NATO's Islamists

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 44, 2007, Pages 5-34

  Tuǧal, Cihan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34248397243     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. The Western versions include Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East, New York 1967;
2. and Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, New York 1961.
3. See especially Simon Bromley, Rethinking Middle East Politics: State Formation and Development, Cambridge 1994;
4. Metin Heper, The State Tradition in Turkey, Beverley, Yorkshire 1985;
5. Nikki R. Keddie, 'Secularism and the State: Towards Clarity and Global Comparison', NLR I/226, November-December 1997, pp. 300-32;
6. and Şerif Mardin, 'Religion and Politics in Modern Turkey', in James Piscatori, ed., Islam in the Political Process, Cambridge 1983.
7. The Kemalist Republican People's Party (CHP) has long been the political vehicle of the dominant, statist sector of this bloc, while the more traditionalist-religious layers have been represented by a variety of different parties since the end of single-party rule in 1950: Adnan Menderes's Democratic Party in the 19505, Süleyman Demirel's Justice Party in the 19605, Turgut Özal's Motherland Party in the 1980s and 90s.
8. See Taner Akçam, From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, New York 2004.
9. Çaglar Keyder, State and Class in Turkey A Study in Capitalist Development, London 1987.
10. Dankwart Rustow, 'Turkish Democracy in Historical and Comparative Perspective', in Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin, eds., Politics in the Third Turkish Republic, Boulder, CO 1994, pp. 3-12.
11. I define Islamism as an ideology that seeks to shape the state, the economy and society along Koranic lines. Islamism should thus be contrasted to more conservative understandings of the religion, which assign it a restricted and subordinate political role while stressing pious observance.
12. In contemporary Turkey, the word milli implies both national and religious identity. Islamists utilize the ambivalence of this term to appeal to the Muslim identity of their constituency in a country where the only officially legitimate collective identity is Turkishness.
13. All Yaşar Sanbay, Turkiye'de Modernlşme, Din, ve Parti Politikasi: Milli Selâmet Partisi Ömek Olayi, Istanbul 1985.
14. Taha Parla, Türkiye'nin Siyasal Rejimi, Istanbul 1995.
15. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, New York 1971, pp. 114-20.
16. Joel Beinin, Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, Cambridge 2001.
17. For further details, see Haldun Gülalp, 'Globalization and Political Islam: The Social Bases of Turkey's Welfare Party', International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, August 2001, pp. 433-48.
18. Necmettin Erbakan, Adil Ekonomik Düzen, Ankara 1991, pp. 29, 65-66.
19. For a critical left analysis see Ayşe Bugra, 'Political Islam in Turkey in Historical Context: Strengths and Weaknesses', in Neşecan Balkan and Sungur Savran, eds., Politics of Permanent Crisis, New York 2002.
20. Refah Partisi, Adil Düzen: 21 Soru/21 Cevap, 1994, pp. 1, 23.
21. Çaǧlar Keyder, "The Turkish Bell-Jar', NLR 28, July-August 2004.
22. Alev İnan Çinar, 'Refah Party and the City Administration of Istanbul: Liberal Islam, Localism and Hybridity', New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 16, Spring 1997, pp. 23-40.
23. See Elizabeth Özdalga, 'Necmettin Erbakan: Democracy for the Sake of Power", in Metin Heper and Sabri Sayan, eds., Political Leaders and Democracy in Turkey, New York 2002.
24. For more details of EU involvement in Turkey see Keyder, "The Turkish Bell-Jar', p. 78.
25. See Müge Göçek, 'To veil or not to veil: the contested location of gender in contemporary Turkey', Interventions, vol. 1, no. 4 (1999), pp. 521-35.
26. Erdoǧan was banned from standing in the 2002 elections under a sentence handed down during the repression of 1998, for having read an (allegedly) Islamist poem to a public meeting. For all the trumpeted European opposition to the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq, this brief flare of resistance in the Meclis made Turkey the only state to have refused a material request. France opened its air space to the USAF-RAF bombers, and Germany put its field hospitals at Bush's disposal.
27. The 'caricature demonstrations' in February 2006 are an exception to this. However, it is worth noting that these protests had no national political aim, or even a palpable target, unlike the Islamist demonstrations of the 1990s.
28. The AKP government has twice banned a major strike on the grounds that it threatened national security.
29. For this specific definition, see José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, Chicago 1994.
30. The Socialist Party even circulated 'scientific' texts that proved this inferiority. Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings, 1921-1926, New York 1978, pp. 441-62.
31. Mehmet Metiner, 'Dünden Bugüne Tayyip Erdoǧan', Radikal İki, 6 July 2003.
32. Blaming the poor for their poverty is another dimension of the AKP'S Americanization, and its break from both traditional Islam, which sees poverty as fate, and Islamism, which blames the secular-capitalist system for the condition of the poor.
33. 'Ankara Warns Hamas: Renounce Violence and Negotiate', Zaman, 17 February 2006;
34. 'Hükümet Kurarken AKp'yi Örnek Aldik', Tempo, 23 March 2006.