The greening of Istanbul

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 51, 2008, Pages 65-80

  Tuǧal, Cihan ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 48949096139     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (24)

1. Çaǧlar Keyder and Ayşe Öncü, 'Globalization of a Third World Metropolis: Istanbul in the 1980s', Review, Summer 1994.
2. Keyder and Öncü, 'Globalization of a Third World Metropolis', p. 409.
3. For a critique of these policies see Mike Davis, Planet of Slums, London and New York 2006, chapter 4.
4. Scott Lash and John Urry, Economies of Sign and Space, London 1994.
5. By contrast, from the 1980s migration decreased from villages in the coastal regions - Marmara, the Aegean, and to a lesser extent the Mediterranean - which managed the transition to market-oriented production, and often earned substantial revenues from tourism.
6. The figure of 1.5 million is the estimate of mainstream research institution KONDA; Kurdish nationalists give much higher numbers. The official figure of those evicted from their homes in the Kurdish regions is 400,000, while human-rights organizations give estimates ranging from 2 to 4 million.
7. By 1992, close to 60 per cent of Istanbul's buildings were squatter or legalized squatter residences: see Mustafa Sönmez, Statistical Guide to Istanbul in the 1990s, Istanbul 1994.
8. For an in-depth analysis of migration to Sultanbeyli and its social hierarchies, see Oǧuz Işik and Melih M. Pinarcioǧlu, Nöbetleşe Yoksulluk: Gecekondulaşma ve Kent Yoksullari: Sultanbeyli Örneǧi, Istanbul 2001.
9. For the best exemplars, see Mustafa Armaǧan, Şehir, ey Şehir, Istanbul 1997;
10. Turgut Cansever, Kubbeyi Yere Koymamak, Istanbul 1997;
11. and Rasim Özdenören, Kent İlişkileri, Istanbul 1998.
12. Abu-Lughod, "The Islamic City: Historic Myth, Islamic Essence and Contemporary Relevance', International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, May 1987.
13. Tanil Bora, 'Istanbul of the Conqueror, the "Alternative Global City" Dreams of Political Islam', in Keyder, ed., Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local, Oxford 1999.
14. For this populist line, see Idris Özyol, Lanetli Sinif, Istanbul 1999.
15. These views were voiced in Mustafa Kutlu, Şehir Mektuplan, Istanbul 1995;
16. and Ihsan Sezal, Şehirleşme, Istanbul 1992.
17. Alev Çinar, Modernity, Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Bodies, Places and Time, Minneapolis 2005.
18. Today, the main left-wing neighbourhoods are Gazi, Alibeyköy, Kücük Armutlu and Okmeydani, on the European side; Mustafa Kemal - known as 'May Day' - and Sarigazi on the Asian side.
19. Cihan Tuǧal, 'NATO's Islamists', NLR 44, March-April 2007.
20. Halil controlled the city for a while, after which the Sultan massacred 7,000 janissaries along with him: John Freely, Istanbul: The Imperial City, London 1998, pp. 252-53.
21. On Western impact during the Tulip Era, see Fatma Müge Göçek, East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century, New York 1987.
22. Ironically, the Tanzimat modernizers of the 1830s - in opposition to whom organized Islamism in the region first took form - had been more sensitive. In 1836 the diplomat Mustafa Reşid Paşa, later a grand vizier, emphasized the need for European expertise in the modernization of Istanbul, but added the caveat that the architects and engineers should be summoned not from France, where the buildings were 'bulky' and 'disproprotional', housing up to twenty families at a time, but from England where, 'like in Islamic countries', each family has its own house, 'shapely, unostentatious and spacious'. M. Cavid Baysun, 'Mustafa Reşid Paşa'nin Siyasi Yazilari', Tarih Dergisi vol. 11, no. 15, 1960, p. 125.
23. For a sociological analysis of Ümraniye up till 1996, see Sema Erder, Ümraniye: İstanbul'a bir Kent Kondu, Istanbul 1996.
24. For similar trends in the leftist squatter neighbourhood Gazi, see the Turkish magazine Nokta 1/5, November 30-December 6, 2006.