Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition for cardiac hypertrophy in patients with end-stage renal disease: What is the evidence?

Nephrology

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 190-197

  Wang, Angela Yee Moon ^a   Li, Philip Kam Tao ^a   Lui, Siu Fai ^a   Sanderson, John E ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II; Renal failure; Sympathetic; Ventricular hypertrophy

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; BRADYKININ; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COLLAGEN TYPE 3; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; FOSINOPRIL; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; NITRENDIPINE; NORADRENALIN; PERINDOPRIL; RAMIPRIL; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; FIBROBLAST; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; MORTALITY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC TONE;

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; HUMANS; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PROGNOSIS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 4844220824     PISSN: 13205358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2004.00260.x     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. US Renal Data System: USRDA 1991 Annual Report. Bethesda MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1991.
2. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE et al. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: What do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998; 32: 853-906.
3. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD et al. Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int. 1995; 47: 186-92.
4. Silberberg JS, Barre PE, Prichard SS, Sniderman AD. Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 1989; 36: 286-90.
5. Parfrey PS, Foley RN, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE. Outcome and risk factors for left ventricular disorders in chronic uremia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1996; 11: 1277-85.
6. Harnett JD, Foley RN, Kent GM, Barre PE, Murray D, Parfrey PS. Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients: Prevalence, incidence, prognosis and risk factors. Kidney Int. 1995; 47: 884-90.
7. Wang AY, Wang M, Woo J et al. A novel association between the degree of residual renal function and severity of left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal failure patients undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 2002; 62: 639-47.
8. London GM, Pannier B, Guerin AP et al. Alterations of left ventricular hypertrophy in and survival of patients receiving hemodialysis: Follow-up of an interventional study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001; 12: 2759-67.
9. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Kent GM, Harnett JD, Murray DC, Barre PE. Serial changes in echocardiographic parameters and cardiac failure in end-stage renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2000; 11: 912-16.
10. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998; 97: 48-54.
11. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D, Castellano M, Donato F, Agabiti-Rosei L. Association of change in left ventricular mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J. Hypertens. 1995; 13: 1091-5.
12. Schalekamp MA, Beevers DG, Briggs JD et al. Hypertension in chronic renal failure: An abnormal relationship between sodium and the renin-angiotensin system. Am. J. Med. 1973; 55: 379-90.
13. Converse RL, Jacobsen TN, Toto RD et al. Sympathetic overactivity in patients with chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 327: 1912-18.
14. Raine AE, Bedford L, Simpson AW. Hyperparathyroidism, platelet intracellular free calcium and hypertension in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1993; 43: 700-5.
15. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F et al. An insertion deletion polymorphism in angiotensin 1 converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 86: 1343-6.
16. Wang JG, Staessen JA. Genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system: Relevance for susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000; 410: 289-302.
17. Katsuya T, Koike G, Yee TW et al. Association of angiotensinogen gene T235 variant with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995; 345: 1600-3.
18. Young RP, Sanderson JE, Tomlinson B et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism in the Chinese. J. Hypertension 1995; 13: 1479-83.
19. Schunkert H, Hense HW, Holmer SR et al. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 330: 1634-8.
20. Gharavi AG, Lipkowitz MS, Diamond JA et al. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is independently associated with left ventricular mass and geometric remodeling in systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 1996; 77: 1315-19.
21. Pontremoli R, Sofia A, Tirotta A et al. The deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme gene is associated with target organ damage in essential hypertension. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996; 7: 2550-6.
22. Lindpainter K, Lee MA, Larson MG et al. Absence of association of genetic linkage between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular mass. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 1023-8.
23. Osono E, Kurihara S, Hayama N et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998; 32: 725-30.
24. Nagahara T, Ishigami T, Sano T et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. Jpn Heart J. 1997; 38: 821-30.
25. Yildiz A, Akkaya V, Hatemi AC et al. No association between deletion-type angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and left-ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2000; 84: 130-5.
26. Wang AY, Chan JC, Wang M et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in relation to ACE and angiotensinogen genes genotypes in Chinese dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003; 63: 1899-907.
27. Caulfield M, Lavender P, Farrall M et al. Linkage of the angiotensinogen gene to essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 330: 1629-33.
28. Kim HS, Krege JH, Kluckman KD et al. Genetic control of blood pressure and the angiotensinogen locus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 2735-9.
29. Park SH, Shub C, Nobrega TP et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography calculation of left ventricular mass as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography: Correlation with autopsy and M-mode echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 1996; 9: 119-28.
30. Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, CREED Investigators. Prognostic impact of the indexation of left ventricular mass in patients undergoing dialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001; 12: 2768-74.
31. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham heart study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995; 25: 879-84.
32. Reid IA, Morris BJ, Ganong WJ. The renin-angiotensin system. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 1978; 40: 377-410.
33. Dahlof B. Effect of angiotensin 11 blockade on cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling: A review. J. Hum. Hypertens. 1995; 9 (Suppl. 5): 337-44.
34. Ozkahya M, Ok E, Cirit M et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in haemodialysis patients by ultrafiltration and reduced salt intake without antihypertensive drugs. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1998; 13: 1489-93.
35. Morse SA, Dang A, Thakur V et al. Hypertension in chronic dialysis patients: Pathophysiology, monitoring, and treatment. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2003; 325: 194-201.
36. Baker KM, Chernin MI, Wixson SK, Aceto JF. Renin-angiotensin system involvement in pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1990; 28: H324-32.
37. Ruzicka M, Leenen FH. Relevance of blockade of cardiac and circulatory angiotensin converting enzyme for the prevention of volume overload hypertrophy. Circulation 1995; 91: 16-19.
38. Crawford DC, Chobanian AV, Brecher R. Angiotensin II induces fibronectin expression associated with cardiac fibrosis in the rat. Circ. Res. 1994; 74: 727-39.
39. Kupfahl C, Pink D, Friedrich K et al. Angiotensin II directly increases transforming growth factor beta 1 and osteopontin and indirectly affects collagen mRNA expression in the human heart. Cardiovosc. Res. 2000; 46: 463-75.
40. Sadoshima JI, Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts: Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ. Res. 1993; 73: 413-23.
41. Weber KT, Sun Y, Tyagi SC, Cleutjens JPM. Collagen network of the myocardium: Function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 1994; 26: 279-92.
42. Eghbali M. Cellular origin and distribution of transforming growth factor-beta in the normal rat myocardium. Cell Tissue Res. 1989; 256: 553-8.
43. Takahashi N, Calderone A, Izzo Jr NJ, Maki TM, Marsh JD, Colucci WS. Hypertrophic stimuli induce transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression in rat ventricular myocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 94: 1470-6.
44. Schultz JeI J, Witt SA, Glascock BJ et al. TGF-β1 mediates the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth induced by angiotensin II. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 109: 787-96.
45. Lijnen P, Petrov V. Renin-angiotenin system, hypertrophy and gene expression in cardiac myocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 1999; 31: 949-70.
46. Sasno H, Okamoto H, Kitabatake A, Lizuka K, Murakami T, Kawaguchi H. Increased mRNA expression of cardiac renin-angiotensin system and collagen synthesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 178: 51-8.
47. Mazzolai L, Nussberger J, Aubert JF et al. Blood pressure-independent cardiac hypertrophy induced by locally activated renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 1998; 31: 1324-30.
48. Tornig J, Amann K, Ritz E et al. Arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis in the heart of rats with renal failure: The effects of ramipril, nifedipine and moxonidine. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996; 7: 667-75.
49. Amann K, Tyralla K, Gross ML et al. Cardiomyocyte loss in experimental renal failure: Prevention by ramipril. Kidney Int. 2003; 63: 1708-13.
50. Vlahakos DV, Hahalis G, Vassilakos P, Marathias KP, Geroulanos S. Relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy and plasma renin activity in chronic hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1997; 8: 1764-70.
51. Tuncel M, Augustyniak R, Zhang W, Toto RD, Victor RG. Sympathetic nervous system function in renal hypertension. Curr. Hypertens. Report 2002; 4: 229-36.
52. Klein IH, Ligtenberg G, Oey PL, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ. Sympathetic activity in increased in polycystic kidney disease and is associated with hypertension. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001; 12: 2427-33.
53. Converse Jr RL, Jacobsen TN, Toto RD et al. Sympathetic over-activity in patients with chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992; 327: 1912-18.
54. Ligtenberg G, Blankestijn PJ, Qey PL et al. Reduction of sympathetic hyperactivity by enalapril in patients with chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 340: 1321-8.
55. Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Minamisawa K et al. Effects of intravenous infusions of angiotensin II on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 261: R690-6.
56. Rump LC. Advantages of Ang-II receptor blockade over ACE inhibition with respect to suppression of sympathetic activity: Heartening news for the kidney? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999; 14: 556-9.
57. Grassi G, Cattaneo BM, Seravalle G et al. Effects of chronic ACE inhibition on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure. Circulation 1997; 96: 1173-9.
58. Grassi G, Turri C, Dell'Oro R, Stella ML, Bolla GB, Mancia G. Effect of chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of the circulation in essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. 1997; 16: 1789-96.
59. Klein IH, Ligtenberg G, Oey PL, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ. Enalapril and losartan reduce sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with chronic renal failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14: 425-30.
60. Patel MB, Stewart JM, Loud AV et al. Altered function and structure of the heart in dogs with chronic elevation in plasma norepinephrine. Circulation 1991; 84: 2091-100.
61. Simpson P. Norepinephrine-stimulated hypertrophy of cultured rat myocardial cells is an alpha 1 adrenergic response. J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 72: 732-8.
62. Trimarco B, Ricciardelli B, De Luca N et al. Participation of endogenous atecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive parents. Circulation 1985; 72: 38-46.
63. Schlaich MP, Kaye DM, Lambert E, Sommerville M, Socratous F, Esler MD. Relation between cardiac sympathetic activity and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2003; 108: 560-5.
64. Esler MD, Jennings GL, Johns J, Burke F, Little PJ, Leonard P. Estimation of 'total' renal, cardiac and splanchnic sympathetic nervous tone in essential hypertension from measurements of noradrenaline release. J. Hypertens. 1984; 2: S123-5.
65. Bernardi D, Bernini L, Cini G, Ghione S, Bonechi I. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and sympathetic overactivity in normotensive hemodiaryzed patients. Am. Heart J. 1985; 109 (3 Part 1): 539-45.
66. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Parlongo S et al. Plasma norepinephrine predicts survival and incident cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease. Circulation 2002; 105: 1354-9.
67. Fisher SA, Absher M. Norepinephrine and ANG 11 stimulate secretion of TGF-beta by neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 1995; 268 (4 Part 1): C910-17.
68. Holmer SR, Kaissling B, Putnik K et al. Beta-adrenergic stimulation of renin expression in vivo. J. Hypertens. 1997; 15: 1471-9.
69. Rump LC, Schuster MJ, Schollmeyer P. Modulation of noradrenaline release from rat cortical kidney slices. Effects of angiotensin I and II. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1990; 30 (Suppl. 1): S168-70.
70. Rump LC, Berlit T, Schwertfeger E, Beyersdorf F, Schollmeyer P, Bohmann C. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition unmasks sympathofacilitatory effect of bradykinin in human right atrium. J. Hypertens. 1997; 15: 1263-70.
71. Akers WS, Cross A, Speth R, Dwoskin LP, Cassis LA. Renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system in cardiac pressure-overload hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2000; 279: 2797-806.
72. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 145-53.
73. Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Yusuf S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomized trial. Ann. intern. Med. 2001; 134: 629-36.
74. De Cavanagh EM, Ferder L, Carrasquedo F et al. Higher levels of antioxidant defenses in enalapril-treated versus non-enalapril-treated hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1999; 34: 445-55.
75. Linz W, Schaper J, Wiemer G, Albus U, Scholkens BA. Ramipril prevents left ventricular hypertrophy with myocardial fibrosis without blood pressure reduction: A one-year study in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 107: 970-5.
76. Efrati S, Zaidenstein R, Dishy V et al. ACE inhibitors and survival of hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1023-9.
77. Raasch W, Barterls T, Schwartz C, Hauser W, Rutten H, Dominiak P. Regression of ventricular and vascular hypertrophy: are there differences between structurally different angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? J. Hypertens. 2002; 20: 2495-504.
78. Linz W, Wiemer G, Schaper J et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1995; 147 (1-2): 89-97.
79. Linz W, Wiemer G, Scholkens BA. Contribution of bradykinin to the cardiovascular effects of ramipril. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 9): S1-8.
80. Tornig J, Amann K, Ritz E, Nichols C, Zeier M, Mall G. Arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis in the heart of rats with renal failure: The effects of ramipril, nifedipine and moxonidine. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996; 7: 667-75.
81. Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Aquino D et al. Effects of losartan on hypertension and left ventricular mass: A long-term study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 1998; 12: 493-5.
82. De Rosa ML, Cardace P, Rossi M, Baiano A, de Cristofaro A. Comparative effects of chronic ACE inhibition and ATI receptor blocked losartan on cardiac hypertrophy and renal function in hypertensive patients. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2002; 16: 133-40.
83. Ecder T, Edelstein CL, Chapman AB et al. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999; 14: 1113-16.
84. Dahlof B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and effects on left ventricular hypertrophy. Blood Press Suppl. 1994; 2: 35-40.
85. Wu SG, Lin SL, Wu CM, Jeng FR, Su CZ. Optimal control of blood pressure can reverse left ventricular hypertrophy in uremic hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 1999; 15: 62-8.
86. Cannella G, Paoletti E, Delfino R, Peloso G, Molinari S, Traverso GB. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive dialyzed uremic patients on long-term antihypertensive therapy. Kidney Int. 1993; 44: 881-6.
87. Dyadyk AI, Bagriy AE, Lebed IA, Yarovaya NF, Schukina EV, Taradin GG. ACE inhibitors captopril and enalapril induce regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1997; 12: 945-51.
88. Cannella G, Paoletti E, Delfino R, Peloso G, Rolla D, Molinari S. Prolonged therapy with ACE inhibitors induces a regression of left ventricular hypertrophy of dialyzed uremic patients independently from hypotensive effects. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1997; 30: 659-64.
89. London GM, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, Cuche JL. Cardiac hypertrophy, aortic compliance, peripheral resistance, and wave reflection in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1994; 90: 2786-96.
90. Paoletti E, Cassottana P, Bellino D, Specchia C, Messa P, Cannella G. Left ventricular geometry and adverse cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients on prolonged therapy with ACE inhibitors. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 728-36.
91. Roithinger FX, Punzengruber C, Wallner M et al. The influence of ACE-inhibition on myocardial mass and diastolic function in chronic hemodialysis patients with adequate control of blood pressure. Clin. Nephrol. 1994; 42: 309-14.
92. Zannad F, Kessler M, Grunfeld JP, Thuilliez C, FOSinopril in DlALysis Investigators. FOSDIAL: A randomized placebo controlled trial of the effects of fosinopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Study design and patients' baseline characteristics. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002; 16: 353-60.
93. Matsubara H. Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor incardiovascular and renal diseases. Circ. Res. 1998; 83: 1182-91.
94. Hebert LA, Falkenhain ME, O'Dorisio TJ. Combined ACE inhibitor (ACE1) and angiotensin II receptor antagonist (Allra) therapy in type II diabetes with renal manifestations: effects of combined therapy on renal function. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996; 9: 1359 (Abstract).
95. Kohzuki M, Yasujima M, Liu PF et al. Cardiovascular and renal protective effects of losartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats with diabetes mellitus. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol. 1995; 22 (Suppl. 1):S366-7.
96. Shibasaki Y, Masaki H, Nishiue T, Nishikawa M, Matsubara H, Iwasaka T. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan, causes regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal disease. Nephron 2002; 90: 256-61.