The development of neurotoxic agents as chemical weapons during the national socialist period in Germany;Desarrollo de agentes neurotóxicos como herramientas de guerra química durante el período nacionalsocialista alemán

Revista de Neurologia

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 99-106

  López Muñoz, Francisco ^a,b   Alamo C ^a   Guerra, J A ^a   Garcia Garcia P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALCALÁ   (Spain)

^b NONE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Chemical warfare; History of neuropharmacology; Nerve agents; Neurotoxic agents; Sarin; Soman; Tabun

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT; INSECTICIDE; METHAMPHETAMINE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; NEUROTOXIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; PESTICIDE; SARIN; SOMAN; TRILONE;

ACCIDENT; ENZYME INHIBITION; FATALITY; GERMANY; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; NEUROTOXICITY; REVIEW;

EID: 48249136984     PISSN: 02100010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.33588/rn.4702.2008254     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. Szinicz L. History of chemical and biological warfare agents. Toxicology 2005; 214: 167-81.
2. Smart JK. History of chemical and biological warfare: an American perspective. In Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington: Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 1997.
3. Gay P. Weimar culture. London: Penguin; 1968.
4. Holmstedt B, Liljestrand G. Readings in pharmacology. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1963.
5. Trendelenburg U. Pharmacology in Germany. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998; 19: 196-8.
6. Laín-Entralgo P. El fármaco en el siglo XIX. In Gracia-Guillén D, Albarracín A, Arquiola E, Erill S, Montiel L, Peset JL, et al, eds. Historia del medicamento. Barcelona: Doyma; 1987. p. 197-221.
7. López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Álamo C. Un siglo de barbitúricos en neurología. Rev Neurol 2004; 39: 767-75.
8. López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Álamo C. The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2005; 1: 329-43
9. Loewi O. Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. Pflügers Arch 1921; 189: 239-42
10. Loewi O, Navratil E. Uber humorale Ubertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkunk. X. Uber das Schicksal des Vagusstoffs. Pflügers Arch 1926; 214: 678-88
11. Fühner H. Untersuchungen uber den Synergismus von Giften. IV. Die Chemische Erregbarkeitssteigerung glatter Muskulatur. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 1918; 82: 51-85
12. Tansey T. El papel de la industria farmacéutica en el desarrollo de la psicofarmacología. In López-Muñoz F, Álamo C, eds. Historia de la psicofarmacología. Vol. 3. Madrid: Médica Panamericana; 2007. p. 1167-86
13. Gaudiellière JP. Better prepared than synthesized: Adolf Butenandt, Schering AG and the transformation of sex steroids into drugs (1930-1946). Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 2005; 36: 612-44
14. Lesch J. Chemistry and biomedicine in an industrial setting: the invention of the sulfa drugs. In Mauskopf SH, ed. Chemical sciences in the modern world. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1993. p. 158-215.
15. Borkin J. The crime and punishment of IG Farben. New York: Free Press; 1978.
16. Goran M. The story of Fritz Haber. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press; 1967.
17. Szöllösi-Janze M. Pesticides and war: the case of Fritz Haber. Eur Rev 2001; 9: 97-108.
18. Lloyd JU. Physostigma venenosum (Calabar). Chicago: The Western Druggist 1897; p. 1-8.
19. Holmstedt B. Structure-activity relationships of the organo-phosphorus anticholinesterase agents. In Koelle GB, ed. Handbuch Experimenteller Pharmakologie, Ergänzunggswerk XV, Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterases Agents. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1963.
20. Robinson JP. The rise in CB weapons. Vol. 1. In Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). The problem of chemical and biological warfare. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksells; 1971.
21. Compton JAF. Military chemical and biological agents. Caldwell: Telford Press; 1987.
22. Schmaltz F. Neurosciences and research on chemical weapons of mass destruction in Nazi Germany. J Hist Neurosci 2006; 15: 186-209.
23. Newmann A. Arzttum ist immer Kämpfertum. Die Heeressanitä tsinspektion und das Amt Chef des Wehrmachtssanitätswesens im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Düsseldorf: Droste; 2005.
24. Roth KH. Pervitin und 'Leistungsgemeinschaft'. Pharmakologische Versuche zur Stimulierung der Arbeitsleistung unter dem Nationalsozialismus (1938-1945). In Von Schaewn I, ed. Protokolldienst 23/82 -Medizin im Nationalsozialismus. Bad Boll: Pressestelle der Evangelischen Akademie Bad Boll; 1982. p. 200-26.
25. López-Muñoz F, Álamo C, Dudley M, Rubio G, García-García P, Molina JD, et al. Psychiatry and political-institutional abuse from the historical perspective: the ethical lessons of the Nuremberg Trial on their 60th anniversary. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2007; 31: 791-806.
26. Holstege CP, Kirk M, Sidell FR. Chemical warfare. Nerve agent poisoning. Med Toxicol 1997; 13: 923-42.
27. Taylor P, Brown JH. Acethylcholine. In Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Molinoff PB, eds. Basic neurochemistry. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 231-60.
28. Mitscherlich A, Mielke F. Doctors of infamy: the story of the Nazi medical crimes. New York: Schuman; 1949.
29. Gottesman II, Bertelsen A. Legacy of German psychiatric genetics: hindsight is always 20/20. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67: 343-6.
30. Geiderman JM. Physician complicity in the Holocaust: historical review and reflections on emergency medicine in the 21st century. Part II. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: 232-40.
31. Wakabayashi BT. Documents of Japanese poison gas warfare in China. Sino-Jap Stud 1994; 7: 3-33.
32. Macilwain C. Study proves Iraq used nerve gas. Nature 1993; 363: 3.
33. García-Marcos JA. La medicina sin rostro humano: 'eutanasia' y experimentos médicos durante el Tercer Reich. Med Hist 2005; 1: 1-15.
34. Robinson JP, Henden CG, Schreeb H. CB weapons today. In Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). The problem of chemical and biological warfare. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksells; 1973.