메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 219-234

The difficile clostridium;Das difficile clostridium

Author keywords

027 ribotype; Antibiotic; Clostridium difficile (CDAD); Cytotoxin; Diarrhea; Enterotoxin; Hypervirulent isolates; Obligation to report; Pseudomembranous colitis

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; AZITHROMYCIN; CEPHALOSPORIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; ENTEROTOXIN; GATIFLOXACIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; MEROPENEM; METRONIDAZOLE; MEZLOCILLIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; PIPERACILLIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TETRACYCLINE; TICARCILLIN; TRIMETHOPRIM; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 48249086116     PISSN: 03423026     EISSN: 14390477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/JLM.2008.043     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (2)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0027228486 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Clinical disease and diagnosis
    • Knoop FC, Owens M, Crocker IC. Clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:251-65.
    • (1993) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.6 , pp. 251-265
    • Knoop, F.C.1    Owens, M.2    Crocker, I.C.3
  • 2
    • 0016208952 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-associated colitis. A prospective study
    • Tedesco FJ, Barton RW, Alpers DH. Clindamycin-associated colitis. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:429-33.
    • (1974) Ann Intern Med , vol.81 , pp. 429-433
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Barton, R.W.2    Alpers, D.H.3
  • 4
    • 0017784215 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-induced colitis implication of a toxin neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin
    • Rifkin GD, Fekety FR, Silva J Jr. Antibiotic-induced colitis implication of a toxin neutralised by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Lancet 1977;2:1103-6.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1103-1106
    • Rifkin, G.D.1    Fekety, F.R.2    Silva Jr, J.3
  • 5
    • 0017590769 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis: Presence of clostridial toxin
    • Larson HE, Price AB. Pseudomembranous colitis: presence of clostridial toxin. Lancet 1977;2:1312-4.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1312-1314
    • Larson, H.E.1    Price, A.B.2
  • 8
    • 38049084783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile - associated disease
    • McFarland LV. Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile - associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:40-8.
    • (2008) Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 40-48
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 9
    • 0035952233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea: A review
    • Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea: a review. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:525-33.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 525-533
    • Mylonakis, E.1    Ryan, E.T.2    Calderwood, S.B.3
  • 10
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002;346:334-9.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 11
    • 0141992657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Cunningham R, Dale B, Undy B, Gaunt N. Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:243-5.
    • (2003) J Hosp Infect , vol.54 , pp. 243-245
    • Cunningham, R.1    Dale, B.2    Undy, B.3    Gaunt, N.4
  • 12
    • 33749329801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Further evidence from the community
    • Cunningham R. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: further evidence from the community. CMAJ 2006;175:757.
    • (2006) CMAJ , vol.175 , pp. 757
    • Cunningham, R.1
  • 13
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005;8:2442-9.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.8 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3    Oughton, M.4    Libman, M.D.5    Michaud, S.6
  • 15
    • 33748563622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile; EU Member States; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe
    • Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tüll P, ESCMID Study Group for Clostridium difficile; EU Member States; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12 Suppl 6:2-18.
    • (2006) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 2-18
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Coignard, B.2    Tüll, P.3
  • 16
    • 33644974808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated disease: New challenges from an established pathogen
    • Sunenshine RH, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile-associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. Cleve Clin J Med 2006;73:187-97.
    • (2006) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.73 , pp. 187-197
    • Sunenshine, R.H.1    McDonald, L.C.2
  • 17
    • 34848889558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Emergence of hypervirulence and fluoroquinolone resistance
    • Razavi B, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. Clostridium difficile: emergence of hypervirulence and fluoroquinolone resistance. Infection 2007;35:300-7.
    • (2007) Infection , vol.35 , pp. 300-307
    • Razavi, B.1    Apisarnthanarak, A.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 18
    • 38049084783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • McFarland LV. Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:40-8.
    • (2008) Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 40-48
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 19
    • 0028926477 scopus 로고
    • Increased length of hospital stay due to Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea
    • Riley TV, Codde JP, Rouse IL. Increased length of hospital stay due to Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. Lancet 1995;345:455-6.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 455-456
    • Riley, T.V.1    Codde, J.P.2    Rouse, I.L.3
  • 20
    • 0030910585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care resource utilization and antimicrobial use in elderly patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection who develop Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
    • MacGowan AP, Feeney R, Brown I, McCulloch SY, Reeves DS, Lovering AM. Health care resource utilization and antimicrobial use in elderly patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection who develop Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39:537-41.
    • (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 537-541
    • MacGowan, A.P.1    Feeney, R.2    Brown, I.3    McCulloch, S.Y.4    Reeves, D.S.5    Lovering, A.M.6
  • 21
    • 38449122193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zaiss NH, Weile J, Ackermann G, Kuijper E, Witte W, Nüebel U. A case of Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to the highly virulent clone of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027, March 2007 in Germany. Euro Surveill 2007;12:E071115.1.
    • Zaiss NH, Weile J, Ackermann G, Kuijper E, Witte W, Nüebel U. A case of Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to the highly virulent clone of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027, March 2007 in Germany. Euro Surveill 2007;12:E071115.1.
  • 22
    • 38449121069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kleinkauf N, Weiss B, Jansen A, Eckmanns T, Bornhofen B, Küehnen E, et al. Confirmed cases and report of clusters of severe infections due to Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Germany. Euro Surveill 2007;12:E071115.2.
    • Kleinkauf N, Weiss B, Jansen A, Eckmanns T, Bornhofen B, Küehnen E, et al. Confirmed cases and report of clusters of severe infections due to Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Germany. Euro Surveill 2007;12:E071115.2.
  • 23
    • 48249108077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • www-Seite zu googlen über die Suche nach: RKI Clostridium difficile und Meldepflicht http://www.rki.de/ cln_049/nn_717602/DE/Content/InfAZ/C/ Clostridium_difficile/ Flussdiagramm_Meldung,templateId=raw,property= publicationFile. pdf/Flussdiagramm_Meldung.pdf.
    • www-Seite zu googlen über die Suche nach: RKI Clostridium difficile und Meldepflicht http://www.rki.de/ cln_049/nn_717602/DE/Content/InfAZ/C/ Clostridium_difficile/ Flussdiagramm_Meldung,templateId=raw,property= publicationFile. pdf/Flussdiagramm_Meldung.pdf.
  • 24
    • 0002871458 scopus 로고
    • Gastro-enterostomy for cicatrizing ulcer of the pylorus
    • Finney JM. Gastro-enterostomy for cicatrizing ulcer of the pylorus. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1893,4:53-5.
    • (1893) Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp , vol.4 , pp. 53-55
    • Finney, J.M.1
  • 25
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in new-born infants
    • Hall IC, O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in new-born infants. Am J Dis Child 1935;49:390-402.
    • (1935) Am J Dis Child , vol.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 26
    • 0018371957 scopus 로고
    • Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile
    • George WL, Sutter VL, Citron D, Finegold SM. Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 1979;9:214-9.
    • (1979) J Clin Microbiol , vol.9 , pp. 214-219
    • George, W.L.1    Sutter, V.L.2    Citron, D.3    Finegold, S.M.4
  • 27
    • 0020576939 scopus 로고
    • Antagonism of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by nontoxigenic C. difficile
    • Wilson KH, Sheagren JN. Antagonism of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by nontoxigenic C. difficile. J Infect Dis 1983;147:733-6.
    • (1983) J Infect Dis , vol.147 , pp. 733-736
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Sheagren, J.N.2
  • 29
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RL, Donskey CJ. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:992-8.
    • Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RL, Donskey CJ. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:992-8.
  • 30
    • 39749170731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46 Suppl 1:S12-8.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 31
    • 0031004306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196
    • Perelle S, Gibert M, Bourlioux P, Corthier G, Popoff MR. Production of a complete binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) by Clostridium difficile CD196. Infect Immun 1997;65:1402-7.
    • (1997) Infect Immun , vol.65 , pp. 1402-1407
    • Perelle, S.1    Gibert, M.2    Bourlioux, P.3    Corthier, G.4    Popoff, M.R.5
  • 32
    • 0030605226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile
    • Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C. Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile. Gene 1996;181:29-38.
    • (1996) Gene , vol.181 , pp. 29-38
    • Braun, V.1    Hundsberger, T.2    Leukel, P.3    Sauerborn, M.4    von Eichel-Streiber, C.5
  • 33
    • 1942502020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence-associated mobile elements in Bacilli and Clostridia
    • Eds Kaper JB und Hacker J. American Society for Microbiology Washington DC
    • Braun V, von Eichel-Streiber C. Virulence-associated mobile elements in Bacilli and Clostridia. In Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements, Eds Kaper JB und Hacker J. American Society for Microbiology Washington DC 1999.
    • (1999) Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements
    • Braun, V.1    von Eichel-Streiber, C.2
  • 34
    • 0035826910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor
    • Mani N, Dupuy B. Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:5844-9.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.98 , pp. 5844-5849
    • Mani, N.1    Dupuy, B.2
  • 35
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • Matamouros S, England P, Dupuy B. Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol Microbiol 2007;64:1274-88.
    • (2007) Mol Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 36
    • 15544375199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quorum sensing in Clostridium difficile: Analysis of a luxS-type signalling system
    • Carter GP, Purdy D, Williams P, Minton NP. Quorum sensing in Clostridium difficile: analysis of a luxS-type signalling system. J Med Microbiol 2005;54:119-27.
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 119-127
    • Carter, G.P.1    Purdy, D.2    Williams, P.3    Minton, N.P.4
  • 37
    • 0034960958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for holin function of tcdE gene in the pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile
    • Tan KS, Wee BY, Song KP. Evidence for holin function of tcdE gene in the pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 2001;50:613-9.
    • (2001) J Med Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 613-619
    • Tan, K.S.1    Wee, B.Y.2    Song, K.P.3
  • 38
    • 0036708347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates
    • Spigaglia P, Mastrantonio P. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:3470-5.
    • (2002) J Clin Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 3470-3475
    • Spigaglia, P.1    Mastrantonio, P.2
  • 39
    • 0030271882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large clostridial cytotoxins - a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins
    • von Eichel-Streiber C, Boquet P, Sauerborn M, Thelestam M. Large clostridial cytotoxins - a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins. Trends Microbiol 1996;4:375-82.
    • (1996) Trends Microbiol , vol.4 , pp. 375-382
    • von Eichel-Streiber, C.1    Boquet, P.2    Sauerborn, M.3    Thelestam, M.4
  • 40
    • 34247229774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of Clostridium perfringens type C
    • Amimoto K, Noro T, Oishi E, Shimizu M. A novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of Clostridium perfringens type C. Microbiology 2007;153:1198-206.
    • (2007) Microbiology , vol.153 , pp. 1198-1206
    • Amimoto, K.1    Noro, T.2    Oishi, E.3    Shimizu, M.4
  • 42
    • 13444261172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the cleavage site and function of resulting cleavage fragments after limited proteolysis of Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) by host cells
    • Rupnik M, Pabst S, Rupnik M, von Eichel-Streiber C, Urlaub H, Söling HD. Characterization of the cleavage site and function of resulting cleavage fragments after limited proteolysis of Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) by host cells. Microbiology 2005;151:199-208.
    • (2005) Microbiology , vol.151 , pp. 199-208
    • Rupnik, M.1    Pabst, S.2    Rupnik, M.3    von Eichel-Streiber, C.4    Urlaub, H.5    Söling, H.D.6
  • 46
    • 0035112067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins disrupt epithelial barrier function by altering membrane microdomain localization of tight junction proteins
    • Nusrat A, von Eichel-Streiber C, Turner JR, Verkade P, Madara JL, Parkos CA. Clostridium difficile toxins disrupt epithelial barrier function by altering membrane microdomain localization of tight junction proteins. Infect Immun 2001;69:1329-36.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 1329-1336
    • Nusrat, A.1    von Eichel-Streiber, C.2    Turner, J.R.3    Verkade, P.4    Madara, J.L.5    Parkos, C.A.6
  • 47
    • 41949084350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lgt: A family of cytotoxic glucosyltransferases produced by Legionella pneumophila
    • Belyi Y, Tabakova I, Stahl M, Aktories K. Lgt: a family of cytotoxic glucosyltransferases produced by Legionella pneumophila. J Bacteriol 2008;190:3026-35.
    • (2008) J Bacteriol , vol.190 , pp. 3026-3035
    • Belyi, Y.1    Tabakova, I.2    Stahl, M.3    Aktories, K.4
  • 48
    • 0242414631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular uptake of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Translocation of the N-terminal catalytic domain into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
    • Pfeifer G, Schirmer J, Leemhuis J, Busch C, Meyer DK, Aktories K, et al. Cellular uptake of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Translocation of the N-terminal catalytic domain into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. J Biol Chem 2003;278:44535-41.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 44535-44541
    • Pfeifer, G.1    Schirmer, J.2    Leemhuis, J.3    Busch, C.4    Meyer, D.K.5    Aktories, K.6
  • 49
    • 0029854589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mimicry in the recognition of glycosphingolipids by Gal alpha 3 Gal beta 4 GlcNAc beta-binding Clostridium difficile toxin A, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl IgG and the monoclonal antibody Gal-13: Characterization of a binding-active human glycosphingolipid, non-identical with the animal receptor
    • Teneberg S, Lönnroth I, Torres López JF, Galili U, Halvarsson MO, Angström J, et al. Molecular mimicry in the recognition of glycosphingolipids by Gal alpha 3 Gal beta 4 GlcNAc beta-binding Clostridium difficile toxin A, human natural anti alpha-galactosyl IgG and the monoclonal antibody Gal-13: characterization of a binding-active human glycosphingolipid, non-identical with the animal receptor. Glycobiology 1996;6:599-609.
    • (1996) Glycobiology , vol.6 , pp. 599-609
    • Teneberg, S.1    Lönnroth, I.2    Torres López, J.F.3    Galili, U.4    Halvarsson, M.O.5    Angström, J.6
  • 51
  • 53
    • 0022443783 scopus 로고
    • Lysosomal involvement in cellular intoxication with Clostridium difficile toxin B
    • Florin I, Thelestam M. Lysosomal involvement in cellular intoxication with Clostridium difficile toxin B. Microb Pathog 1986;1:373-85.
    • (1986) Microb Pathog , vol.1 , pp. 373-385
    • Florin, I.1    Thelestam, M.2
  • 54
    • 0023269823 scopus 로고
    • Cellular internalisation of Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Henriques B, Florin I, Thelestam M. Cellular internalisation of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Microb Pathog 1987;2:455-63.
    • (1987) Microb Pathog , vol.2 , pp. 455-463
    • Henriques, B.1    Florin, I.2    Thelestam, M.3
  • 56
    • 34548472183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auto-catalytic cleavage of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B depends on cysteine protease activity
    • Epub Jun 25
    • Egerer M, Giesemann T, Jank T, Satchell KJ, Aktories K. Auto-catalytic cleavage of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B depends on cysteine protease activity. J Biol Chem 2007;282:25314-21. Epub 2007 Jun 25.
    • (2007) J Biol Chem 2007 , vol.282 , pp. 25314-25321
    • Egerer, M.1    Giesemann, T.2    Jank, T.3    Satchell, K.J.4    Aktories, K.5
  • 57
    • 34249058418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoprocessing of the Vibrio cholerae RTX toxin by the cysteine protease domain
    • Sheahan KL, Cordero CL, Satchell KJ. Autoprocessing of the Vibrio cholerae RTX toxin by the cysteine protease domain. EMBO J 2007;26:2552-61.
    • (2007) EMBO J , vol.26 , pp. 2552-2561
    • Sheahan, K.L.1    Cordero, C.L.2    Satchell, K.J.3
  • 58
    • 0031958706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. Annu Rev Med 1998;49:375-90.
    • (1998) Annu Rev Med , vol.49 , pp. 375-390
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 59
    • 36048950259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of metronidazole therapy for Clostridium difficile disease and correlation with a scoring system
    • Belmares J, Gerding DN, Parada JP, Miskevics S, Weaver F, Johnson S. Outcome of metronidazole therapy for Clostridium difficile disease and correlation with a scoring system. J Infect 2007;55:495-501.
    • (2007) J Infect , vol.55 , pp. 495-501
    • Belmares, J.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Parada, J.P.3    Miskevics, S.4    Weaver, F.5    Johnson, S.6
  • 60
    • 0021995029 scopus 로고
    • Serogrouping of Clostridium difficile strains by slide agglutination
    • Delmee M, Homel M, Wauters G. Serogrouping of Clostridium difficile strains by slide agglutination. J Clin Microbiol 1985;21:323-7.
    • (1985) J Clin Microbiol , vol.21 , pp. 323-327
    • Delmee, M.1    Homel, M.2    Wauters, G.3
  • 61
    • 0025036516 scopus 로고
    • Virulence of ten serogroups of Clostridium difficile in hamsters
    • Delmée M, Avesani V. Virulence of ten serogroups of Clostridium difficile in hamsters. J Med Microbiol 1990;33:85-90.
    • (1990) J Med Microbiol , vol.33 , pp. 85-90
    • Delmée, M.1    Avesani, V.2
  • 62
    • 34547697437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence and control of fluoroquinolone-resistant, toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile
    • Drudy D, Harnedy N, Fanning S, Hannan M, Kyne L. Emergence and control of fluoroquinolone-resistant, toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:932-40.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 932-940
    • Drudy, D.1    Harnedy, N.2    Fanning, S.3    Hannan, M.4    Kyne, L.5
  • 63
    • 35048865459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • on behalf of the European Study Group on Clostridium difficile (ESGCD)*Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates
    • Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmée M, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Poxton I, on behalf of the European Study Group on Clostridium difficile (ESGCD)*Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2007;13:1048-57.
    • (2007) Clinical Microbiology and Infection , vol.13 , pp. 1048-1057
    • Barbut, F.1    Mastrantonio, P.2    Delmée, M.3    Brazier, J.4    Kuijper, E.5    Poxton, I.6
  • 64
    • 1642290188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of metronidazole- resistance by isolates of nitroreductase-producing Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus from the human intestinal tract
    • Rafii F, Wynne R, Heinze TM, Paine DD. Mechanism of metronidazole- resistance by isolates of nitroreductase-producing Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus from the human intestinal tract. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003;225:195-200.
    • (2003) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.225 , pp. 195-200
    • Rafii, F.1    Wynne, R.2    Heinze, T.M.3    Paine, D.D.4
  • 65
    • 36048969765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial commentary: Vancomycin for your mother, metronidazole for your mother-in-law
    • Read RC. Editorial commentary: Vancomycin for your mother, metronidazole for your mother-in-law. J Infect 2007;55:483.
    • (2007) J Infect , vol.55 , pp. 483
    • Read, R.C.1
  • 66
    • 34548303882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article: Yeast as probiotics - Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Czerucka D, Piche T, Rampal P. Review article: yeast as probiotics - Saccharomyces boulardii. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:767-78.
    • (2007) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.26 , pp. 767-778
    • Czerucka, D.1    Piche, T.2    Rampal, P.3
  • 67
    • 33645455337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:812-22.
    • (2006) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.101 , pp. 812-822
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 68
    • 48249124336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.mhp-verlag.de/bilder/awmf_cd.pdf.
  • 69
    • 33847618667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narrative review: The new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease
    • Bartlett JG. Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:758-64.
    • (2006) Ann Intern Med , vol.145 , pp. 758-764
    • Bartlett, J.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.