메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 311-322

Motor cortex stroke impairs individual digit movement in skilled reaching by the rat

Author keywords

Dexterity; Individual finger movements; Motor cortex; Skilled reaching; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FINGER; HAND MOVEMENT; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; STROKE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VIDEORECORDING;

EID: 48249117487     PISSN: 0953816X     EISSN: 14609568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06315.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0027319426 scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic grafts implanted into the neonatal or adult striatum, comparative effects on rotation and paw reaching deficits induced by subsequent unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in adulthood
    • Abrous, D.N., Torres, E.M. Dunnett, S.B. (1993) Dopaminergic grafts implanted into the neonatal or adult striatum, comparative effects on rotation and paw reaching deficits induced by subsequent unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in adulthood. Neuroscience, 54, 657 668.
    • (1993) Neuroscience , vol.54 , pp. 657-668
    • Abrous, D.N.1    Torres, E.M.2    Dunnett, S.B.3
  • 2
    • 1542510701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal EPSPs in rats, disynaptic EPSPs mediated via reticulospinal neurons and polysynaptic EPSPs via segmental interneurons
    • Alstermark, B., Ogawa, J. Isa, T. (2004) Lack of monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal EPSPs in rats, disynaptic EPSPs mediated via reticulospinal neurons and polysynaptic EPSPs via segmental interneurons. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 1832 1839.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.91 , pp. 1832-1839
    • Alstermark, B.1    Ogawa, J.2    Isa, T.3
  • 3
    • 34547133030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal pathways involved in the control of forelimb motor function in rats
    • Anderson, K.D., Gunawan, A. Steward, O. (2007) Spinal pathways involved in the control of forelimb motor function in rats. Exp. Neurol., 206, 318 331.
    • (2007) Exp. Neurol. , vol.206 , pp. 318-331
    • Anderson, K.D.1    Gunawan, A.2    Steward, O.3
  • 4
    • 0020400892 scopus 로고
    • The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals
    • Armand, J. (1982) The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals. Prog. Brain Res., 57, 329 360.
    • (1982) Prog. Brain Res. , vol.57 , pp. 329-360
    • Armand, J.1
  • 5
    • 0019786241 scopus 로고
    • Brain plasticity as a basis of the development of rehabilitation procedures for hemiplegia
    • Bach-y-Rita, P. (1981) Brain plasticity as a basis of the development of rehabilitation procedures for hemiplegia. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., 13, 73 83.
    • (1981) Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. , vol.13 , pp. 73-83
    • Bach-Y-Rita, P.1
  • 6
    • 0035862517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A grasp-related deficit in tactile discrimination following dorsal column lesion in the rat
    • Ballermann, M., McKenna, J. Whishaw, I.Q. (2001) A grasp-related deficit in tactile discrimination following dorsal column lesion in the rat. Brain Res. Bull., 54, 237 242.
    • (2001) Brain Res. Bull. , vol.54 , pp. 237-242
    • Ballermann, M.1    McKenna, J.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 8
    • 0002718349 scopus 로고
    • The control of movements by the motor cortex
    • In. Kolb, B. Tess, R.C. (. Eds. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA. pp.
    • Bures, I. Bracha, V. (1990) The control of movements by the motor cortex. In Kolb, B. Tess, R.C. (Eds Cerebral Cortex of the rat. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA. pp. 213 238.
    • (1990) Cerebral Cortex of the Rat. , pp. 213-238
    • Bures, I.1    Bracha, V.2
  • 9
    • 0015522615 scopus 로고
    • The effects of cortical ablations on digital usage in the rat
    • Castro, A.J. (1972) The effects of cortical ablations on digital usage in the rat. Brain Res., 37, 173 185.
    • (1972) Brain Res. , vol.37 , pp. 173-185
    • Castro, A.J.1
  • 10
    • 0345227298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor training effects on recovery of function after striatal lesions and striatal grafts
    • Döbrössy, M.D. Dunnett, S.B. (2003) Motor training effects on recovery of function after striatal lesions and striatal grafts. Exp. Neurol., 184, 274 284.
    • (2003) Exp. Neurol. , vol.184 , pp. 274-284
    • Döbrössy, M.D.1    Dunnett, S.B.2
  • 11
    • 0020422484 scopus 로고
    • The motor cortex of the rat, cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping
    • Donoghue, J.P. Wise, S.P. (1982) The motor cortex of the rat, cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping. J. Comp. Neurol., 212, 76 88.
    • (1982) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.212 , pp. 76-88
    • Donoghue, J.P.1    Wise, S.P.2
  • 12
    • 0017407950 scopus 로고
    • Cortico-spinal connections in the rat. I. Monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses of cervical motoneurons to epicortical stimulation
    • Elger, C.E., Speckmann, E.J., Caspers, H. Janzen, R.W. (1977) Cortico-spinal connections in the rat. I. Monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses of cervical motoneurons to epicortical stimulation. Exp. Brain Res., 28, 85 404.
    • (1977) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.28 , pp. 85-404
    • Elger, C.E.1    Speckmann, E.J.2    Caspers, H.3    Janzen, R.W.4
  • 14
    • 33846444917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential bilateral striatal lesions have additive effects on single skilled limb use in rats
    • Faraji, J. Metz, G.A. (2007) Sequential bilateral striatal lesions have additive effects on single skilled limb use in rats. Behav. Brain Res., 177, 195 204.
    • (2007) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.177 , pp. 195-204
    • Faraji, J.1    Metz, G.A.2
  • 16
    • 33751019983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel stages of learning and recovery of skilled reaching after motor cortex stroke, 'oppositions' organize normal and compensatory movements
    • Gharbawie, O.A. Whishaw, I.Q. (2006) Parallel stages of learning and recovery of skilled reaching after motor cortex stroke, 'oppositions' organize normal and compensatory movements. Behav. Brain Res., 175, 249 262.
    • (2006) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.175 , pp. 249-262
    • Gharbawie, O.A.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 17
    • 31144431759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcortical middle cerebral artery ischemia abolishes the digit flexion and closing used for grasping in rat skilled reaching
    • Gharbawie, O.A., Auer, R.N. Whishaw, I.Q. (2006) Subcortical middle cerebral artery ischemia abolishes the digit flexion and closing used for grasping in rat skilled reaching. Neuroscience, 137, 107 118.
    • (2006) Neuroscience , vol.137 , pp. 107-118
    • Gharbawie, O.A.1    Auer, R.N.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 18
    • 36248978057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of skilled reaching following motor cortex stroke, do residual corticofugal fibers mediate compensatory recovery?
    • Gharbawie, O.A., Karl, J.M. Whishaw, I.Q. (2007) Recovery of skilled reaching following motor cortex stroke, do residual corticofugal fibers mediate compensatory recovery? Eur. J. Neurosci., 26, 3309 3327.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.26 , pp. 3309-3327
    • Gharbawie, O.A.1    Karl, J.M.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 19
    • 0000346860 scopus 로고
    • Corticospinal pathways and their sites of termination in the albino rat
    • Goodman, D.C., Jarrard, L.E. Nelson, J.F. (1966) Corticospinal pathways and their sites of termination in the albino rat. Anat. Rec., 154, 462.
    • (1966) Anat. Rec. , vol.154 , pp. 462
    • Goodman, D.C.1    Jarrard, L.E.2    Nelson, J.F.3
  • 20
    • 33748358549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
    • Graziano, M. (2006) The organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 29, 105 134.
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.29 , pp. 105-134
    • Graziano, M.1
  • 21
    • 0034668773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the independence of human finger movements, comparisons of digits, hands, and movement frequencies
    • Häger-Ross, C. Schieber, M.H. (2000) Quantifying the independence of human finger movements, comparisons of digits, hands, and movement frequencies. J. Neurosci., 20, 8542 8550.
    • (2000) J. Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 8542-8550
    • Häger-Ross, C.1    Schieber, M.H.2
  • 22
    • 0015958984 scopus 로고
    • Organization of motor and somatosensory neocortex in albino rat
    • Hall, R.D. Lindhom, E.P. (1974) Organization of motor and somatosensory neocortex in albino rat. Brain Res., 66, 23 28.
    • (1974) Brain Res. , vol.66 , pp. 23-28
    • Hall, R.D.1    Lindhom, E.P.2
  • 23
    • 0016731416 scopus 로고
    • Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity
    • Heffner, R. Masterton, B. (1975) Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity. Brain Behav. Evol., 12, 161 200.
    • (1975) Brain Behav. Evol. , vol.12 , pp. 161-200
    • Heffner, R.1    Masterton, B.2
  • 24
    • 1642351905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct temporal activity patterns in the rat M1 and red nucleus during skilled versus unskilled limb movement
    • Hermer-Vazquez, L., Hermer-Vazquez, R., Moxon, K.A., Kuo, K.H., Viau, V., Zhan, Y. Chapin, J.K. (2004) Distinct temporal activity patterns in the rat M1 and red nucleus during skilled versus unskilled limb movement. Behav. Brain Res., 150, 93 107.
    • (2004) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.150 , pp. 93-107
    • Hermer-Vazquez, L.1    Hermer-Vazquez, R.2    Moxon, K.A.3    Kuo, K.H.4    Viau, V.5    Zhan, Y.6    Chapin, J.K.7
  • 25
    • 0017671081 scopus 로고
    • Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 3. Convergence on propriospinal neurones transmitting disynaptic excitation from the corticospinal tract and other descending tracts
    • Illert, M., Lundberg, A. Tanaka, R. (1977) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 3. Convergence on propriospinal neurones transmitting disynaptic excitation from the corticospinal tract and other descending tracts. Exp. Brain Res., 29, 323 346.
    • (1977) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.29 , pp. 323-346
    • Illert, M.1    Lundberg, A.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 26
    • 34247165515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect cortico-motoneuronal pathways and control of hand/arm movements
    • Isa, T., Ohki, Y., Alstermark, B., Pettersson, L.G. Sasaki, S. (2007) Direct and indirect cortico-motoneuronal pathways and control of hand/arm movements. Physiology, 22, 145 152.
    • (2007) Physiology , vol.22 , pp. 145-152
    • Isa, T.1    Ohki, Y.2    Alstermark, B.3    Pettersson, L.G.4    Sasaki, S.5
  • 27
    • 0032909588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is digital dexterity really related to corticospinal projections? a re-analysis of the Heffner and Masterton data set using modern comparative statistics
    • Iwaniuk, A.N., Pellis, S.M. Whishaw, I.Q. (1999) Is digital dexterity really related to corticospinal projections? A re-analysis of the Heffner and Masterton data set using modern comparative statistics. Behav. Brain Res., 101, 173 188.
    • (1999) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.101 , pp. 173-188
    • Iwaniuk, A.N.1    Pellis, S.M.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 28
    • 0025826899 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting higher-order movement planning, a kinematic analysis of human prehension
    • Jakobson, L.S. Goodale, M.A. (1991) Factors affecting higher-order movement planning, a kinematic analysis of human prehension. Exp. Brain Res., 86, 199 208.
    • (1991) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.86 , pp. 199-208
    • Jakobson, L.S.1    Goodale, M.A.2
  • 29
    • 0000740612 scopus 로고
    • Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual object
    • In. Long, J. Baddeley, A. (. Eds. Erlbaum, Lilsdale, NJ. pp.
    • Jeannerod, M. (1981) Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual object. In Long, J. Baddeley, A. (Eds Attention and Performance IX. Erlbaum, Lilsdale, NJ. pp. 153 169.
    • (1981) Attention and Performance IX. , pp. 153-169
    • Jeannerod, M.1
  • 30
    • 0002252332 scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of visuomotor transformation, an investigation into the mechanisms of visual recognition of objects
    • In. Goodale, M.A. (. Eds. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. pp.
    • Jeannerod, M. Decety, J. (1990) The accuracy of visuomotor transformation, an investigation into the mechanisms of visual recognition of objects. In Goodale, M.A. (Eds Vision and Action, the Control of Grasping. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. pp. 33 48.
    • (1990) Vision and Action, the Control of Grasping. , pp. 33-48
    • Jeannerod, M.1    Decety, J.2
  • 31
    • 0032440820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning
    • Kleim, J.A., Barbay, S. Nudo, R.J. (1998) Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 3321 3325.
    • (1998) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.80 , pp. 3321-3325
    • Kleim, J.A.1    Barbay, S.2    Nudo, R.J.3
  • 32
    • 34250328819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects on forelimb grasping behavior induced by fetal dopaminergic grafts in hemiparkinsonian rats
    • Klein, A., Metz, G.A., Papazoglou, A. Nikkhah, G. (2007) Differential effects on forelimb grasping behavior induced by fetal dopaminergic grafts in hemiparkinsonian rats. Neurobiol. Dis., 27, 24 35.
    • (2007) Neurobiol. Dis. , vol.27 , pp. 24-35
    • Klein, A.1    Metz, G.A.2    Papazoglou, A.3    Nikkhah, G.4
  • 33
    • 0030892066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve growth factor stimulates growth of cortical pyramidal neurons in young adult rats
    • Kolb, B., Gorny, G., Cote, S., ribeiro-da-Silva, A. Cuello, A.C. (1996) Nerve growth factor stimulates growth of cortical pyramidal neurons in young adult rats. Brain Res., 751, 289 294.
    • (1996) Brain Res. , vol.751 , pp. 289-294
    • Kolb, B.1    Gorny, G.2    Cote, S.3    Ribeiro-Da-Silva, A.4    Cuello, A.C.5
  • 35
    • 0041315446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential impairment of individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract
    • Lang, C.E. Schieber, M.H. (2003) Differential impairment of individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract. J. Neurophysiol., 90, 1160 1170.
    • (2003) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.90 , pp. 1160-1170
    • Lang, C.E.1    Schieber, M.H.2
  • 36
    • 1542615170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced muscle selectivity during individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or corticospinal tact
    • Lang, C.E. Schieber, M.H. (2004a) Reduced muscle selectivity during individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or corticospinal tact. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 1722 1733.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.91 , pp. 1722-1733
    • Lang, C.E.1    Schieber, M.H.2
  • 37
    • 4644355591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human finger independence: Limitations due to passive mechanical coupling versus active neuromuscular control
    • Lang, C.E. Schieber, M.H. (2004b) Human finger independence: limitations due to passive mechanical coupling versus active neuromuscular control. J. Neurophysiol., 92, 2802 2810.
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.92 , pp. 2802-2810
    • Lang, C.E.1    Schieber, M.H.2
  • 38
    • 0014259748 scopus 로고
    • The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. the effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions
    • Lawrence, D.G. Kuypers, H.G. (1968) The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain, 91, 1 14.
    • (1968) Brain , vol.91 , pp. 1-14
    • Lawrence, D.G.1    Kuypers, H.G.2
  • 39
    • 0025866383 scopus 로고
    • Corticomotoneuronal connections in the rat: Evidence from double-labeling of motoneurons and corticospinal axon arborizations
    • Liang, F.Y., Moret, V., Wiesendanger, M. Rouiller, E.M. (1991) Corticomotoneuronal connections in the rat: evidence from double-labeling of motoneurons and corticospinal axon arborizations. J. Comp. Neurol., 311, 356 366.
    • (1991) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.311 , pp. 356-366
    • Liang, F.Y.1    Moret, V.2    Wiesendanger, M.3    Rouiller, E.M.4
  • 40
    • 33750622463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skilled reaching impairments follow intrastriatal hemorrhagic stroke in rats
    • MacLellan, C.L., Gyawali, S. Colbourne, F. (2006) Skilled reaching impairments follow intrastriatal hemorrhagic stroke in rats. Behav. Brain Res., 175, 82 89.
    • (2006) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.175 , pp. 82-89
    • MacLellan, C.L.1    Gyawali, S.2    Colbourne, F.3
  • 41
    • 0033103347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat
    • McKenna, J.E. Whishaw, I.Q. (1999) Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat. J. Neurosci., 19, 1885 1894.
    • (1999) J. Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 1885-1894
    • McKenna, J.E.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 42
    • 0034007095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical motoneuron topography reflects the proximodistal organization of muscles and movements of the rat forelimb: A retrograde carbocyanine dye analysis
    • McKenna, J.E., Prusky, G.T. Whishaw, I.Q. (2000) Cervical motoneuron topography reflects the proximodistal organization of muscles and movements of the rat forelimb: a retrograde carbocyanine dye analysis. J. Comp. Neurol., 419, 286 296.
    • (2000) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.419 , pp. 286-296
    • McKenna, J.E.1    Prusky, G.T.2    Whishaw, I.Q.3
  • 43
    • 0034610505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skilled reaching an action pattern: Stability in rat (Rattus norvegicus) grasping movements as a function of changing food pellet size
    • Metz, G.A. Whishaw, I.Q. (2000) Skilled reaching an action pattern: stability in rat (Rattus norvegicus) grasping movements as a function of changing food pellet size. Behav. Brain Res., 116, 111 122.
    • (2000) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.116 , pp. 111-122
    • Metz, G.A.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2
  • 44
    • 77049258175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prehensile movements of the human hand
    • Napier, J.R. (1996) The prehensile movements of the human hand. J. Bone Joint Surg., 38, 902 913.
    • (1996) J. Bone Joint Surg. , vol.38 , pp. 902-913
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 46
    • 33644790987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of impairment in digit independence after subcortical stroke
    • Raghavan, P., Petra, E., Krakauer, J.W. Gordon, A.M. (2006) Patterns of impairment in digit independence after subcortical stroke. J. Neurophysiol., 95, 369 378.
    • (2006) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.95 , pp. 369-378
    • Raghavan, P.1    Petra, E.2    Krakauer, J.W.3    Gordon, A.M.4
  • 48
    • 0025870147 scopus 로고
    • Individuated finger movements of rhesus monkeys, a means of quantifying the independence of the digits
    • Schieber, M.H. (1991) Individuated finger movements of rhesus monkeys, a means of quantifying the independence of the digits. J. Neurophysiol., 65, 1381 1391.
    • (1991) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.65 , pp. 1381-1391
    • Schieber, M.H.1
  • 49
    • 0027285091 scopus 로고
    • Forelimb motor performance following dorsal column, dorsolateral funiculi, or ventrolateral funiculi lesions of the cervical spinal cord in the rat
    • Schrimsher, G.W. Reier, P.J. (1993) Forelimb motor performance following dorsal column, dorsolateral funiculi, or ventrolateral funiculi lesions of the cervical spinal cord in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 120, 264 276.
    • (1993) Exp. Neurol. , vol.120 , pp. 264-276
    • Schrimsher, G.W.1    Reier, P.J.2
  • 50
    • 0029042577 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy, development and lesion-induced plasticity of rodent corticospinal tract
    • Tereshima, T. (1995) Anatomy, development and lesion-induced plasticity of rodent corticospinal tract. Neurosci. Res., 22, 139 161.
    • (1995) Neurosci. Res. , vol.22 , pp. 139-161
    • Tereshima, T.1
  • 51
    • 0345359584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical stimulation improves skilled forelimb use following a focal ischemic infarct in the rat
    • Teskey, G.C., Flynn, C., Goertzen, C.D., Monfils, M.H. Young, N.A. (2003) Cortical stimulation improves skilled forelimb use following a focal ischemic infarct in the rat. Neurol. Res., 25, 794 800.
    • (2003) Neurol. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 794-800
    • Teskey, G.C.1    Flynn, C.2    Goertzen, C.D.3    Monfils, M.H.4    Young, N.A.5
  • 52
    • 0033980568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of the innate cortical engram for action patterns used in skilled reaching and the development of behavioral compensation following motor cortex lesions in the rat
    • Whishaw, I.Q. (2000) Loss of the innate cortical engram for action patterns used in skilled reaching and the development of behavioral compensation following motor cortex lesions in the rat. Neuropharmacology, 39, 788 805.
    • (2000) Neuropharmacology , vol.39 , pp. 788-805
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1
  • 54
    • 0028090770 scopus 로고
    • Arpeggio and fractionated digit movements used in prehension by rats
    • Whishaw, I.Q. Gorny, B. (1994) Arpeggio and fractionated digit movements used in prehension by rats. Behav. Brain Res., 60, 15 24.
    • (1994) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.60 , pp. 15-24
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Gorny, B.2
  • 55
    • 0030068691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the red nucleus provide the tonic support against which fractionated movements occur? a study on forepaw movements used in skilled reaching by the rat
    • Whishaw, I.Q. Gorny, B. (1996) Does the red nucleus provide the tonic support against which fractionated movements occur? A study on forepaw movements used in skilled reaching by the rat Behav. Brain Res., 74, 79 90.
    • (1996) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.74 , pp. 79-90
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Gorny, B.2
  • 56
    • 0025201875 scopus 로고
    • The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: A proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component
    • Whishaw, I.Q. Pellis, S.M. (1990) The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: a proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component. Behav. Brain Res., 41, 49 59.
    • (1990) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.41 , pp. 49-59
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Pellis, S.M.2
  • 57
    • 0023032147 scopus 로고
    • The contributions of motor cortex, nigrostriatal dopamine and caudate-putamen to skilled forelimb use in the rat
    • Whishaw, I.Q., O'Connor, W.T. Dunnett, S.B. (1986) The contributions of motor cortex, nigrostriatal dopamine and caudate-putamen to skilled forelimb use in the rat. Brain, 109, 805 843.
    • (1986) Brain , vol.109 , pp. 805-843
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    O'Connor, W.T.2    Dunnett, S.B.3
  • 58
    • 0026689958 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous forelimb grasping in free feeding by rats, motor cortex aids limb and digit positioning
    • Whishaw, I.Q., Dringenberg, H.C. Pellis, S.M. (1992a) Spontaneous forelimb grasping in free feeding by rats, motor cortex aids limb and digit positioning. Behav. Brain Res., 48, 113 125.
    • (1992) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.48 , pp. 113-125
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Dringenberg, H.C.2    Pellis, S.M.3
  • 59
    • 0026582809 scopus 로고
    • Skilled reaching in rats and humans: Evidence for parallel development or homology
    • Whishaw, I.Q., Pellis, S.M. Gorny, B.P. (1992b) Skilled reaching in rats and humans: evidence for parallel development or homology. Behav. Brain Res., 47, 59 70.
    • (1992) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.47 , pp. 59-70
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Pellis, S.M.2    Gorny, B.P.3
  • 60
    • 0032102281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paw and limb use in skilled and spontaneous reaching after pyramidal tract, red nucleus and combined lesions in the rat: Behavioral and anatomical dissociations
    • Whishaw, I.Q., Gorny, B. Sarna, J. (1998a) Paw and limb use in skilled and spontaneous reaching after pyramidal tract, red nucleus and combined lesions in the rat: behavioral and anatomical dissociations. Behav. Brain Res., 93, 167 183.
    • (1998) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.93 , pp. 167-183
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Gorny, B.2    Sarna, J.3
  • 61
    • 0032212363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for rodent-common and species-typical limb and digit use in eating, derived from a comparative analysis of ten rodent species
    • Whishaw, I.Q., Sarna, J.R. Pellis, S.M. (1998b) Evidence for rodent-common and species-typical limb and digit use in eating, derived from a comparative analysis of ten rodent species. Behav. Brain Res., 96, 79 91.
    • (1998) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.96 , pp. 79-91
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Sarna, J.R.2    Pellis, S.M.3
  • 62
    • 34247501743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxic lesions of the caudate-putamen on a reaching for food task in the rat: Acute sensorimotor neglect and chronic qualitative motor impairment follow lateral lesions and improved success follows medial lesions
    • Whishaw, I.Q., Zeeb, F., Erickson, C. McDonald, R.J. (2007) Neurotoxic lesions of the caudate-putamen on a reaching for food task in the rat: acute sensorimotor neglect and chronic qualitative motor impairment follow lateral lesions and improved success follows medial lesions. Neuroscience, 146, 86 97.
    • (2007) Neuroscience , vol.146 , pp. 86-97
    • Whishaw, I.Q.1    Zeeb, F.2    Erickson, C.3    McDonald, R.J.4
  • 63
    • 0004445395 scopus 로고
    • The contribution of the thumb to reaching movements
    • Wing, A.M. Fraser, C. (1983) The contribution of the thumb to reaching movements. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A, 35, 297 309.
    • (1983) Q. J. Exp. Psychol. a , vol.35 , pp. 297-309
    • Wing, A.M.1    Fraser, C.2
  • 64
    • 67849124972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An electron microscopic examination of the corticospinal cord in the rat: Lack of the evidence for cortico-motoneuronal synapses
    • Yang, H.W. Lemon, R.N. (2003) An electron microscopic examination of the corticospinal cord in the rat: lack of the evidence for cortico-motoneuronal synapses. Exp. Brain Res., 149, 548 469.
    • (2003) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.149 , pp. 548-469
    • Yang, H.W.1    Lemon, R.N.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.