The Just Community approach to moral education: System change or individual change?

Journal of Moral Education

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 395-415

  Oser, Fritz K ^a   Althof, Wolfgang ^b   Higgins D'Alessandro, Ann ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FRIBOURG   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

^c FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 48749109995     PISSN: 03057240     EISSN: 14653877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057240802227551     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Abs, H. -J., Diedrich, M., Sickmann, H. & Klieme, E. (2007) Evaluation im BLK-Modellprogramm Demokratie lernen und leben: Skalen zur Befragung von Schüler/-innen, Lehrer/-innen und Schulleitungen. Dokumentation der Erhebungsinstrumente 2006 [Evaluation of the BLK model program, Learning and living democracy: scales for the assessment of students, teachers and school leadership teams. Documentation of assessment instruments 2006] (Frankfurt, Deutsches Institut für Internationale Pädagogische Forschung).
2. Althof, (1998) Schule als gerechte und fürsorgliche Gemeinschaft gestalten. Ideen aus einem Schulprojekt [Designing schools as just and caring communities. Ideas from a school project], Revue Interdialogos, 1(1), 41-45.
3. Althof, W. (2003) Implementing just and caring communities in elementary schools: a Deweyan perspective, in: W. Veugelers & F. K. Oser (Eds) Teaching in moral and democratic education (Bern, Peter Lang), 153-172.
4. Althof, W. & Berkowitz, M. W. (2006) Moral education and character education: their relationship and roles in citizenship education, Journal of Moral Education, 35(4), 495-518.
5. Althof, W. & Stadelmann, T. (in press) Demokratische Schulgemeinschaft [Democratic school community], in: W. Edelstein, S. Frank & A. Sliwka (Eds) Praxisbuch Demokratiepädagogik [Democracy education practice book] (Weinheim, Beltz).
6. Arnstein, S. R. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224.
7. Battistich, V. A. (2008) The Child Development Project: creating caring school communities, in: L. P. Nucci & D. Narvaez (Eds) Handbook of moral and character education (New York and London, Routledge), 328-351.
8. Battistich, V., Solomon, D., Watson, M. & Schaps, E. (1997) Caring school communities, Educational Psychologist, 32(3), 137-151.
9. Benninga, J. S., Berkowitz, M. W., Kuehn, P. & Smith, K. (2006) Character and academics: what good schools do, Phi Delta Kappan, 87(6), 448-452.
10. Biedermann, H. (2006) Junge Menschen an der Schwelle politischer Mündigkeit. Partizipation: Patentrezept politischer Identitätsfindung? [Youth at the threshold of political maturity. Participation: a patent remedy for political identity formation?] (Münster, Waxmann).
11. Biedermann, H. & Oser, F. (2006) Partizipation und Identität. Junge Menschen zwischen Gefügigkeit und Mitverantwortung [Participation and identity. Youth between sequacity and joint responsibility], in: C. Quesel & F. Oser (Eds) Die Mühen der Freiheit. Probleme und Chancen der Partizipation von Kindern und Jugendlichen [The troubles of freedom. Problems and chances of the participation of children and adolescents] (Zürich and Chur, Rüegger), 95-136.
12. Blatt, M. & Kohlberg, L. (1975) The effects of classroom moral discussion upon children's level of moral judgement, Journal of Moral Education, 4(2), 129-161.
13. Brophy, J. E. & Good, T. L. (1974) Teacher-student relationships (New York, Harper & Row).
14. Brumlik, M. (1998a) Kriminelle Sozialisation. Vorüberlegungen zu einer Entwicklungspathologie des moralischen Selbst [Criminal socialisation. Preliminary thought on a developmental pathology of the moral self], in: S. Müller & H. Peters (Eds) Kinderkriminalität. Empirische efunde, öffentliche Wahrnehmung, Lösungsvorschläge [Children's delinquency. Empirical results, public perception and suggested solutions] (Opladen, Leske + Budrich), 227-244.
15. Brumlik, M. (1998b) 'Just Community': a social-cognitive research project in the penal system, European Journal of Social Work, 1(3), 339-346.
16. Brumlik, M., Sutter, H. & Weyers, S. (2000) Rekonstruktion sozial-kognitiver und sozio-moralischer Lernprozesse im Rahmen eines demokratisch geregelten Vollzugs als 'Just Community' [Reconstruction of social-cognitive and socio-moral learning processes in the context of a democratic approach to corrections as a 'Just Community'] (Frankfurt, Abschussbericht für die [Final report for the] Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).
17. Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Fenton, E., Speicher-Dubin, B. & Lieberman, M. (1977) Secondary school moral discussion programmes led by social studies teachers, Journal of Moral Education, 6(2), 90-111.
18. Dalton, J. & Watson, M. (1997) Among friends: classroom where care and learning prevail (Oakland, CA, Developmental Studies Center).
19. Deakin Crick, R., Taylor, M., Tew, M., Samuel, E., Durant, K. & Ritchie, S. (2005) A systematic review of the impact of citizenship education on student learning and achievement, in, Research evidence in education library (London, EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education).
20. Dewey, J. (1916/1966) Democracy and education (New York, Macmillan).
21. Edelstein, W. (1996) The social construction of cognitive development, in: G. Noam & K. Fischer (Eds) Development and vulnerability in close relationships (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 91-112.
22. Edelstein, W. & Fauser, P. (2001) Gutachten zum Programm 'Demokratie lernen und leben'. Materialien zur Bildungsplanung und zur Forschungsförderung [Expertise for the program 'Learning and living democracy'. Materials for educational planning and research advancement] (Bonn, Bund-Länder-Kommission zur Bildungsplanung und Forschungsförderung).
23. Fenton, E. & Wasserman, E. (1985) A leader's guide to improving school climate through implementing the fairness committee. A manual for students and teachers (Cambridge, MA, Center for Moral Education).
24. Galbraith, R. E. & Jones, T. M. (1976) Moral reasoning. A teaching handbook to adapting Kohlberg to the classroom (Minneapolis, MI, Greenhaven Press).
25. Gasser, L. (2007) Sind die Kompetenzen die guten? Soziale, kognitive und moralische Fähigkeiten von Tätern im frühen Grundschulalter [Are competences good? Social, cognitive and moral skills of elementary school aged culprits] (Bern, Selbstverlag).
26. Higgins, A. (1991) The Just Community approach to moral education: evolution of the idea and recent findings, in: W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gerwitz (Eds) Handbook of moral behavior and development. Vol. 3: Application (Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum), 111-141.
27. Higgins-D'Alessandro, A. (2002) The necessity of adult (teacher) development, in: A. Higgins-D'Alessandro & K. B. Jankowski (Eds). Science for society: informing policy and practice through research in developmental psychology, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 98, 78-89.
28. Higgins-D'Alessandro, A., Choe, J., Guo, P. & Elgendy, S. (2008) Final report: evaluation of the Syracuse city school district partnership in character education project (Community of Caring program) for school reform and student improvement (Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug-free Schools, Office of Character and Civic Education).
29. Higgins-D'Alessandro, A. & Power, F. C. (2005) Character, responsibility and the moral self, in: D. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds) Character psychology and character education (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press), 101-120.
30. Higgins-D'Alessandro, A. & Devyani, S. (1997) The dimensions and measurement of school culture: understanding school culture as the basis for school reform, International Journal of Educational Research, 27(7), 553-642.
31. Hotz, H. -P. (1997) Auf dem Weg zur 'guten' Schule: 'Just Community' und Schulentwicklung [On the way to a 'good' school. 'Just Community' and school development]. Unpublished masters thesis. University of Fribourg.
32. Huntington, S. P. (2004) Who are we? The challenge to America's national identity (New York, Simon & Schuster).
33. Jennings, W. S. & Kohlberg, L. (1983) Effects of a Just Community programme on the moral development of youthful offenders, Journal of Moral Education, 12(1), 33-50.
34. Kerr, D. (2007) Citizenship education longitudinal study - making citizenship education real: school approaches to the implementation of citizenship education in England, in: H. Biedermann, F. Oser & C. Quesel (Eds) Vom Gelingen und Scheitern Politischer Bildung. Studien und Entwürfe [On the success and failure of political education. studies and concepts] (Zürich and Chur, Rüegger), 141-162.
35. Kohlberg, L. (1971) Stages of moral development as a basis for moral education, in: C. Beck, B. S. Crittenden & E. V. Sullivan (Eds) Moral education: interdisciplinary approaches (Toronto, University of Toronto Press), 15-98.
36. Kohlberg, L. (1980) High school democracy and educating for a just society, in: R. Mosher (Ed.) Moral education: a first generation of research and development (New York, Praeger), 20-57.
37. Kohlberg, L. (1985) The Just Community approach to moral education in theory and practice, in: M. Berkowitz & F. K. Oser (Eds) Moral education: theory and practice (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum), 27-88.
38. Kohlberg, L. & Hersh, R. H. (1977) Moral development: a review of the theory, Theory Into Practice, 16(2), 53-59.
39. Kohlberg, L. & Higgins, A. (1987) School democracy and social interaction, in: W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds) Moral development through social interaction (New York, Wiley), 102-130.
40. Kohn, A. (1997) How not to teach values: a critical look at character education, Phi Delta Kappan, 78(6), 429-439.
41. Korczak, L. (1991) When I am little again, and the child's right to respect (Lanham, MD, University Press of America).
42. Lickona, T. & Davidson, M. (2005) Smart and good high schools: integrating excellence and ethics for success in school, work, and beyond (Cortland, NY, Center for the 4th and 5th Rs [Respect & Responsibility]) (Washington, DC, Character Education Partnership).
43. Lind, G. (1987) Ansätze und Ergebnisse der 'Just-Community schule' [Approaches to and results of the 'Just Community school'], Die Deutsche Schule, 79(1), 13-27.
44. Lind, G. (1993) Demokratie und Erziehung in der Schule: Ausgangslage und Ziele des DESProjekts in Nordrhein-Westfalen [Democracy and education in schools: initial status and goals of the DES project in North Rhine-Westfalia], in: U. Steffens & T. Bargel (Eds) Erziehung und demokratie in der schule. konzepte und erfahrungen zum ansatz von Kohlberg und Oser. Beiträge aus dem arbeitskreis 'qualität von schule' [Education and democray in schools. Concepts and experiences regarding the approach of Kohlberg and Oser. Contributions from the study-group 'quality of schools'] (No.7) (Wiesbaden und Konstanz, Hessisches Institut für Bildungsplanung und Schulentwicklung), 19-26.
45. Lind, G. (2003) Moral ist lehrbar: Handbuch zur Theorie und Praxis moralischer und demokratischer Bildung [Morality can be taught: handbook of theory and practice of moral and democratic education] (München, Oldenbourg).
46. Lind, G. & Althof, W. (1992) Does the just community experience make a difference? Measuring and evaluating the effect of the DES project, Moral Education Forum, 17(2), 19-28.
47. Lind, G. & Raschert, J. (Eds) (1987) Moralische Urteilsfä higkeit: eine Auseinandersetzung mit Lawrence Kohlberg [Moral reasoning competence: a debate with Lawrence Kohlberg] (Weinheim and Basel, Beltz).
48. Luterbacher, M. (2005) Schüler lernen streiten: Die Wirksamkeit einer Streitschlichter-Ausbildung bei Primarschulkindern [Students learn to quarrel: the effectiveness of a mediator training with elementary school children]. Unpublished masters thesis. University of Fribourg.
49. Müller, A. W. (1995) Demokratie - ein pädagogischer Leitbegriff? [Democracy - a main term in education?], in: L. Koch, W. Marotzki & H. Peukert (Eds) Erziehung und demokratie [Education and democracy] (Weinheim, Beltz), 123-168.
50. Oser, F. K. (1986) Moral education and values education: the discourse perspective, in: M. C. Wittrock (Ed.) Handbook of research on teaching (3rd edn) (New York, Macmillan), 917-941.
51. Oser, F. (1988) Die gerechte Gemeinschaft und die Demokratisierung der Schulwelt: der Kohlbergansatz, eine Herausforderung für die Erziehung [The just community and democratisation of the school environment: the Kohlberg appraoch, a challenge to education], Vierteljahrsschrift für Wissenschaftliche Pädagogik, 64(1), 59-79.
52. Oser, F. (1992) Morality in professional action: a discourse approach to teaching, in: F. Oser, A. Dick & J. -L. Patry (Eds) Effective and responsible teaching: the new synthesis (San Francisco, Jossey-Bass), 109-125.
53. Oser, F. K. (1994) Moral perspectives on teaching, in: L. Darling-Hammond (Ed.) Review of research on teaching (vol. 20) (Washington, DC, American Educational Research Association), 57-127.
54. Oser, F. (1999) Grundsätze einer umfassenden Moralerziehung: Der vergessene Orestes-effekt [Principles of comprehensive moral education: the neglected Orestes effect], in: G. Pollak & R. Prim (Eds) Erziehungswissenschaft und Pädagogik zwischen kritischer reflexion und dienstleistung. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Helmut Heid [Educational science and pedagogy between critical reflection and public service. Festschrift for Helmut Heid on his 65th birthday] (Weinheim, Deutscher Studien Verlag), 350-365.
55. Oser, F. & Althof, W. (1992) Moralische Selbstbestimmung: Modelle der Entwicklung und Erziehung im Wertebereich [Moral self-determination: models of development and education in the values domain] (Stuttgart, Klett-Cotta).
56. Oser, F. & Althof, W. (1993) Trust in advance: on the professional morality of teachers, Journal of Moral Education, 22(3), 253-275.
57. Oser, F. & Althof, W. (2001) Die Gerechte Schulgemeinschaft: Lernen durch Gestaltung des Schullebens [The Just Community school: learning through forming the life of schools], in: W. Edelstein, F. Oser & P. Schuster (Eds) Moralische erziehung in der schule: entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische praxis [Moral education in schools: developmental psychology and educational practice] (Weinheim, Beltz), 233-268.
58. Oser, F. & Biedermann, H. (2003) Jugend ohne Politik. Ergebnisse der IEA Studie zu politischem Wissen, Demokratieverständnis und gesellschaftlichem Engagement von Jugendlichen in der Schweiz im Vergleich mit 27 anderen Ländern [Youth without politics. Results of the IEA study of political knowledge, democracy conceptions and societal commitment of adolescents in Switzerland, as compared to 27 other countries] (Zürich and Chur, Rüegger).
59. Oser, F. K. & Renold, U. (2006) Modeling teacher competencies: identifying and measuring standards, in: F. K. Oser, F. Achtenhagen & U. Renold (Eds) Competence-oriented teacher training (Rotterdam, Sense Publishers), 23-48.
60. Power, F. C. (1979) The moral atmosphere of a Just Community high school: a four-year longitudinal study Doctoral dissertation. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
61. Power, F. C. (1981) Moral education through the development of the moral atmosphere of the school, Journal of Educational Thought, 15(1), 4-19.
62. Power, F. C., Higgins, A. & Kohlberg, L. (1989) Lawrence Kohlberg's approach to moral education (New York, Columbia University Press).
63. Putnam, R. D. (2000) Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community (New York, Touchstone Books/Simon & Schuster).
64. Reichenbach, R. (2001) Demokratisches Selbst und dilettantisches Subjekt: Demokratische Bildung und Erziehung in der Spätmoderne [Democratic self and dilettante subject. Democratic education in late modernity] (Münster, Waxmann).
65. Rosenthal, R. & Jacobson, L. (1968) Pygmalion in the classroom: teacher expectation and pupils' intellectual development (New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
66. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002) Authentic happiness. Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment (New York, The Free Press).
67. Sennett, R. (2002) Respect in a world of unequality (New York, WW Norton).
68. Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H. & Schulz, W. (2001) Citizenship and education in twenty-eight countries: civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen (Amsterdam, The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement).
69. Walker, T. (2002) Service as a pathway to political participation: what research tells us, Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 183-188.
70. Watson, M. & Battistich, V. (2006) Building and sustaining caring communities, in: C. M. Evertson & C. S. Weinstein (Eds) Handbook of classroom management. Research, practice and contemporary issues (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 253-279.
71. Watson, M., Battistich, V. & Solomon, D. (1997) Enhancing students' social and ethical development in schools: an intervention program and its effects, International Journal of Educational Research, 27(7), 571-586.
72. Weyers, S. (2002) Delinquenz, soziale Herkunft, Bildung und Moral: Eine Studie zur moralischen Entwicklung straffälliger Jugendlicher [Delinquency, social background, education and morality: a study of the moral development of delinquent youth], Neue Praxis, 32(6), 532-556.
73. Youniss, J., Bales, S., Christmas-Best, V., Diversi, M., McLaughlin, M. & Silbereisen, R. (2002) Youth civic engagement in the twenty-first century, Journal of Research in Adolescence, 12(1), 121-148.