Peripheral arterial disease: Diagnosis and management

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volumn 83, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 944-950

  Arain, Faisal A ^a   Cooper Jr , Leslie T ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MACROLIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PYRROLE; RAMIPRIL; VARENICLINE;

ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ARTERY DISEASE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; ECHOGRAPHY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIMB ISCHEMIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVASCULARIZATION; RISK FACTOR; SHORT SURVEY; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 49249084280     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4065/83.8.944     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee, Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee [published correction appears in Circulation. 2007 Feb 6;115(5):e172]. Circulation. 2007 Feb 6;115(5):e69-e171. Epub 2006 Dec 28.
2. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA. 2001;286(11):1317-1324.
3. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004 Aug 10;110(6):738-743. Epub 2004 Jul 19.
4. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33(1):13-18.
5. Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(21):1608-1621.
6. Becker GJ, McClenny TE, Kovacs ME, Raabe RD, Katzen BT. The importance of increasing public and physician awareness of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(1):7-11.
7. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PWF, et al; REACH Registry Investigators. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2007;297(11):1197-1206.
8. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al; Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2004;110(6):763]. Circulation. 2004;110(2):227-239.
9. Murabito JM, Evans JC, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PWF, Kannel WB. Temporal trends in the incidence of intermittent claudication from 1950 to 1999. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 1;162(5):430-437. Epub 2005 Aug 2.
10. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(6):381-386.
11. Resnick HE, Lindsay RS, McDermott MM, et al. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;109(6):733-739.
12. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al; TASC II Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;(45)(suppl S):S5-S67.
13. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006;113(11):e463-e654.
14. Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Suckling KE, Holmes SD, Chamberlain P, Macphee CH. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase: a potential new risk factor for coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2000;150(2):413-419.
15. Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA. 2001;285(19):2481-2485.
16. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;420(6917):868-874.
17. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of Creactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1557-1565.
18. Rossi E, Biasucci LM, Citterio F, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and angina in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease: predictive role of C-reactive protein. Circulation. 2002;105(7):800-803.
19. Vidula H, Tian L, Liu K, et al. Biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis as predictors of near-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(2):85-93.
20. Vainas T, Stassen FRM, de Graaf R, et al. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(2):243-251.
21. Beckman JA, Preis O, Ridker PM, Gerhard-Herman M. Comparison of usefulness of inflammatory markers in patients with versus without peripheral arterial disease in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death). Am J Cardiol. 2005 Nov 15;96(10):1374-1378. Epub 2006 Sep 27.
22. Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;104(3):365-372.
23. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105(9):1135-1143.
24. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):20-28.
25. Olin JW, Kaufman JA, Bluemke DA, et al. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group IV: imaging. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2626- 2633.
26. White C. Clinical practice: intermittent claudication. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(12):1241-1250.
27. Schuijf JD, Bax JJ, Shaw LJ, et al. Meta-analysis of comparative diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and multislice computed tomography for noninvasive coronary angiography. Am Heart J. 2006;151(2):404-411.
28. Ouwendijk R, de Vries M, Pattynama PMT, et al. Imaging peripheral arterial disease: a randomized controlled trial comparing contrast-enhanced MR angiography and multi-detector row CT angiography. Radiology. 2005 Sep;236(3):1094-1103. Epub 2005 Jul 14.
29. Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: risk factors and incidence estimation. Radiology. 2007 Apr;243(1):148-157. Epub 2007 Jan 31.
30. Quick CR, Cotton LT. The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication. Brit J Surg. 1982;69(suppl):S24-S26.
31. Girolami B, Bernardi E, Prins MH, et al. Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(4):337-345.
32. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(9):685-691.
33. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7-22.
34. Elam MB, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB, et al; ADMIT Investigators. Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2000;284(10):1263-1270.
35. Mohler ERIII, Hiatt WR, Creager MA. Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2003 Sep 23;108(12):1481-1486. Epub 2003 Sep 2.
36. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM; PRINCE Investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA. 2001;286(1):64-70.
37. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(14):894-903.
38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) [published correction appears in Lancet. 1999;354(9178):602]. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853.
39. Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Knoke JD, Ridker PM, Fronek A. Risk factors for progression of peripheral arterial disease in large and small vessels. Circulation. 2006 Jun 6;113(22):2623-2629. Epub 2006 May 30.
40. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G; The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. [published corrections appear in N Engl J Med. 2000; 342 (18): 1376 and 2000;342(10):748]. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153.
41. Ahimastos AA, Lawler A, Reid CM, Blombery PA, Kingwell BA. Brief communication: ramipril markedly improves walking ability in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(9):660-664.
42. Radack K, Deck C. β-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(9):1769-1776.
43. Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients [published correction appears in BMJ. 2002;324(7330):141]. BMJ. 2002;324(7329):71-86.
44. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-1339.
45. Leng GC, Fowler B, Ernst E. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD000990.
46. Creasy TS, McMillan PJ, Fletcher EW, Collin J, Morris PJ. Is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty better than exercise for claudication? preliminary results from a prospective randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1990;4(2):135-140.
47. Lundgren F, Dahllof AG, Lundholm K, Schersten T, Volkmann R. Intermittent claudication - surgical reconstruction or physical training? a prospective randomized trial of treatment efficiency. Ann Surg. 1989;209(3):346-355.