Termite soldier defence strategies: A reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 153, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 631-650

  Scholtz, Olivia I ^a   MacLeod, Norman ^a   Eggleton, Paul ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Character mapping; Morphometric analysis; Predation

Indexed keywords

ISOPTERA; NASUS; NASUTITERMITINAE; TERMITINAE;

EID: 48249128340     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00396.x     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Abe T. 1987. Evolution of lifetypes in termites. In : Kawano S, Connell JH, Hidaka T, eds. Evolution and coadaptation in biotic communities. Tokyo : University of Tokyo Press, 256 265.
2. Abe T. 1991. Ecological factors associated with the evolution of worker and soldier castes in termites. Annals of Entomology 9 : 101 107.
3. Bayliss J, Fielding A. 2002. Termitophagous foraging by Pachycondyla analis (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in a Tanzanian coastal dry forest. Sociobiology 39 : 103 122.
4. Bookstein FL. 1996. Biometrics, biomathematics and the morphometric synthesis. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 58 : 313 365.
5. Bookstein FL, Green WDK. 1992. A feature space for edgels in images with landmarks. Mathematical Methods in Medical Imaging 1768 : 228 247.
6. Cornelius ML, Grace JK. 1997. Effect of termite soldiers on the foraging behavior of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the presence of predatory ants. Sociobiology 29 : 247 253.
7. Costa-Leonardo AM. 2004. A new interpretation of the defense glands of neotropical Ruptitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae). Sociobiology 44 : 391 402.
8. Davies RG, Eggleton P, Jones DT, Gathorne-Hardy FJ, Hernandez LM. 2003. Evolution of termite functional diversity: analysis and synthesis of local ecological and regional influences on local species richness. Journal of Biogeography 30 : 847 877.
9. Dejean A, Feneron R. 1999. Predatory behaviour in the ponerine ant, Centromyrmex bequaerti: a case of termitolesty. Behavioural Processes 47 : 125 133.
10. Deligne J, Quennedey A, Blum MS. 1981. The enemies and defence mechanisms of termites. In : Hermann HR, ed. Social insects, vol. 2. New York : Academic Press, 2 67.
11. Donovan SE, Jones DT, Sands WA, Eggleton P. 2000. Morphological phylogenetics of termites (isoptera). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 70 : 467 513.
12. Eggleton P, Bignell DE, Sands WA, Mawdsley Lawton NA, Wood TG, Bignell NC. 1996. The diversity, abundance and biomass of termites under differing levels of disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, southern Cameroon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 351 : 51 68.
13. Eggleton P, Davies RG, Bignell DE. 1998. Body size and energy use in termites (Isoptera): the responses of soil feeders and wood feeders differ in a tropical forest assemblage. Oikos 81 : 525 530.
14. Eggleton P, Davies RG, Connetable S, Bignell DE, Rouland C. 2002. The termites of the Mayombe Forest Reserve, Congo (Brazzaville): transect sampling reveals an extremely high diversity of ground-nesting soil feeders. Journal of Natural History 36 : 1239 1246.
15. Eggleton P, Homathevi R, Jeeva D, Jones DT, Davies R, Maryati M. 1997. The species richness and composition of termites (Isoptera) in primary and regenerating lowland dipterocarp forest in Sabah, East Malaysia. Ecotropica 3 : 119 128.
16. Eggleton P, Tayasu I. 2001. Feeding groups, lifetypes and the global ecology of termites. Ecological Research 16 : 941 960.
17. Engel MS, Krishna K. 2004. Family-group names for termites (Isoptera). American Museum Novitates 3432 : 1 9.
18. Fittkau EJ, Klinge H. 1973. On biomass and trophic structure of the Central Amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5 : 2 14.
19. Inward DJG, Vogler AP, Eggleton P. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Ecology 44 : 953 967.
20. Kaib M. 1987. Frontal gland secretions and colony defence in termites: evolutionary aspects. In : Elder J, Rembold H, eds. Chemistry and biology of social insects. Munich : J. Peperny Verlag, 406 407.
21. Konate S, Leuthold R, Hari M, Veivers P. 2000. Colour variation and polyethism of the soldier caste in the termite Macrotermes bellicosus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 94 : 51 55.
22. Lavelle P, Bignell D, Lepage M, Wolters V, Roger P, Ineson P, Heal OW, Dhillion S. 1997. Soil function in a changing world: the role of invertebrate ecosystem engineers. European Journal of Soil Biology 33 : 159 193.
23. Lenz M. 1994. Food resources, colony growth and caste development in wood-feeding termites. In : Hunt JH, Nalepa CA, eds. Nourishment and evolution of insect societies. New Dehli : Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, 159 209.
24. Lestrel PE, Roche AF. 1986. Cranial base shape variation with age; a longitudinal study of shape using Fourier-analysis. Human Biology 58 : 527 540.
25. Lohmann GP. 1983. Eigenshape analysis of micro-fossils - a general morphometric procedure for describing changes in shape. Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology 15 : 659 672.
26. Lohmann GP, Schweitzer PN. 1990. On eigenshape analysis. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Ann Arbor, MI : The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
27. MacLeod N. 1999. Generalizing and extending the eigenshape method of shape space visualization and analysis. Paleobiology 25 : 107 138.
28. Maddison WP. 1991. Squared-change parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states for continuous-valued characters on a phylogenetic tree. Systematic Zoology 40 : 304 314.
29. Maddison WP, Maddison DR. 2004. Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis. http://mesquiteproject.org
30. Maki K, Abe T. 1986. Proportion of soldiers in the colonies of a dry-wood termite, Neotermes koshunensis. Physiologiy and Ecology Japan 23 : 109 117.
31. Matsuura K. 2002. Colony-level stabilization of soldier head width for head-plug defense in the termite Reticulitermes speratus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 51 : 172 179.
32. Mill AE. 1982. Foraging and defensive behaviour in neotropical termites. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton.
33. Noirot C. 2001. The gut of termites (Isoptera) comparative anatomy, systematics, phylogeny. II. - Higher termites (Termitidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 37 : 431 471.
34. Noirot C, Darlington JP. 2000. Termite nests: architecture, regulation and defence. In : Abe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M, eds. Termites: evolution, sociality, symbiosis, ecology. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 122 139.
35. Premoli AC. 1996. Leaf architecture of South American Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) using traditional and new methods in morphometrics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 121 : 25 40.
36. Prestwich GD. 1979. Chemical defence by termites. Journal of Chemical Ecology 5 : 459 480.
37. Prestwich GD. 1984. Defense mechanisms of termites. Annual Review of Entomology 29 : 201 232.
38. Ray TS. 1992. Landmark eigenshape analysis - homologous contours - leaf shape in syngonium (Araceae). American Journal of Botany 79 : 69 76.
39. Roisin Y. 2000. Diversity and evolution of caste patterns. In : Abe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M. Termites: evolution, sociality, symbiosis, ecology. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 95 121.
40. Roux EA, Korb J. 2002. Comportement défensif chez le termite de bois sec, Cryptotermes secundus: rôles des soldats. Actes Colloques Insectes Sociaux 15 : 130 133.
41. Roux EA, Korb J. 2004. Evolution of eusociality and the soldier caste in termites: a validation of the intrinsic benefit hypothesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17 : 869 875.
42. Sands WA. 1972. The soldierless termites of Africa (Isoptera: Termitidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Supplement 18 : 1 244.
43. Swiderski DL, Zelditch ML, Fink WL. 2002. Comparability, morphometrics and phylogenetic systematics. In : MacLeod N, Forey PL, eds. Morphology, shape and phylogeny. London : Taylor & Francis, 667 699.
44. Swofford DL, Maddison WP. 1987. Reconstructing ancestral character states under wagner parsimony. Mathematical Biosciences 87 : 199 229.
45. Thompson GJ, Miller LR, Lenz M, Crozier RH. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution in Australian lineages of drywood termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17 : 419 429.
46. Thorne BL, Breisch NL, Muscedere ML. 2003. Evolution of eusociality and the soldier caste in termites: influence of intraspecific competition and accelerated inheritance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 : 12808 12813.