Does anything beat DEET?

Pediatric Annals

Volumn 33, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 444-453

  Roberts, James R ^a   Reigart, J Routt ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE; INSECT REPELLENT; CITRONELLAL; VEGETABLE OIL;

CHILD HEALTH CARE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; INSECT CONTROL; PEDIATRICIAN; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN ABSORPTION; SKIN PERMEABILITY; ANIMAL; INSECT BITE; MOSQUITO;

ANIMALS; CULICIDAE; DEET; HUMANS; INSECT BITES AND STINGS; INSECT REPELLENTS; PLANT OILS;

EID: 4844230618     PISSN: 00904481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-20040701-09     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Arboviruses. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:199-202.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases - United States, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;50(53):i-xxiv, 1-108.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile Virus Activity in the United States (reported as of May 21, 2004). Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control03Maps. htm. Accessed June 7, 2004.
4. Lyme disease surveillance - United States, 1989-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991;40(25):417-421.
5. Fradin M, Day J. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Eng J Med. 2002;347(1):13-18.
6. Robbins P, Cherniack M. Review of the biodistribution and toxicity of the insect repellent N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET). J Toxicol Environ Health. 1986;18(4):503-525.
7. Dorman D. Diethyltoluamide (DEET) insect repellent toxicosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1990;20(2):387-390.
8. Bloomquist L, Thorsell W. Distribution and fate of the insect repellent C-N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in the animal body. II. Distribution and excretion after cutaneous application. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1977;41(3):235-243.
9. Selim S, Hartnagel RE Jr, Osimitz TG, Gabriel KL, Schoenig GP. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide following dermal application to human volunteers. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995;25(1):95-100.
10. Stinecipher J, Shah J. Percutaneous permeation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) from commercial mosquito repellents and the effect of solvent. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1997;52(2):119-135.
11. Moody RP, Benoit FM, Riedel D, Ritter L. Dermal absorption of the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) in rats and monkeys: effect of anatomical site and multiple exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1989;26(2):137-147.
12. Wu A, Pearson LM, Shekoski DL, et al. High resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in man. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography & Chromatography Communications. 1979:2(9):558-562.
13. Ross J, Shah J. Reduction in skin permeation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by altering the skin/vehicle partition coefficient. Journal of Controlled Release. 2000;67(23):211-221.
14. Roland EH, Jan J, Rigg RM. Toxic encephalopathy in a child after brief exposure to insect repellents. Can Med Assoc J. 1985;132(2):155-156.
15. Seizures temporally associated with use of DEET insect repellent - New York and Connecticut. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1989;38(39):678-680.
16. Wantke F, Focke M, Hemmer W, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Generalized urticaria induced by a diethyltoluamide-containing insect repellent in a child. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;35(3):186-187.
17. Gryboski J, Weinstein D, Ordway NK. Toxic encephalopathy apparently related to the use of an insect repellent. N Eng J Med. 1961;264:289-291.
18. Zadikoff CM. Toxic encephalopathy associated with the use of insect repellent. J Pediatr. 1979;95(1):140-142.
19. Heick HM, Shipman RT, Norman MG, James W. Reye-like syndrome associated with use of insect repellent in a presumed heterozygote for ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency. J Pediatr. 1980;97(3):471-473.
20. de Garbino JP, Laborde A. Toxicity of an insect repellent: N-N-diethyltoluamide. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1983;25(6):422-423.
21. Snyder JW, Poe RO, Stubbins JF, Garrettson LK. Acute manic psychosis following the dermal application of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in an adult. J Tox Clin Tox. 1986;24(5):429-439.
22. Tenenbein M. Severe toxic reactions and death following the ingestion of diethyltoluamide-containing insect repellents. JAMA. 1987;258(11):1509-1511.
23. Edwards DL, Johnson CE. Insect-repellent-induced toxic encephalopathy in a child. Clinical Pharmacy. 1987;6(6):496-498.
24. Lipscomb J, Kramer J, Leikin J. Seizure following brief exposure to the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21(3):315-317.
25. Hampers LC, Oker E, Leikin JB. Topical use of DEET insect repellent as a cause of severe encephalopathy in a healthy adult male. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(12):1295-1267.
26. Petrucci N, Sardini S. Severe neurotoxic reaction association with oral ingestion of low-dose diethyltoluamide-containing insect repellent in a child. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000;16(5):341-342.
27. Briassoulis G, Narlioglou M, Hatzis T. Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of DEET insect repellents: a case analysis of its toxicity in children. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2001;20(1):8-14.
28. Veltri JC, Osimitz TG, Bradford DC, Page BC. Retrospective analysis of calls to poison control centers resulting from exposure to the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) from 1985-1989. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1994;32(1):1-16.
29. Litovitz TL, Smilkstein M, Felberg L, et al. 1996 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 1997;15(5):447-500.
30. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Dyer KS, et al. 1997 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 1998;16(5):443-497.
31. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Caravati EM, et al. 1998 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 1999;17(5):435-487.
32. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, White S, et al. 1999 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 2000;18(5):517-574.
33. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, White S, et al. 2000 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 2001;19(5):337-195.
34. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GC Jr, et al. 2001 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 2002;20(5):391-452.
35. Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC Jr, et al. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emer Med. 2003;21(5):353-421.
36. Lindsay LR, Surgeoner GA, Heal JD, Gallivan GJ. Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense for protection against field populations of AEDES mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Contr Assoc. 1996;12(2 Pt 1):293-294.
37. Jensen T, Lampman R, Slamecka MC, Novak RJ. Field efficacy of commercial anti-mosquito products in Illinois. J Am Mosq Contr Assoc. 2000;16(2):148-152.
38. Thavara J, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J. Laboratory and field evaluation of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl butylaminopropionate) and DEET against mosquito vectors in Thailand. J Am Mosq ContrAssoc. 2001;17(3):190-195.
39. Barnard DR, Bernier UR, Posey KH, Xue RD. Repellency of IR3535, KBR3023, paramenthane-3,8-diol, and DEET to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Everglades National Park. J Med Entomol. 2002;39(6):895-899.
40. Teal JJ. Insect repellents and mosquito bites. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(21):1719-1721.
41. Liu W, Zhang J, Hashim JH, et al. Mosquito coil emissions and health implications. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(12):1454-1460.
42. Young D, Evans S. Safety and efficacy of DEET and permethrin in the prevention of arthropod attack. Mil Med. 1998;163(5):324-330.
43. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Pesticides. In: Etzel RA, ed. Pediatric Environmental Health. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:348-350.