Parameterization of continental boundary layer clouds

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 113, Issue 10, 2008, Pages

  Zhu, Ping ^a   Zhao, Wei ^b  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OCEAN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLOUDS; DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; PARAMETERIZATION; PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS;

BOUNDARY LAYER; CLOUD COVER; CONDENSATION; DIURNAL VARIATION; GAUSSIAN METHOD; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; PARAMETERIZATION; POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE; PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; SKEWNESS;

GREAT PLAINS; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 48749109597     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009315     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Albrecht, B. A. (1981), Parameterization of trade-cumulus cloud amounts, J. Atmos. Sci, 38, 97-105.
2. Augstein, E., H. Riehl, F. Ostapoff, and V. Wagner (1973), Mass and energy transports in an undisturbed Atlantic trade-wind flow, Mon. Weather Rev., 101, 101-111.
3. Barker, H. W. (1996), A parameterization for computing grid-averaged solar fluxes for marine boundary layer clouds. Part I: Methodology and homogeneous biases, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2289-2303.
4. Barker, H. W., B. A. Wielicki, and L. Parker (1996), A parameterization for computing grid-averaged solar fluxes for marine boundary layer clouds. Part II: Validation using satellite data, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2304-2316.
5. Berg, L. K., and R. B. Stull (2005), A simple parameterization coupling the convective daytime boundary layer and fair-weather cumuli, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1976-1988.
6. Bougeault, P. H. (1981), Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I. Testing the ensemble cloud relations against numerical data, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2414-2438.
7. Bougeault, P. H. (1982), Cloud-ensemble relation based on the gamma probability distribution for the higher-order models of the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2691-2700.
8. Brown, A. R., et al. (2002), Large-eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus convection over land, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1059-1073.
9. Considine, G., J. A. Curry, and B. Wielicki (1997), Modeling cloud fraction and horizontal variability in marine boundary layer clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D12), 13,517-13,525.
10. Cox, S. K. (1969), Radiation models of mid-latitude synoptic features, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 637-651.
11. Danard, M. B. (1969), A simple method of including longwave radiation in a tropical numerical prediction model, Mon. Rea. Rev., 97, 77-85.
12. Deardorff, J. W. (1980), Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 18, 495-527.
13. Deardorff, J. W., G. E. Willis, and B. H. Stockton (1980), Laboratory studies of the entrainment zone of a convectively mixed layer, J. Fluid Mech., 100, 41-64.
14. Dunckel, M. (1974), Turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapor in the atmospheric surface layer at sea during ATEX, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 6, 81-106.
15. Ek, M., and L. Mahrt (1991), A formulation for boundary layer cloud cover, Ann. Geophys., 9, 716-724.
16. Haiden, T. (1996), Generalization of Albrecht's cumulus cloud amount parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3164-3167.
17. Holland, J. Z., and E. M. Rasmusson (1973), Measurement of the atmospheric mass, energy, and momentum budgets over a 500 kilometer square of tropical ocean, Mon. Weather Rev., 101, 44-55.
18. Khairoutdinov, M. F., and D. A. Randall (2003), Cloud resolving modeling of the ARM summer 1997 IOP. Model formulation, results, uncertainties, and sensitivities, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 607-625.
19. Klein, S. A., R. Pincus, C. Hannay, and K.-M. Xu (2005), How might a statistical cloud scheme be coupled to a mass-flux convection scheme?, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S06, doi:10.1029/2004JD005017.
20. Kvamstø, N. G. (1991), An investigation of diagnostic relations between stratiform, fractional cloud cover and other meteorological parameters in numerical weather predictions models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 200-216.
21. Larson, V. E., J.-C. Golaz, and W. R. Cotton (2002), Small-scale and mesoscale variability in cloudy boundary layers. Joint three-dimensional probability density functions, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3519-3539.
22. Lewellen, W. S., and W. S. Lewellen (1998), Large-eddy boundary layer entrainment, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2645-2665.
23. Lewellen, W. S., and S. Yoh (1993), Binormal model of ensemble partial cloudiness, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1228-1237.
24. Mahrt, L. (1979), Penetrative convective at the top of a growing boundary layer, Q. J R. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 469-485.
25. Manton, M. J. (1982), A model of fair weather cumulus convection, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 22, 91-107.
26. Mellor, G. L. (1977), The Gaussian cloud model relations, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 356-358. (Corrigendum 1483-1484.)
27. Moeng, C.-H. (2000), Entrainment rate, cloud fraction, and liquid water path of PBL stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3627-3643.
28. Moeng, C.-H., P. P. Sullivan, and B. Stevens (1999), Including radiative effects in an entraiment formula for buoyancy-driven PBLs, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1031-1049.
29. Pielke, R. A., W. R. Cotton, R. L. Walko, C. J. Tremback, M. E. Nicholls, M. D. Moran, D. A. Wesley, T. J. Lee, and J. H. Copeland (1992), A comprehensive meteorological modeling system-RAMS, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 49, 69-91.
30. Randall, D. A. (1987), Turbulent fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 850-858.
31. Randall, D. A., Q. Shao, and C.-H. Moeng (1992), A second-order bulk boundary layer model, J. Atmos. Sc., 49, 1903-1923.
32. Schneider, S. H. (1972), Cloudiness as a global climatic feedback mechanism. The effects on the radiation balance and surface temperature of variation in cloudiness, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1413-1422.
33. Siebesma, A. P., and J. W. M. Cuijpers (1995), Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 650-666.
34. Slingo, J. M. (1987), The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 899-927.
35. Smagorinsky, J. (1960), On the dynamical prediction of large-scale condensation by numerical methods, Geophys. Mon., 5, 71-78.
36. Sommeria, G., and J. W. Deardorff (1977), Subgrid-scale condensation in models of nonprecipitating clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 344-355.
37. Stokes, G. M., and S. E. Schwarts (1994), The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation testbed, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 1201-1221.
38. Stull, R. B. (1984), Models and measurements of the interaction between the mixed layer and fair-weather cumulus clouds, the meteorology of acid deposition, Air Pollut. Control, 140-147.
39. Tiedtke, M. (1993), Representation of clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 3040-3061.
40. Tiedtke, M., W. A. Heckley, and J. Slingo (1988), Tropical forecasting at ECMWF. The influence of physical parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 639-964.
41. Tompkins, A. M. (2002), A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of water vapor and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1917-1942.
42. Wilde, N. P., R. B. Stull, and E. W. Eloranta (1985), The LCL zone and cumulus onset, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 24, 640-657.
43. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall (1996), A semiempirical cloudiness parameterization for use in climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102.
44. Zhu, P., and B. A. Albrecht (2003), Large eddy simulations of continental shallow cumulus convection, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 4453, doi:10.1029/2002JD003119.