Fishery History (Fujian zhi-Shuichang zhi). Fuzhou, Fangzhi Press (in Chinese).
92. Wang, J., Quan, C.G., Su, Y.Q., Ding, S.X. Zhang, W 2001a) Isoenzymes of wild and reared Pseudociaena crocea. Marine Sciences 25, 39 41 (in Chinese with English abstract).
93. Wang, J., Su, Y.Q., Quan, C.G., Ding, S.X. Zhang, W. (2001b) Genetic diversity of the wild and reared Pseudociaena crocea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 19, 152 156.
94. Wang, X.P 2000) The existing condition, problems and development strategy of Pseudociaena crocea culture industry in the eastern area of Fujian Province. Journal of Fujian Fisheries 2000, 52 7 (in Chinese with English abstract).
95. Wang, Z.Y., Wang, Y.L., Lin, L.M., Khoo, S.K. Okamoto, N 2002) Genetic polymorphisms in wild and cultured large yellow croaker Pseudociaena crocea using AFLP fingerprinting. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 9, 198 202 (in Chinese with English abstract).
96. Wang, Z.Y., Xie, F.J., Cai, M.Y., Liu, X.D. Yao, C.L 2007) Aquaculture and breeding of large yellow croaker in China. WAS Meeting Abstract 2007, No. 638. World Aquaculture Society, 26 February-02 March 2007, Texas, USA.
97. Weis, J.S. Weis, P. (1989) Effects of environmental pollutants on early fish development. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1, 45 74.
98. Wu, H.Z 1965) On the relation between sexual maturation and growth of the large yellow croaker, Pseudociaena crocea (Richardson), of Chekiang. Oecanologia et Limnologia Sinica 7, 220 234 (in Chinese with English abstract).
99. Xu, G.Z. Wu, H.Z 1962) On the peculiarities of sexual maturation of the large yellow croaker, Pseudociaena crocea (Richardson), of Chekiang. Studia Marina Sinica 2, 50 58 (in Chinese with English abstract).
100. Xu, G.Z., Luo, B.Z. Wang, K.L 1962) The geographical variation of the population structure in the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Studia Marina Sinica 2, 98 109 (in Chinese with English abstract).
101. Xu, G.Z., Zheng, W.L. Wang, Y.H 1980) A comparative study of the fecundity of two different populations of the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Studia Marina Sinica 16, 71 82 (in Chinese with English abstract).
102. Xu, G Z., Luo, B.Z. Huang, S.F. (1984a) Intraspecific variation of the length-weight relationship in the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson), during its spawning season. Studia Marina Sinica 22, 1 8 (in Chinese with English abstract).
103. Xu, G.Z., Luo, B.Z., Wu, H.Z. Huang, S.F. (1984b) The variation in growth rate of the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Studia Marina Sinica 22, 9 27 (in Chinese with English abstract).
104. Xu, H.Y. Zhou, Y.D 2003) A preliminary study on release and enhancement of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea in the north coast of Zhejiang. Marine Fisheries 25, 69 72 (in Chinese with English abstract).
105. Yang, J. M. Zheng, Y. (1962) Feeding habit and seasonal variation of the food contents of the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson), off Chekiang and Kiangsu. Studia Marina Sinica 2, 14 30 (in Chinese with English abstract).
106. Yang, Y.F., Li, C.H., Nie, X.P., Tang, D.L. Chung, I.K. (2004) Development of mariculture and its impacts in Chinese coastal waters. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14, 1 10.
107. Zhang, C.L., Liu, J. F., Li, Y.C. Chen, Z. (2002) Analysing the present condition and countermeasure of cultured large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea in Fujian Province. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University 11, 77 83 (in Chinese with English title).
108. Zhao, C.Y., Ni, Z.Q., Zhu, D.L., Hu, J.S., Tao, H.D., Zhao, L.H., Zhou, H.X. Liu, X.L. (1994) Tentative plans on the development of fishery resource enhancement and aquaculture in the East China Sea region. Marine Fisheries Research 15, 131 139 (in Chinese with English abstract).
109. Zhao, S.L., Wang, R.X. Liu, X.S. (2002) Reasons of exhaustion of resources of Pseudosciaena crocea in Zhoushan fishing ground and the measures of protection and proliferation. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Nat. Sci.) 21, 160 165 (in Chinese with English abstract).
110. Zheng, W.L. Xu, G.Z. (1962) A study of the individual fecundity of the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson), off Taichu Yang, Chekiang. Studia Marina Sinica 2, 59 78 (in Chinese with English abstract).
111. Zheng, W.L. Xu, G.Z 1964) A study of the individual fecundity of the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson), off Kuanching Yang, Fukien. Journal of Fisheries of China 1 (1-2 1 17 (in Chinese with English abstract).
112. Zhou, Y.D 2004) The retrospection and prospect of releasing and enhancement of fishery resources in Zhejiang coastal waters. Marine Fisheries 26, 131 139 (in Chinese with English abstract).
113. Zhou, Z.G. Wang, Z.N. (2004) Marine finfish aquaculture in China. Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network Magazine 2, 18 20.
114. Zhu, X.H., Wu, H.Z., Xu, F.S., Zhao, Z.J. Ye, M.Z 1994) The heterogeneity of spatiotemporal patterns of nekton community structure in the coastal waters of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. ACTA Zoologica Sinica 40, 241 252 (in Chinese with English abstract).
115. Zhuang, G.Z. Zhang, X. J 2004) Study on the sustainable development of marine fishery in Zhejiang Province. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science) 23, 149 154 (in Chinese with English abstract).