Delivery of optimized anticoagulant therapy: Consensus statement from the anticoagulation forum

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 42, Issue 7-8, 2008, Pages 979-988

  Garcia, David A ^a,b   Witt, Daniel M ^c,d   Hylek, Elaine ^e,f   Wittkowsky, Ann K ^g,h   Nutescu, Edith A ⁱ   Jacobson, Alan ^j,k   Moll, Stephan ^l   Merli, Geno J ^m,n   Crowther, Mark ^o,p,q   Earl, Laura ^r   Becker, Richard C ^s,t   Oertel, Lynn ^u   Jaffer, Amir ^v   Ansell, Jack E ^w  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^d Clinical Pharmacy Services   (United States)

^e BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f BOSTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^j Anticoagulation Services   (United States)

^k Jerry L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^m THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁿ THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^o MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^p HAMILTON REGIONAL LABORATORY MEDICINE PROGRAM   (Canada)

^q Hamilton Health Sciences   (Canada)

^r UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^s DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^t DUKE CLINICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^u MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^v UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^w LENOX HILL HOSPITAL   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Anticoagulant; Antithrombotic; Thromboembolism; Vitamin K antagonist; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; FONDAPARINUX; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICOAGULATION; BLEEDING; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; CONSENSUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; PROTHROMBIN TIME; REVIEW; STAFF TRAINING; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ANTICOAGULANTS; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HUMANS; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; WARFARIN;

EID: 48249098212     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.1L098     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Buller HR, Agnelli G, Hull RD, Hyers TM, Prins MH, Raskob GE. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(suppl):401S-28S.
2. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1903-12.
3. Stein PD, Alpert JS, Bussey HI, Dalen JE, Turpie AG. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest 2001;119(suppl):220S-7S.
4. Wysowski DK, Nourjah P, Swartz L. Bleeding complications with warfarin use: a prevalent adverse effect resulting in regulatory action. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1414-9.
5. Joint Commission. www.jointcommission.org/PatientSafety/ NationalPatientSafetyGoals/08_hap_npsgs.htm (accessed 2008 May 28).
6. Hylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1019-26.
7. Hylek EM, Singer DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:897-902.
8. Hylek EM, Skates SJ, Sheehan MA, Singer DE. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1996;335:540-6.
9. Juurlink DN. Drug interactions with warfarin: what clinicians need to know. CMAJ 2007;177:369-71.
10. Khan T, Wynne H, Wood P, et al. Dietary vitamin K influences intra-individual variability in anticoagulant response to warfarin. Br J Haematol 2004;124:348-54.
11. Bungard TJ, Ghali WA, Teo KK, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT. Why do patients with atrial fibrillation not receive warfarin? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:41-6.
12. Cohen N, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Alon I, et al. Warfarin for stroke prevention still underused in atrial fibrillation: patterns of omission. Stroke 2000;31:1217-22.
13. Fang MC, Stafford RS, Ruskin JN, Singer DE. National trends in antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic medication use in atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:55-60.
14. Partington SL, Abid S, Teo K, Oczkowski W, O'Donnell MJ. Pre-admission warfarin use in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: the appropriate use and barriers to oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Res 2007;120:663-9.
15. Dager WE, Branch JM, King JH, et al. Optimization of inpatient warfarin therapy: impact of daily consultation by a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:567-72. DOI 10.1345/aph.18192
16. Witt DM, Sadler MA, Shanahan RL, Mazzoli G, Tillman DJ. Effect of a centralized clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service on the outcomes of anticoagulation therapy. Chest 2005;127:1515-22.
17. Locke C, Ravnan SL, Patel R, Uchizono JA. Reduction in warfarin adverse events requiring patient hospitalization after implementation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:685-9.
18. Chiquette E, Amato MG, Bussey HI. Comparison of an anticoagulation clinic with usual medical care: anticoagulation control, patient outcomes, and health care costs. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1641-7.
19. Ernst ME, Brandt KB. Evaluation of 4 years of clinical pharmacist anticoagulation case management in a rural, private physician office. J Am Pharm Assoc 2003;43:630-6.
20. Holden J, Holden K. Comparative effectiveness of general practitioner versus pharmacist dosing of patients requiring anticoagulation in the community. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000;25:49-54.
21. Oertel L. Personnel needs and division of labor. In: Ansell JE, Oertel L, Wittkowsky AK, eds. Managing oral anticoagulation therapy. New York: Aspen, 2003:4:1-4:30.
22. Tillman DJ, Charland SL, Witt DM. Effectiveness and economic impact associated with a program for outpatient management of acute deep vein thrombosis in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2926-32.
23. McCormick W. Medical-legal implications of anticoagulation therapy. In: Ansell J, Oertel L, Wittkowsky A, eds. Managing oral anticoagulation therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2005:14:1-14:7.
24. Ryan E. Risk management and anticoagulation therapy. In: Ansell J, Oertel L, Wittkowsky A, eds. Managing oral anticoagulation therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc, 2005:9A-1, 1-11.
25. Oertel L, Mungall D. Software applications in anticoagulation management. In: Ansell J, Oertel L, Wittkowsky A, eds. Managing oral anticoagulation therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc, 2005:5A-2, 1-11.
26. Beyth RJ, Quinn L, Landefeld CS. A multicomponent intervention to prevent major bleeding complications in older patients receiving warfarin. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:687-95.
27. Saligari E, Belle L, Berry C, et al. [Evaluation of an education program of patients undergoing oral anticoagulation treatment] French. Ann Cardiologie Angeiol (Paris) 2003;52:297-301.
28. Barcellona D, Contu P, Marongiu F. Patient education and oral anticoagulant therapy. Haematologica 2002;87:1081-6.
29. Stone S, Holden A, Knapic N, Ansell J. Comparison between videotape and personalized patient education for anticoagulant therapy. J Fam Pract 1989;29:55-7.
30. Newall F, Monagle P, Johnston L. Patient understanding of warfarin therapy: a review of education strategies. Hematology (Amsterdam) 2005;10:437-42.
31. Zeolla MM, Brodeur MR, Dominelli A, Haines ST, Allie ND. Development and validation of an instrument to determine patient knowledge: the oral anticoagulation knowledge test. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:633-8. Epub 21 Mar 2006. DOI 10.1345/aph.1G562
32. Estrada CA, Martin-Hryniewicz M, Peek BT, Collins C, Byrd JC. Literacy and numeracy skills and anticoagulation control. Am J Med Sci 2004;328:88-93.
33. Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(suppl):483S-512S.
34. Salem DN, Stein PD, Al-Ahmad A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease - native and prosthetic: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(suppl):457S-82S.
35. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 2006;114:e84-231.
36. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2006;114:e257-354.
37. Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS. Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. Am J Med 1998;105:91-9.
38. Shireman TI, Mahnken JD, Howard PA, Kresowik TF, Hou Q, Ellerbeck EF. Development of a contemporary bleeding risk model for elderly warfarin recipients. Chest 2006;130:1390-6.
39. Kearon C. Long-term management of patients after venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2004;110(9 suppl 1):I10-8.
40. Delate T, Witt DM, Jones JR, Bhardwaja B, Senser M. Falsely elevated international normalized ratio values in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy: a descriptive evaluation. Chest 2007;131:816-22.
41. Johnson SG, Witt DM, Eddy TR, Delate T. Warfarin and antiplatelet combination use among commercially insured patients enrolled in an anticoagulation management service. Chest 2007;131:1500-7.
42. van Rijn JL, Schmidt NA, Rutten WP. Correction of instrument- and reagent-based differences in determination of the international normalized ratio (INR) for monitoring anticoagulant therapy. Clin Chem 1989;35:840-3.
43. Lind SE, Pearce LA, Feinberg WM, Bovill EG. Clinically significant differences in the international normalized ratio measured with reagents of different sensitivities. SPAF Investigators. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999;10:215-27.
44. Woodhams BJ, Klein N, Harz D, Rose M, Ruiz JA. A study of the variability seen in the international normalized ratio obtained using different sensitivity thromboplastin reagents on different instrument types. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999;10:423-7.
45. Horsti J, Uppa H, Vilpo JA. Poor agreement among prothrombin time international normalized ratio methods: comparison of seven commercial reagents. Clin Chem 2005;51:553-60.
46. Olson JD, Brandt JT, Chandler WL, et al. Laboratory reporting of the international normalized ratio: progress and problems. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:1641-7.
47. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al. Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2003;349:631-9.
48. Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et al. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism (comment). N Engl J Med 2003;348:1425-34.
49. Loeliger EA, van den Besselaar AM, Lewis SM. Reliability and clinical impact of the normalization of the prothrombin times in oral anticoagulant control. Thromb Haemos 1985;53:148-54.
50. Hirsh J, Poller L. The international normalized ratio. A guide to understanding and correcting its problems. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:282-8.
51. Pi DW, Raboud JM, Filby C, Carter CJ. Effect of thromboplastin and coagulometer interaction on the precision of the international normalised ratio. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:13-7.
52. Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino JM, Perera R, Meats E, Glasziou P. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;367:404-11.
53. Kaatz SS, White RH, Hill J, Mascha E, Humphries JE, Becker DM. Accuracy of laboratory and portable monitor international normalized ratio determinations. Comparison with a criterion standard. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1861-7.
54. Menendez-Jandula B, Souto JC, Oliver A, et al. Comparing self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy with clinic management: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:1-10.
55. Regier DA, Sunderji R, Lynd LD, Gin K, Marra CA. Cost-effectiveness of self-managed versus physician-managed oral anticoagulation therapy. CMAJ 2006;174:1847-52.
56. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126(suppl):204S-33S.
57. Kovacs MJ, Rodger M, Anderson DR, et al. Comparison of 10-mg and 5-mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low-molecular-weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:714-9.
58. Crowther MA, Ginsberg J, Kearon C, et al. A randomized trial comparing 5 mg and 10 mg warfarin loading doses. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:46-8.
59. O'Connell MB, Kowal PR, Allivato CJ, Repka TL. Evaluation of warfarin initiation regimens in elderly inpatients. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20:923-30.
60. Siguret V, Gouin I, Debray M, et al. Initiation of warfarin therapy in elderly medical inpatients: a safe and accurate regimen. Am J Med 2005;118:137-42.
61. Joffe HV, Xu R, Johnson FB, Longtine J, Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Warfarin dosing and cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms. Thromb Haemos 2004;91:1123-8.
62. Gage BF, Eby C, Milligan PE, Banet GA, Duncan JR, McLeod HL. Use of pharmacogenetics and clinical factors to predict the maintenance dose of warfarin. Thromb Haemos 2004;91:87-94.
63. Anderson JL, Horne BD, Stevens SM, et al. Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Circulation 2007;116:2563-70.
64. Oertel L. Managing maintenance therapy. In: Ansell J, Oertel L, Wittkowsky A, eds. Managing oral anticoagulation therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2005, 4B-3, 1-5.
65. Douketis JD, Johnson JA, Turpie AG. Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulation during interruption of warfarin: assessment of a standardized periprocedural anticoagulation regimen. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1319-26.
66. Dunn AS, Turpie AG. Perioperative management of patients receiving oral anticoagulants: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:901-8.
67. Kovacs MJ, Kearon C, Rodger M, et al. Single-arm study of bridging therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin for patients at risk of arterial embolism who require temporary interruption of warfarin. Circulation 2004;110:1658-63.