Perspectives

Sleep Deprivation: Basic Science, Physiology and Behavior

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 1-30

  Chen, Wynne ^a   Kushida, Clete A ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 48849098665     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (165)

1. Kosik K. Beyond phrenology, at last [Opinion]. Nature Rev 2003; 4:234-239.
2. Tononi G, Cirelli C. The frontiers of sleep [Meeting Report]. TINS 1999; 22:417-418.
3. Marks G, Shaffery J, Oksenberg A, Speciale S, Roffwarg H. A functional rol for REM sleep in brain maturation. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:1-11.
4. Rechtschaffen A, Bergmann B. Sleep deprivation in the rat: an update of the 1989 paper. Sleep 2002; 25:18-24.
5. Rechtschaffen A. Current perspectives on the function of sleep. Perspect Biol Med 1998; 41:359-390.
6. Giuditta A. The Function of Sleep: Preface. Behavioural Brain Research 1995; 69:ix-x.
7. Kavanau J. Memory, sleep, and dynamic stabilization of neural circuitry: Evolutionary perspectives. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1996; 20:289-311.
8. Krueger J, Obal F, Fang J, Kubota T, Taishi P. The role of cytokines in physiologic sleep regulation. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci 2001; 933:211-221.
9. Hobson J, Pace-Schott E. The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:679-93.
10. Hobson J, Pace-Schott E. Deaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behav Brain Sci 2000; 23:793-842.
11. Peigneux P, Laureys S, Delbeuck X, Maquet P. Sleeping brain, learning brain. The role of sleep for memory systems. Neuroreport 2001; 12:A111-A124.
12. Maquet P. Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography. J Sleep Res 2000; 9:207-231.
13. Pace-Schott E, Hobson J. The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:591-605.
14. De Manaceine M. Quelques observations experimentales sur l'influence de l'insomnie absolue. Arch Ital Biol 1894; 21:322-325.
15. Patrick G, Gilbert J. On the effects of loss of sleep. Pscyhol Rev 1896; 3:469-483.
16. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 1953; 118:273-274.
17. Dement W. The effect of dream deprivation. Science 1960; 131:1705-1707.
18. Mackiewicz M, Pack A. Functional genomics of sleep. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003; 135:207-220.
19. Rechtschaffen A, Bergmann B, Gilliland M, Bauer K. Effects of Method, Duration, and Sleep Stage on Rebounds from Sleep Deprivation in the Rat. Sleep 1999; 22:11-31.
20. Mistlberger R, Bergmann B, Rechtschaffen A. Period-amplitude analysis of rat encephalogram: effects of sleep deprivation and exercise. Sleep 1987; 10:508-522.
21. Feinberg I, Campbell I. Total sleep deprivation in the rat transiently abolishes the delta amplitude response to darkness. Implications for the mechanism of the 'negative delta rebound'. J Neurophysiol 1993; 70:2695-2699.
22. Franken P, Tobler I, Borbély A. Effects of 12-h sleep deprviation and of 12-h cold exposure on sleep regualtion and cortical tempeature in the rat. Physiol Behav 1993; 54:885-894.
23. Tobler I, Franken P, Gao B, Jaggi K, Borbély A. Sleep deprivation inteh rat at different ambient termperatures: effect on sleep, EEG spectra and brain temperature. Arch Ital Biol 1994; 132:39-52.
24. Hanagasiolglu M, Borbély A. Effect of voluntary motor activity on sleep in the rat. Behav Brain Res 1982; 4:359-368.
25. Franken P, Dijk D, Tobler I, Borbély A. Sleep deprivation in the rat: effects on elecroencephalogram power spectra, vigilance states, and cortical temperature. Am J Physiol 1991a; 261:R198-208.
26. Sternthal H, Web W. Sleep deprivation of rats by punitive and nonpunitive procedures. Physiol Behav 1986; 37:249-252.
27. Rechtschaffen A, Gilliland M, Mergmann M, Winter J. Physiologic correlates of prolonged sleep deprivation in rats. Science 1983; 221:182-4.
28. Bergmann B, Kushida C, Everson A, Gilliland M, Obermeyer W, Rechtschaffen A. Sleep deprivation in the rat: II. methodology. Sleep 1989; 12:5-12.
29. Horne J. A review of the biological effects of total sleep deprivation in man. Biol Psychol 1978; 7:55-102.
30. Wilkinson R, Edwards R, Haines E. Performance following a night of reduced sleep. Psychonomic Sci 1966; 5:471-472.
31. Hobson J, Pettitt A. High incentive effects on vigilance perrformance during 72 h of total sleep deprivation. Acta Phsychol 1985; 58:123-139.
32. Sampson H. Psychological effects of deprivation of dreaming sleep. J Nerv Ment Dis 1966; 143:305-317.
33. Rechtschaffen A, Bergemann B, Everson C. Sleep deprivation in the rat, X: integration and discussion of the findings. Sleep 1989; 12:68-87.
34. Franken P. Long-term vs. short-term processes regulating REM sleep. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:17-28.
35. Borbély A, Achermann P. Concepts and models of sleep regulation: an overview. J Sleep Res 1992; 1:63-79.
36. Borbély A. A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Nurobiol 1982; 1:195-204.
37. Franken P, Chollet D, Tafti M. The homeostatic regulation of sleep need is under genetic control. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2610-2621.
38. Steriade M, McCormick D, Sejnowski T. Thalamocortical oscillations inthe sleeping and aroused brain. Science 1993; 262:679-682.
39. McCormick D, Bal T. Sleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 1997; 20:185-215.
40. Steriade M. Coherent oscillations andshort-term plasticity in corticothalamic networks. 1999 1999; Trends Neurosci.
41. Neckelmann D, Ursin D. Sleep stages and EEG power spectrum inrelation to acoustical stimulus arousal threshold in the rat. Sleep 1993; 16:467-477.
42. Borbély A, Baumann F, Brandeis D, Strauch I, Lehemann D. Sleep deprivation: effects on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 51:484-493.
43. Dijk D, Beersma D, Daan S. EEG power density during nap sleep: reflection of an hourglass measuring the duration of prior wakefulness. J Biol Rhythms 1987; 2:207-219.
44. Tobler I, Borbély A. Sleep EEG in the rat as a function of prior waking. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 64:74-76.
45. Werth E, Dijk D, Achermann P, Borbély A. Dynamics of the sleep EEG after an early evening nap: experimental data and simulations. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:R501-510.
46. Feinberg I, March J, Floyd T, Jimison R, Bossom-Demitrack L, Katz P. Homeostatic changes during post-nap sleep maintain baseline levels of delta EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985; 61:134-137.
47. Brunner D, Dijk D, Tobler I, Borbély A. Effect of partial sleep deprivation on sleep stages and EEGpower spectra: evidence for non-REMS and REMS homeostasis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 75:492-499.
48. Dijk D, Brunner D, Borbély A. EEG power density during recovery sleep in the morning. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 78:203-214.
49. Ferrara M, De Gennaro L, Curcio G, Cristiani R, Corvasce C, Bertini M. Regional Differences of the Human Sleep Electroencephalogram in Response to Selective Slow-wave Sleep Deprivation. Cerebral Cortex 2002; 12:737-748.
50. Werth E, Achermann P, Borbély A. Brain topography of the human sleep EEG: antero-posterior shifts of spectral power. Neuroreport 1996a; 8:123-127.
51. Werth E, Achermann P, Borbély A. Fronto-occipital EEG power gradients on human sleep. J Sleep Res 1997; 6:102-112.
52. Finelli L, Borbély A, Acherman P. Functional topography of the human nonREM sleep electroencephalogram. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:2282-2290.
53. Cajochen C, Foy R, Dijk D. Frontal predominance of relative increase in sleep delta and theta EEG activity after sleep loss in humans. Sleep Res Online 1999; 2:65-69.
54. Beebe D, Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model liking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:1-16.
55. Harrison Y, Horne J. The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: a review. J Exp Psychol Appl 2000; 6:236-249.
56. Balkin T, AL E. Bidirectional changes in regional cerebral blood flow across the first 20 minutes of wakefulness. Sleep Res Online [online] 1999.
57. Acherman P, Werth E, Dijk D, Borbély A. Time course of sleep inertia after nighttime and daytime sleep episodes. Arch Ital Biol 1995; 134:109-119.
58. Dijk D, Brunner D, Borbély A. Quantiative analysis of the effect of slow wave sleep deprivation during the first 3 hours of sleep on subsequent EEG power density. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1987a; 236:293-297.
59. Dijk D, Beersma D. Effects of SWS deprivation on suseqeunt EEG power density and sponttaneous sleep duration. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989; 72:312-320.
60. Beersma D, Dijk D, Blok C, Everhardus I. REMS deprivation during 5 hours leads to an immedite REMS rebound and to suppression of non-REMS intensity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 76:114-122.
61. Benington J, Woudenberg M, Heller H. REMS propensity accumulates during 2-h REMS deprivation in the rest period in rats. Neurosci Lett 1994b; 180:76-80.
62. Brunner D, Dijk D, Borbély A. Repated partial sleep deprivation progressively changes in EEG during sleep and wakefulness. Sleep 1993; 16.
63. Endo T, Schwierin B, Borbély A, Tobler I. Selective and total sleep deprivation: effect on the sleep EEG in the rat. Psychiatry 1997; 66:97-110.
64. Barbato G, Wehr T. Homeostatic regualtion of REMSin humns during extended sleep. Sleep 1998; 21:267-276.
65. Benington J, Heller H. REMS timingi is controlled homeostatically by accumulation of REMS propensity in non-REMS. Am J Physiol 1994a; 266:R1992-2000.
66. Brezinova V. Sleep cycle content and sleep cycle duration. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1974; 36:275-282.
67. Endo T, Roth C, Landolt H, et al. Effect of frequent brief awakenings from nonREMS on the nonREM-REMS cycle. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998b; 52:129-130.
68. Gaillard J, Tuglular I. Theorthodox-paradoxical sleep cyclein the rat. Experientia 1976; 32:718-719.
69. Johnson L. The REMScycleis a sleep-dependent rhythm. Sleep 1980; 2:299-307.
70. Miyasita A, Fukuda K, Inugami M. Effects of sleep interruption on REM-NREMS cycle in nocturnal human sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989; 73:107-116.
71. Moses J, Naitoh P, Johnson L. The REMS cyclein altered sleep/wake schedules. Pscyhophysiology 1978; 15:569-575.
72. Vivaldi E, Ocampo A, Wyneken U, Roncagliolo M, Zapata A. Short-term homeostasis of active sleep and the architecture of sleep in the rat. J Neurophysiol 1994; 72:1745-1755.
73. Whitehead W, Ronbinson T, Wincor M, Reschtschaffen A. The accumulation of REMS need during sleep and wakefulness. Common Behav Biol 1969; 4:195-201.
74. Mistlberger R, Bergemann B, Waldenar W, Rechtschaffen A. Recovery sleep following sleep deprivation in intacta nd suprachiasmatic nuclei lesioned rats. Sleep 1983; 6:217-233.
75. Tobler I, Borbély A, Groos G. The effect of sleep deprivation onsleep in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions. Neurosci Lett 1983; 42:49-54.
76. Trachsel L, Edgar D, Seidel W, Heller H, Dement W. Sleep homeostasis in suprachiasmatic nuclei-lesioned rats: effects of sleep deprivation and triazolam administration. Brain Res 1992; 589:253-261.
77. Dijk D, Czeisler C. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci 1995; 15:3526-3538.
78. Amici R, Zamboni G, Perez E, et al. Pattern of desynchronized sleep during depirvation and recvoery induced inthe rat by changes in ambient temperature. J Sleep Res 1994; 3:250-256.
79. Franken P, Tobler I, Borbély A. Varying photoperiod in the laboratory rat. profound effect on 24-h sleep pattern but no effect on sleep homeostasis. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:R691-701.
80. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine containing neurons in the regulation ofthe sleep waking cycle. Ergebn Physiol 1972; 64:166-307.
81. Katihama K, Valatx J. Instrumental and pharmacological paradoxical sleep deprivation in mice: strain differences. Neuropharmacology 1980; 19:529-535.
82. Parmeggiani P, Ciani T, Calasso M, Zamboni G, Perez E. Quantitative analysis of short term deprivation and recovery of desynchronized sleep in cats. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980; 50:293-302.
83. Perez E, Zamboni G, Amici R, Toni I, Parmeggiani P. Low ambient temperatures decrease the amoung of desynchronized sleep in the rat and elicits a rebound which is related to the degree of deprivation. J Sleep Res 1992; 1(Suppl 1):177.
84. Rechtschaffen A, Bergmann B. Sleep Rebounds and Their Implications for Sleep Stage Substrates: A Response to Benington and Heller. Sleep 1999; 22:1038-1043.
85. Benington J. Debating how REM sleep is regulated (and by what) [Comment]. J Sleep Res 2002; 11:29-33.
86. Benington J, Heller H. Does the function of REM sleep concern non REM sleep or waking? Prog Neurobiol 1994; 44:433-449.
87. Krueger J, Obal F. A neural group theory of sleep function. J Sleep Res 1993; 2:63-69.
88. Rechtschaffen A, Bergmann B. Sleep deprivation in the rat by the disk-over-water method. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:55-63.
89. Shaw P, Kushida C, Rechtschaffen A. Hypothermia is probably not the proximal cause of death in sleep deprived rats. Sleep Res 1993; 22:345.
90. Horne J. Sleep Function, With Particular Reference to Sleep Deprivation. Ann Clin Res 1985; 17:199-208.
91. Akerstedt T. Altered sleep/wake patterns and circadian rhythms. Acta Physiol Scand 1979; suppl:469.
92. Horne J. Human sleep and tissue restitution: some qualifications and doubts. Clin Sci 1983; 65:569-578.
93. Kant G, Genser S, Thorne D, Pfalser J, Mougey E. Effect of 72 hour sleep deprivation on urinary cortisol and indices of metabolism. Sleep 1984; 7:142-146.
94. Vondura K, Brodan V, Bass A, et al. Effects of sleep deprivation on the activity of selected metabolic enzyme in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 1981; 47:41-46.
95. Scrimshaw N, Hubicht J, Pellet P, Piche M, Cholakos B. Effects of sleep deprivaiton and reversal of diurnal activity on protein metabolism of young men. Am J Clin Nutrition 1966; 19:313-318.
96. Martin B, Gaddis G. Effects of sleep deprivation on tolerance of prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1981; 47:345-354.
97. Martin B, Gaddis G. Exercise after sleep deprivation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981; 13:220-223.
98. Horne J, Pettitt A. Sleep deprivation and the physiological response to exercise under steady-state conditions in untrained subjects. Sleep 1984; 7:168-179.
99. Martin B, Haney R. Self-selected exercise intensity is unchanged by sleep loss. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982; 49:79-86.
100. Sawka M, Gonzalez R, Pandolf K. Effects of sleep deprivation on thermoregulation during exercise. Am J Physiol 1984; 246:R72-77.
101. Benca R, Quintas J. Sleep and host defenses: a review. Sleep 1997; 20:1027-1037.
102. Brown R, Pang G, Husband A, King M. Suppression of immunity to influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract following sleep disturbance. Reg Immunol. Vol. 2, 1989:321-325.
103. Everson C. Sustained sleep deprivation impairs host defense. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:R1148-54.
104. Bergmann B, Gilliland M, Feng P. Sleep deprivation and sleep extension: are physiological effects of sleep deprivation in the rat mediated by bacterial invasion? Sleep 1996; 19:554-62.
105. Bergmann B, Rechtschaffen A, Gilliland M, Quintans J. Effect of extended sleep deprivaiton on tumor growth in rats. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:R1460-4.
106. Dinges D, Douglas S, Hamarman S. Sleep deprivation and human immune function. Adv Neuroimmunol 1995; 5:97.
107. Pollmacher T, Mullington J, Korth C, Heinz-Selch D. Influence ofhost defense activation on sleep in humans. Adv Neuroimmunology 1995; 5:155-169.
108. Buguet A, Bert J, Tapie P. Sleep-wake cycle in human African trypanosomiasis. J Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 10:190-196.
109. Ishimori K. True cause of sleep: a hypnogenic substance as evidnced in the brain of sleep-deprived animals. Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi 1909; 23:429-457.
110. Legendre R, Pieron H. Recherches sur le besoin de sommeil consecutif a une veille prlongee. Z. Allgem. Physiol 1913; 14:235-262.
111. Schoenenberger G, Maier P, Tobler H, Monnier M. A naturally occurring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits. X. Final isolation, characterization and activity test. Pflugers Arch. 1977; 369:99-109.
112. Inoue S. Sleep-promoting substnace (SPS) and physiological sleep regulation. Zool. Sci. 1993; 10:557-576.
113. Borbély A, Tobler I. Endogenous sleep-promoting substacnes and sleep regulation. Physiol Rev 1989; 69:605.
114. Oksenberg A, Shaffery J. Rapid eye movement sleep deprivaiton in kittens amplifies LGN cell-size disparity induced by monocular deprivation. Devel Brain Res 1996; 97:51-61.
115. Siegel J. The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis. Science 2001; 294:1058-63.
116. Crick F, Mitchison G. The function of dream sleep [Commentary]. Nature 1983; 304:111-114.
117. Sutherland G, McNaughton B. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10:180.
118. Pavlides C,Winson J. Influences of hippoxampal place cell firing in the awake state on the activity of these cells during subsequent sleep episodes. J Neurosci 1989; 9:2907-2918.
119. McGaugh J. Time-dependent processes in memory storage. Science 1966; 153:1351-1358.
120. Spieler D, Balota D. Psychol Aging 1996; 11:607.
121. Martasian P, Smith N, Neill S, Rieg T. Pscyhol Rep 1992; 70:339.
122. Rider R, Abdulahad D. Percept Mot Skills 1991; 73:219.
123. Gaarder K. A conceptual model of sleep. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1966; 14:253-260.
124. Feinberg I, Evarts E. Changing concepts of the function of sleep: discovery of intense brain activity during sleep calls for revision of hypotheses as to its function. Biol psychiatry 1969; 1:331-348.
125. Tulving E. Multiple memory systems and consciousness. Hum Neurobiol 1987; 6:67-80.
126. Stickgold R, James L, Hobson J. Visual discrimination learned requires sleep after training. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:1237-1238.
127. Karni A, Tanne D, Rubenstein B. Dependence on REM sleep of overnight improvement of a perceptual skill. Science 1994; 265:679-682.
128. Smith C, Rose G. Behav Brain Sci 2000; 23:1007.
129. De Koninck J, Prevost F, Lorti-Lussler M. J Sleep Res 1996; 5:16.
130. Wagner U, Gais S, Born J. Learn Mem 2001; 8:112-119.
131. Smith C, Lapp L. Sleep 1991; 14:325-330.
132. Pilhal W, Born J. Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory. J Cogn Neurosci 1997; 9:534-547.
133. Smith C. Sleep states and memory processes. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:137-145.
134. Giuditta A, Ambrosini M, Montagnese P, et al. The sequential hypothesis of the function of sleep. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:157-166.
135. Stickgold R, Whidbee D, Schirmer B, Patel V, Hobson J. Visual discrimination task improvement: a multi-step process occurring during sleep. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12:246-254.
136. Eichenbaum H. Declarative memory: insights from cognitive neurobiology. Annu Rev Psychol 1997; 48:547-572.
137. O'Keefe J, Burgess N, Donnett J. Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 353:1333-1340.
138. Clayton N, Dickinson A. Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature 1998; 395:272-274.
139. Kandel ER, Pittenger C. The past, the future and the biology of memory storage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354(1352):2027-2052.
140. VarghaKhadem F, Gadian D, Watkins K. Differential effects of early hippocampal pathlogy on episodic and semantic memory. Science 1997; 277:376-380.
141. Squire L, Knowlton B, Musen G. The structure and organization of memory. Annu Rev Psychol 1993; 44:453-495.
142. Gabrieli J. Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annu Rev Psychol 1998; 49:87-115.
143. Graybiel A. Building action repertoires: memory and learning functions of the basal ganglia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995; 5:733-741.
144. Doyon J, Laforce R, Bouchard J. Role of the striatum, cerebellum and frontal lobes in the automization of a repeated visuomotor sequence of movements. Neuropsychologia 1998; 36:625-641.
145. Morris J, Ohman A, Dolan R. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 1998; 393:467-470.
146. Wyatt R, Fram D, Kupfer D, Snyder F. Total prolonged drug-induced REM sleep suppression in anxious depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24:145-155.
147. Vertes e. The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. Behav Brain Sci 2000; 23:867-876.
148. Parent M, Habib M, Baker G. Task-dependent effects of the antidepressant/antipani drug phenelzine on memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1999; 142:280-288.
149. Georgotas A, Reisberg B, Ferris S. First results on the effects of MAO inhibition on cognitive functioning inelderly depressed patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1983; 2:249-254.
150. Siegel J, Rogawski M. A function for REM sleep: regulation of noradrenergic receptor sensitivity. Brain Res Rev 1988; 13:213-233.
151. Poe G, Nitz D, McNaughton B, Barnes C. Experience dependent phase reversal of hiippocampal neuron firing during REM sleep. Brain Res 2000; 855:176-180.
152. Louie K, Wilson M. Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron 2001; 29:145-156.
153. Datta S. Avoidance task training potentiates phasic pontine-wave density in the rat: A mechanism for sleep-dependent plasticity. J Neurosci 2000; 20:8607-8613.
154. Oniani T, Akhvlediani G. Influence of some monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the cat. Neurosci Behav Physiol 1988; 18:301-306.
155. Jouvet M. Research on the neural structures and responsible mechanisms in different phases of physiological sleep. Arch Ital Biol 1962; 100:125-206.
156. Izumi Y, Zorumski C. Norepinephrine promotes long-term potentiation in the adult rat hippocampus in vitro. Synapse 1999; 31:196-202.
157. Cirelli C, Tononi G. Gene expression in the brain across the sleep waking cycle. Brain Res 2000; 885:303-321.
158. Graves L, Pack A, Abel T. Sleep and memory: a molecular perspective. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24:237-243.
159. Kavanau J. Sleep and dynamic stabilization of neural circuitry: a reivew and synthesis. Behav Brain Res 1994; 63:111-126.
160. Benington J, Heller H. Restoration of Brain Energy Metabolism asthe Function of Sleep. Progr Neurobiology 1995; 45:347-360.
161. Mukhametov L, AL E. Interhemispheric asymmetry of hte electroencephalographic sleep patters in dolphins. Brain Res 1977; 134:581-584.
162. Oleksenko A, AL E. Unihemispheric sleep deprivation in bottlenose dolphins. J Sleep Res 1992; 1:40-44.
163. Kattler H, AL E. Effectof unilateral somatosensory stimulation proir to sleep on the sleep EEG in humans. J Sleep Res 1994; 3:159-164.
164. Drummond S, AL E. Sleep deprivation-induced reduction in cortical functional response to serial subtraction. Neuroreport 1999; 10:3745-3748.
165. Drummond S, Brown G, Gillin J, Stricker J, Wong E, Buxton R. Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation. Nature 2000; 403:655-657.