DXA scanning in clinical practice

QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

Volumn 101, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 605-617

  El Maghraoui, A ^a   Roux, C ^b  

^a MILITARY HOSPITAL MOHAMMED V   (Morocco)

^b Paris Descartes University ^*  (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERAL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DENSITOMETRY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; OSTEOPENIA; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT POSITIONING; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; TREATMENT PLANNING; VERTEBRA FRACTURE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 49149116286     PISSN: 14602725     EISSN: 14602393     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcn022     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Blake GM, Fogelman I. The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Postgrad Med J 2007; 83:509-17.
2. Kanis JA. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group. Osteoporos Int 1994; 4:368-81.
3. Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, Johansson H, Johnell O, Jonsson B, et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16 581-9.
4. Writing Group for the ISCD Position Development Conference. Indications and reporting for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom 2004; 7:37-44.
5. Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Petak SM. DXA quality matters. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:388-92.
6. Hans D, Downs RW Jr, Duboeuf F, Greenspan S, Jankowski LG, Kiebzak GM, et al. Skeletal sites for osteoporosis diagnosis: The 2005 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:15-21.
7. Roux C. Densitométrie osseuse et ostéoporose. J Radiol 1998; 79:821-3.
8. Watts NB. Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int 2004; 15 847-54.
9. Blake GM, Fogelman I. DXA scanning and its interpretation in osteoporosis. Hosp Med 2003; 64:521-5.
10. Blake GM, Fogelman I. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and its clinical applications. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2002; 6:207-18.
11. Tothill P, Avenell A. Errors in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine owing to fat distribution and soft tissue thickness during weight change. Br J Radiol 1994; 67:71-5.
12. Svendsen OL, Hassager C, Skodt V, Christiansen C. Impact of soft tissue on in vivo accuracy of bone mineral measurements in the spine, hip, and forearm: A human cadaver study. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10 868-73.
13. Lee DC, Wren TAL, Gilsanz V. Correcting DXA pediatric bone mineral density measurments to account for fat inhomogeneity. [Abstract] ASBMR 2007;W514.
14. Kuiper JW, van Kuijk C, Grashuis JL, Ederveen AG, Schutte HE. Accuracy and the influence of marrow fat on quantitative CT and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the femoral neck in vitro. Osteoporos Int 1996; 6:25-30.
15. Griffith JF, Yeung DK, Antonio GE, Wong SY, Kwok TC, Woo J, et al. Vertebral marrow fat content and diffusion and perfusion indexes in women with varying bone density: MR evaluation. Radiology 2006; 241:831-8.
16. Lewiecki EM, Borges JL. Bone density testing in clinical practice. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2006; 50:586-95.
17. Price RI, Walters MJ, Retallack RW, Henderson NK, Kerr D, Henzell S, et al. Impact of the analysis of a bone density reference range on determination of the T-score. J Clin Densitom 2003; 6:51-62.
18. Baddoura R, Awada H, Okais J, Salamoun M, Ayoub G, Ziade N, et al. An audit of bone densitometry practice with reference to ISCD, IOF and NOF guidelines. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:1111-5.
19. Hillier TA, Stone KL, Bauer DC, Rizzo JH, Pedula KL, Cauley JA, et al Evaluating the value of repeat bone mineral density measurement and prediction of fractures in older women: The study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:155-60.
20. Salaffi F, Silveri F, Stancati A, Grassi W. Development and validation of the osteoporosis prescreening risk assessment (OPERA) tool to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24:203-11.
21. Cadarette SM, Jagial SB, Kreiger N, McIsaac WJ, Darlington GA, Tu JV. Development and validation of the osteoporosis risk assessment instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ 2000; 162:1289-94.
22. Gnudi S, Sitta E. Clinical risk factor evaluation to defer postmenopausal women from bone mineral density measurement: An Italian study. J Clin Densitom 2005; 8:199-205.
23. El Maghraoui A, Habbassi A, Ghazi M, Achemlal L, Mounach A, Nouijai A, et al. Validation and comparative evaluation of four osteoporosis risk indexes in Moroccan menopausal women. Arch Osteoporos 2006; 1:1-6.
24. El Maghraoui A, Guerboub AA, Mounach A, Ghozlani I, Nouijai A, Ghazi M, et al. Body mass index and gynecological factors as determinants of bone mass in healthy Moroccan women. Maturitas 2007; 56 375-82.
25. Richy F, Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Mawet A, Reginster JY. Primary prevention of osteoporosis: Mass screening scenario or prescreening with questionnaires? An economic perspective. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1955-60.
26. Ghazi M, Mounach A, Nouijai A, Ghozlani I, Bennani L, Achemlal L, et al. Performance of the osteoporosis risk assessment tool in Moroccan men. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26:2037-41.
27. Adler RA, Tran MT, Petkov VI. Performance of the osteoporosis self-assessment screening tool for osteoporosis in American men. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:723-7.
28. Leib ES, Binkley N, Bilezikian JP, Kendler DL, Lewiecki EM, Petak SM. Position development conference of the international society for clinical densitometry. Vancouver, BC, July 15-17, 2005. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:2319-21.
29. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B, De Laet C, Dawson A. Risk of hip fracture according to the World Health Organization criteria for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone 2000; 27:585-90.
30. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, de Laet C, Dawson A. The burden of osteoporotic fractures: A method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12:417-27.
31. Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 2002; 359:1929-36.
32. Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Delmas P, et al Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:1185-94.
33. Kanis JA, Seeman E, Johnell O, Rizzoli R, Delmas P. The perspective of the International Osteoporosis Foundation on the official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:456-9, discussion 579-480.
34. Arabi A, Baddoura R, Awada H, Khoury N, Haddad S, Ayoub G, et al. Discriminative ability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry site selection in identifying patients with osteoporotic fractures. Bone 2007; 40:1060-5.
35. Baim S, Wilson CR, Lewiecki EM, Luckey MM, Downs RW Jr, Lentle BC. Precision assessment and radiation safety for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: Position paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 2005; 8:371-8.
36. Lekamwasam S, Lenora RS. Effect of leg rotation on hip bone mineral density measurements. J Clin Densitom 2003;6:331-6.
37. Hamdy R, Kiebzak GM, Seier E, Watts NB. The prevalence of significant left-right differences in hip bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:1772-80.
38. El Maghraoui A. Osteoporosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 2004; 71:291-5.
39. Olenginski TP, Newman ED, Hummel JL, Hummer M. Development and evaluation of a vertebral fracture assessment program using IVA and its integration with mobile DXA. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:72-7.
40. Rea JA, Li J, Blake GM, Steiger P, Genant HK, Fogelman I. Visual assessment of vertebral deformity by X-ray absorptiometry: A highly predictive method to exclude vertebral deformity. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11:660-8.
41. Chapurlat RD, Duboeuf F, Marion-Audibert HO, Kalpakcioglu B, Mitlak BH, Delmas PD. Effectiveness of instant vertebral assessment to detect prevalent vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17 1189-95.
42. Roux C, Fechtenbaum J, Kolta S, Briot K, Girard M. Mild prevalent and incident vertebral fractures are risk factors for new fractures. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:1617-24.
43. Damiano J, Kolta S, Porcher R, Tournoux C, Dougados M, Roux C. Diagnosis of vertebral fractures by vertebral fracture assessment. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:66-71.
44. Jacobs-Kosmin D, Sandorfi N, Murray H, Abruzzo JL. Vertebral deformities identified by vertebral fracture assessment: Associations with clinical characteristics and bone mineral density. J Clin Densitom 2005; 8:267-72.
45. Duboeuf F, Bauer DC, Chapurlat RD, Dinten JM, Delmas P. Assessment of vertebral fracture using densitometric morphometry. J Clin Densitom 2005; 8:362-8.
46. Moayyeri A, Soltani A, Tabari NK, Sadatsafavi M, Hossein-Neghad A, Larijani B. Discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and hip bone densitometry. BMC Endocr Disord 2005; 5:3.
47. Woodson G. Dual X-ray absorptiometry T-score concordance and discordance between the hip and spine measurement sites. J Clin Densitom 2000; 3:319-24.
48. Faulkner KG, von Stetten E, Miller P. Discordance in patient classification using T-scores. J Clin Densitom 1999; 2 343-50.
49. O'Gradaigh D, Debiram I, Love S, Richards HK, Compston JE. A prospective study of discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and proximal femur bone densitometry. Osteoporos Int 2003; 14 13-8.
50. El Maghraoui A, Mouinga Abayi DA, Ghozlani I, Mounach A, Nouijai A, Ghazi M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and hip bone densitometry. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:271-2.
51. El Maghraoui A, Mouinga Abayi DA, Rkain H, Mounach A. Discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and hip bone densitometry. J Clin Densitom 2007; 10:153-6.
52. Blank RD, Malone DC, Christian RC, Vallarta-Ast NL, Krueger DC, Drezner MK, et al. Patient variables impact lumbar spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry precision. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:768-74.
53. Agarwal M, Camacho P. Bone densitometry. Interpretation and pitfalls. Post grad Med 2006; 119:17-23.
54. Theodorou DJ, Theodorou SJ. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in clinical practice: Application and interpretation of scans beyond the numbers. Clin Imaging 2002; 26:43-9.
55. Bolotin HH. Inaccuracies inherent in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in vivo bone mineral densitometry may flaw osteopenic/osteoporotic interpretations and mislead assessment of antiresorptive therapy effectiveness. Bone 2001; 28:548-55.
56. El Maghraoui A, Do Santos Zounon AA, Jroundi I, Nouijai A, Ghazi M, Achemlal L, et al. Reproducibility of bone mineral density measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry in daily clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:1742-8.
57. El Maghraoui A. La spondylarthrite ankylosante. Presse Med 2004; 33:1459-64.
58. El Maghraoui A, Borderie D, Cherruau B, Edouard R, Dougados M, Roux C. Osteoporosis, body composition, and bone turnover in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1999; 26:2205-9.
59. Maillefert JF, Aho LS, El Maghraoui A, Dougados M, Roux C. Changes in bone density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A two-year follow-up study. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12:605-9.
60. El Maghraoui A. L'ostéoprose cortisonique. Presse Med 2004; 33:1213-7.
61. Khan AA, Hanley DA, Bilezikian JP, Binkley N, Brown JP, Hodsman AB, et al. Standards for performing DXA in individuals with secondary causes of osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:47-57.
62. McMahon K, Nightingale J, Pocock N. Discordance in DXA male reference ranges. J Clin Densitom 2004; 7:121-6.
63. Liao EY, Wu XP, Luo XH, Zhang H, Dai RC, Huang G, et al. Establishment and evaluation of bone mineral density reference databases appropriate for diagnosis and evaluation of osteoporosis in Chinese women. J Bone Miner Metab 2003; 21:184-92.
64. Lenchik L, Kiebzak GM, Blunt BA. What is the role of serial bone mineral density measurements in patient management? J Clin Densitom 2002; 5(Suppl.):S29-38.
65. Phillipov G, Seaborn CJ, Phillips PJ. Reproducibility of DXA: Potential impact on serial measurements and misclassification of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12:49-54.
66. Maggio D, McCloskey EV, Camilli L, Cenci S, Cherubini A, Kanis JA, et al. Short-term reproducibility of proximal femur bone mineral density in the elderly. Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 63:296-9.
67. Fuleihan GE, Testa MA, Angell JE, Porrino N, Leboff MS. Reproducibility of DXA absorptiometry: A model for bone loss estimates. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:1004-14.
68. Kline GA, Hanley DA. Differences of vertebral area in serial bone density measurements: A common source of potential error in interpretation of BMD change. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:419-24.
69. Kolta S, Ravaud P, Fechtenbaum J, Dougados M, Roux C. Follow-up of individual patients on two DXA scanners of the same manufacturer. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11:709-13.
70. Roux C, Garnero P, Thomas T, Sabatier JP, Orcel P, Audran M. Recommendations for monitoring antiresorptive therapies in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 72:26-31.
71. Bennett HS, Dienstfrey A, Hudson LT, Oreskovic T, Fuerst T, Shepherd J. Standards and measurements for assessing bone health-workshop report co-sponsored by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:399-405.
72. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1:307-10.
73. Ravaud P, Reny JL, Giraudeau B, Porcher R, Dougados M, Roux C. Individual smallest detectable difference in bone mineral density measurements. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:1449-56.
74. El Maghraoui A, Achemlal L, Bezza A. Monitoring of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement in clinical practice. J Clin Densiton 2006; 9:281-6.
75. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Tylarsky FA, Bush AJ, Bauer DC, Simonsick EM, et al. Correlates of use of antifracture therapy in older women with low bone mineral density. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:636-41.
76. Bruyere O, Roux C, Detilleux J, Slosman DO, Spector TD, Fardellone P, et al. Relationship between bone mineral density changes and fracture risk reduction in patients treated with strontium ranelate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3076-81.
77. Seeman E, Compston J, Adachi J, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Non-compliance: The Achilles' heel of anti-fracture efficacy. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:711-9.
78. Delaney MF, Hurwitz S, Shaw J, LeBoff MS. Bone density changes with once weekly risedronate in postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom 2003; 6:45-50.
79. Recker RR, Kendler D, Recknor CP, Rooney TW, Lewiecki EM, Utian WH, et al. Comparative effects of raloxifene and alendronate on fracture outcomes in post-menopausal women with low bone mass. Bone 2007; 40:843-51.
80. Cummings SR. How drugs decrease fracture risk: Lessons from trials. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2002; 2:198-200.
81. Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87 1586-92.
82. Watts NB, Geusens P, Barton IP, Felsenberg D. Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: Reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2097-104.
83. Watts NB, Cooper C, Lindsay R, Eastell R, Manhart MD, Barton IP, et al. Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk associated with risedronate: Greater increases in bone mineral density do not relate to greater decreases in fracture risk. J Clin Densitom 2004; 7:255-61.